N-doped graphene quantum dot-decorated N-TiO2/P-doped porous hollow g-C_(3)N_(4) nanotube composite photocatalysts for antibiotic photodegradation and H2 production

Exclusive responsiveness to ultraviolet light (~3.2 eV) and high photogenerated charge recombination rate are the two primary drawbacks of pure TiO_(2). We combined N-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs), morphology regulation, and heterojunction construction strategies to synthesize N-GQD/N-doped TiO_(2)/P-doped porous hollow g-C_(3)N_(4) nanotube (PCN) composite photocatalysts (denoted as G-TPCN). The optimal sample (G-TPCN doped with 0.1wt% N-GQD, denoted as 0.1% G-TPCN) exhibits significantly enhanced photoabsorption, which is attributed to the change in bandgap caused by elemental doping (P and N), the improved light-harvesting resulting from the tube structure, and the upconversion effect of N-GQDs. In addition, the internal charge separation and transfer capability of0.1% G-TPCN are dramatically boosted, and its carrier concentration is 3.7, 2.3, and 1.9 times that of N-TiO_(2), PCN, and N-TiO_(2)/PCN(TPCN-1), respectively. This phenomenon is attributed to the formation of Z-scheme heterojunction between N-TiO_(2) and PCNs, the excellent electron conduction ability of N-GQDs, and the short transfer distance caused by the porous nanotube structure. Compared with those of N-TiO_(2), PCNs, and TPCN-1, the H2 production activity of 0.1%G-TPCN under visible light is enhanced by 12.4, 2.3, and 1.4times, respectively, and its ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation rate is increased by 7.9, 5.7, and 2.9 times, respectively. The optimized performance benefits from excellent photoresponsiveness and improved carrier separation and migration efficiencies. Finally, the photocatalytic mechanism of 0.1% G-TPCN and five possible degradation pathways of CIP are proposed. This study clarifies the mechanism of multiple modification strategies to synergistically improve the photocatalytic performance of 0.1% G-TPCN and provides a potential strategy for rationally designing novel photocatalysts for environmental remediation and solar energy conversion.

High-efficiency sodium storage of Co_(0.85)Se/WSe_(2) encapsulated in N-doped carbon polyhedron via vacancy and heterojunction engineering

With the advantage of fast charge transfer,heterojunction engineering is identified as a viable method to reinforce the anodes'sodium storage performance.Also,vacancies can effectively strengthen the Na+adsorption ability and provide extra active sites for Na+adsorption.However,their synchronous engineering is rarely reported.Herein,a hybrid of Co_(0.85)Se/WSe_(2) heterostructure with Se vacancies and N-doped carbon polyhedron(CoWSe/NCP)has been fabricated for the first time via a hydrothermal and subsequent selenization strategy.Spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy confirms the phase interface of the Co_(0.85)Se/WSe_(2) heterostructure and the existence of Se vacancies.Density functional theory simulations reveal the accelerated charge transfer and enhanced Na+adsorption ability,which are contributed by the Co_(0.85)Se/WSe_(2) heterostructure and Se vacancies,respectively.As expected,the CoWSe/NCP anode in sodium-ion battery achieves outstanding rate capability(339.6 mAh g^(−1) at 20 A g^(−1)),outperforming almost all Co/W-based selenides.

The preparation and properties of N-doped carbon materials and their use for sodium storage

Defect engineering by heteroatom doping gives carbon materials some new characteristics such as a different electronic structure and a high electrochemical activity,making them suitable for high-performance applications.N-doping has been widely investigated because of its similar atom radius to carbon,high electronegativity as well as many different configurations.We summarize the preparation methods and properties of N-doped carbon materials,and discuss their possible use in sodium ion storage.The relationships between N content/configuration and crystallinity,electronic conductivity,wettability,chemical reactivity as well as sodium ion storage performance are discussed.

Enhancing capacitive deionization performance and cyclic stability of nitrogen-doped activated carbon by the electro-oxidation of anode materials

Electrode materials with high desalination capacity and long-term cyclic stability are the focus of capacitive deionization(CDI) community. Understanding the causes of performance decay in traditional carbons is crucial to design a high-performance material. Based on this, here, nitrogen-doped activated carbon(NAC) was prepared by pyrolyzing the blend of activated carbon powder(ACP) and melamine for the positive electrode of asymmetric CDI. By comparing the indicators changes such as conductivity, salt adsorption capacity, pH, and charge efficiency of the symmetrical ACP-ACP device to the asymmetric ACP-NAC device under different CDI cycles, as well as the changes of the electrochemical properties of anode and cathode materials after long-term operation, the reasons for the decline of the stability of the CDI performance were revealed. It was found that the carboxyl functional groups generated by the electro-oxidation of anode carbon materials make the anode zero-charge potential(E_(pzc)) shift positively,which results in the uneven distribution of potential windows of CDI units and affects the adsorption capacity. Furthermore, by understanding the electron density on C atoms surrounding the N atoms, we attribute the increased cyclic stability to the enhanced negativity of the charge of carbon atoms adjacent to quaternary-N and pyridinic-oxide-N.

Bound and Resonating Multiquark Configurations

We review the predictions of quark models for multiquark configurations that are bound or resonant states,and compare different methods for estimating the properties of resonances.

Engineering of geometrical configurations in dual-atom catalysts for electrocatalytic applications

Geometrical configurations play a crucial role in dual-atom catalysts(DACs)for electrocatalytic applications.Significant progress has been made to design DACs electrocatalysts with various geometri-cal configurations,but in-depth understanding the relationship between geometrical configurations and metal-metal interaction mechanisms for designing targeted DACs is still required.In this review,the recent progress in engineering of geometrical configurations of DACs is systematically summarized.Based on the polarity of geometrical configuration,DACs can be classified into two different types that are homonuclear and heteronuclear DACs.Furthermore,with regard to the geometrical configurations of the active sites,homonuclear DACs are identified into adjacent and bridged configurations,and heteronuclear DACs can be classified into adjacent,bridged,and separated configurations.Subsequently,metal-metal interactions in DACs with different geometrical configurations are introduced.Additionally,the applications of DACs in different electrocatalytic reactions are discussed,including the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),oxygen evolution reaction(OER),hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),and other catalysis.Finally,the future challenges and perspectives for advancements in DACs are high-lighted.This review aims to provide inspiration for the design of highly effcient DACs towards energy relatedapplications.

Enhanced stability of nitrogen-doped carbon-supported palladium catalyst for oxidative carbonylation of phenol

Enhancing the stability of supported noble metal catalysts emerges is a major challenge in both science and industry.Herein,a heterogeneous Pd catalyst(Pd/NCF)was prepared by supporting Pd ultrafine metal nanoparticles(NPs)on nitrogen-doped carbon;synthesized by using F127 as a stabilizer,as well as chitosan as a carbon and nitrogen source.The Pd/NCF catalyst was efficient and recyclable for oxidative carbonylation of phenol to diphenyl carbonate,exhibiting higher stability than Pd/NC prepared without F127 addition.The hydrogen bond between chitosan(CTS)and F127 was enhanced by F127,which anchored the N in the free amino group,increasing the N content of the carbon material and ensuring that the support could provide sufficient N sites for the deposition of Pd NPs.This process helped to improve metal dispersion.The increased metal-support interaction,which limits the leaching and coarsening of Pd NPs,improves the stability of the Pd/NCF catalyst.Furthermore,density functional theory calculations indicated that pyridine N stabilized the Pd^(2+)species,significantly inhibiting the loss of Pd^(2+)in Pd/NCF during the reaction process.This work provides a promising avenue towards enhancing the stability of nitrogen-doped carbon-supported metal catalysts.

High-Efficiency Photo-Induced Charge Transfer for SERS Sensing in N-Doped 3D-Graphene on Si Heterojunction

Nitrogen-doped three-dimensional graphene(N-doped 3D-graphene)is a graphene derivative with excellent adsorption capacity,large specific surface area,high porosity,and optoelectronic properties.Herein,N-doped 3D-graphene/Si heterojunctions were grown in situ directly on silicon(Si)substrates via plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition(PACVD),which is promising for surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)substrates candidates.Combined analyses of theoretical simulation,incorporating N atoms in 3D-graphene are beneficial to increase the electronic state density of the system and enhance the charge transfer between the substrate and the target molecules.The enhancement of the optical and electric fields benefits from the stronger light-matter interaction improved by the natural nano-resonator structure of N-doped 3D-graphene.The as-prepared SERS substrates based on N-doped 3D-graphene/Si heterojunctions achieve ultra-low detection for various molecules:10^(-8)M for methylene blue(MB)and 10^(-9)M for crystal violet(CRV)with rhodamine(R6G)of 10^(10)M.In practical detected,10^(-8)M thiram was precisely detected in apple peel extract.The results indicate that N-doped 3D-graphene/Si heterojunctions based-SERS substrates have promising applications in low-concentration molecular detection and food safety.

Seismic fragility analysis of three-tower cable-stayed bridges with different connection configurations

Seismic fragility analysis of three-tower cable-stayed bridges with three different structural systems,including rigid system(RS),floating system(FS),and passive energy dissipation system(PEDS),is conducted to study the effects of connection configurations on seismic responses and fragilities.Finite element models of bridges are established using OpenSees.A new ground motion screening method based on the statistical characteristic of the predominant period is proposed to avoid irregular behavior in the selection process of ground motions,and incremental dynamic analysis(IDA)is performed to develop components and systems fragility curves.The effects of damper failure on calculated results for PEDS are examined in terms of seismic response and fragility analysis.The results show that the bridge tower is the most affected component by different structural systems.For RS,the fragility of the middle tower is significantly higher than other components,and the bridge failure starts from the middle tower,exhibiting a characteristic of local failure.For FS and PEDS,the fragility of the edge tower is higher than the middle tower.The system fragility of RS is higher than FS and PEDS.Taking the failure of dampers into account is necessary to obtain reliable seismic capacity of cable-stayed bridges.

Sliding and damming properties of granular debris with different geometric configurations and grain size distributions

Granular debris plays a significant role in determining damming deposit characteristics. An indepth understanding of how variations in grain size distribution(GSD) and geometric configurations impact the behavior of granular debris during the occurrence of granular debris is essential for precise assessment and effective mitigation of landslide hazards in mountainous terrains. This research aims to investigate the impact of GSD and geometric configurations on sliding and damming properties through laboratory experiments. The geometric configurations were categorized into three categories based on the spatial distribution of maximum volume: located at the front(Type Ⅰ), middle(Type Ⅱ), and rear(Type Ⅲ) of the granular debris. Our experimental findings highlight that the sliding and damming processes primarily depend on the interaction among the geometric configuration, grain size, and GSD in granular debris. Different sliding and damming mechanisms across various geometric configurations induce variability in motion parameters and deposition patterns. For Type Ⅰ configurations, the front debris functions as the critical and primary driving component, with energy dissipation primarily occurring through inter-grain interactions. In contrast, Type Ⅱ configurations feature the middle debris as the dominant driving component, experiencing hindrance from the front debris and propulsion from the rear, leading to complex alterations in sliding motion. Here, energy dissipation arises from a combination of inter-grain and grain-substrate interactions. Lastly, in Type Ⅲ configurations, both the middle and rear debris serve as the main driving components, with the rear sliding debris impeded by the front. In this case, energy dissipation predominantly results from grainsubstrate interaction. Moreover, we have quantitatively demonstrated that the inverse grading in damming deposits, where coarse grain moves upward and fine grain moves downward, is primarily caused by grain sorting due to collisions among the grains and between the grain and the base. The impact of grain on the horizontal channel further aids grain sorting and contributes to inverse grading. The proposed classification of three geometric configurations in our study enhances the understanding of damming properties from the view of mechanism, which provides valuable insights for related study about damming granular debris.

Probing the electric double layer structure at nitrogen-doped graphite electrodes by constant-potential molecular dynamics simulations

Electric double layer(EDL)is a critical topic in electrochemistry and largely determines the working performance of lithium batteries.However,atomic insights into the EDL structures on heteroatom-modified graphite anodes and EDL evolution with electrode potential are very lacking.Herein,a constant-potential molecular dynamics(CPMD)method is proposed to probe the EDL structure under working conditions,taking N-doped graphite electrodes and carbonate electrolytes as an example.An interface model was developed,incorporating the electrode potential and atom electronegativities.As a result,an insightful atomic scenario for the EDL structure under varied electrode potentials has been established,which unveils the important role of doping sites in regulating both the EDL structures and the following electrochemical reactions at the atomic level.Specifically,the negatively charged N atoms repel the anions and adsorb Li~+at high and low potentials,respectively.Such preferential adsorption suggests that Ndoped graphite can promote Li~+desolvation and regulate the location of Li~+deposition.This CPMD method not only unveils the mysterious function of N-doping from the viewpoint of EDL at the atomic level but also applies to probe the interfacial structure on other complicated electrodes.

Oxidation Evolution and Activity Origin of N-Doped Carbon in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

N-doped carbon materials,with their applications as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),have been extensively studied.However,a negletcted fact is that the operating potential of the ORR is higher than the theoretical oxida-tion potential of carbon,possibly leading to the oxidation of carbon materials.Consequently,the infl uence of the structural oxidation evolution on ORR performance and the real active sites are not clear.In this study,we discover a two-step oxida-tion process of N-doped carbon during the ORR.The fi rst oxidation process is caused by the applied potential and bubbling oxygen during the ORR,leading to the oxidative dissolution of N and the formation of abundant oxygen-containing functional groups.This oxidation process also converts the reaction path from the four-electron(4e)ORR to the two-electron(2e)ORR.Subsequently,the enhanced 2e ORR generates oxidative H_(2)O_(2),which initiates the second stage of oxidation to some newly formed oxygen-containing functional groups,such as quinones to dicarboxyls,further diversifying the oxygen-containing functional groups and making carboxyl groups as the dominant species.We also reveal the synergistic eff ect of multiple oxygen-containing functional groups by providing additional opportunities to access active sites with optimized adsorption of OOH*,thus leading to high effi ciency and durability in electrocatalytic H_(2)O_(2) production.

Engineering single-atom Mn on nitrogen-doped carbon to regulate lithium-peroxide reaction kinetics for rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries

Precision engineering of catalytic sites to guide more favorable pathways for Li_(2)O_(2) nucleation and decom-position represents an enticing kinetic strategy for mitigating overpotential,enhancing discharge capac-ity,and improving recycling stability of Li-O_(2) batteries.In this work,we employ metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)derivation and ion substitution strategies to construct atomically dispersed Mn-N_(4) moieties on hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon(Mn SAs-NC)with the aim of reducing the over-potential and improving the cycling stability of Li-O_(2) batteries.The porous structure provides more chan-nels for mass transfer and exposes more highly active sites for electrocatalytic reactions,thus promoting the formation and decomposition of Li_(2)O_(2).The Li-O_(2) batteries with Mn SAs-NC cathode achieve lower overpotential,higher specific capacity(14290 mA h g^(-1) at 100 mAg^(-1)),and superior cycle stability(>100 cycles at 200 mA g^(-1))compared with the Mn NPs-NC and NC.Density functional theory(DFT)cal-culations reveal that the construction of Mn-N_(4) moiety tunes the charge distribution of the pyridinic N-rich vacancy and balances the affinity of the intermediates(LiO_(2) and Li_(2)O_(2)).The initial nucleation of Li_(2)O_(2) on Mn SAs-NC favors the O_(2)-→LiO_(2)→Li_(2)O_(2) surface-adsorption pathway,which mitigates the overpoten-tials of the oxygen reduction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).As a result,Mn SAs-NC with Mn-N_(4) moiety effectively facilitates the Li_(2)O_(2) nucleation and enables its reversible decomposition.This work establishes a methodology for constructing carbon-based electrocatalysts with high activity and selectivity for Li-O_(2)batteries.

Integrated Experimental and Simulation Investigation of Breakdown Voltage Characteristics Across Electrode Configurations in SF_(6) Circuit Breakers

This study investigates the breakdown voltage characteristics in sulfur hexafluoride(SF6)circuit breakers,employing a novel approach that integrates both experimental investigations and finite element simulations.Utilizing a sphere-sphere electrode configuration,we meticulously measured the relationship between breakdown voltage and electrode gap distances ranging from 1 cm to 4.5 cm.Subsequent simulations,conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics,mirrored the experimental setup to validate the model’s accuracy through a comparison of the breakdown voltage-electrode gap distance curves.The simulation results not only aligned closely with the experimental data but also allowed the extraction of detailed electric field strength,electric potential contours,and electric current flow curves at the breakdown voltage for gap distances extending from 1 to 4.5 cm.Extending the analysis,the study explored the electric field and potential distribution at a constant voltage of 72.5 kV for gap distances between 1 to 10 cm,identifying the maximum electric field strength.A comprehensive comparison of five different electrode configurations(sphere-sphere,sphere-rod,sphere-plane,rod-plane,rod-rod)at 72.5 kV and a gap distance of 1.84 cm underscored the significant influence of electrode geometry on the breakdown process.Moreover,the research contrasts the breakdown voltage in SF6 with that in air,emphasizing SF6’s superior insulating properties.This investigation not only elucidates the intricate dynamics of electrical breakdown in SF6 circuit breakers but also contributes valuable insights into the optimal electrode configurations and the potential for alternative insulating gases,steering future advancements in high-voltage circuit breaker technology.

Insight to the enhanced microwave absorption of porous N-doped carbon driven by ZIF-8:Competition between graphitization and porosity

Porous carbon-based materials are promised to be lightweight dielectric microwave absorbents.Deeply understanding the influence of graphitization grade and porous structure on the dielectric parameters is urgently required.Herein,utilizing the low boiling point of Zn,porous N-doped carbon was fabricated by carbonization of ZIF-8(Zn)at different temperature,and the microwave absorption performance was investigated.The porous N-doped carbon inherits the high porosity of ZIF-8 precursor.By increasing the carbonization temperature,the contents of Zn and N elements are decreased;the graphitization degree is improved;however,the specific surface area and porosity are increased first and then decreased.When the carbonization temperature is 1000°C,the porous N-doped carbon behaves enhanced microwave absorption.With an ultrathin thickness of 1.29 mm,the ideal RL reaches-50.57 dB at 16.95 GHz and the effective absorption bandwidth is 4.17 GHz.The mechanism of boosted microwave absorption is ascribed to the competition of graphitization and porosity as well as N dopants,resulting in high dielectric loss capacity and good impedance matching.The porous structure can prolong the pathways and raise the contact opportunity between microwaves and porous carbon,causing multiple scattering,interface polarization,and improved impedance matching.Besides,the N dopants can induce electron polarization and defect polarization.These results give a new insight to construct lightweight carbon-based microwave absorbents by regulating the graphitization and porosity.

Highly N-doped carbon with low graphitic-N content as anode material for enhanced initial Coulombic efficiency of lithium-ion batteries

N-doped carbons as one of the most prominent anode materials to replace standard graphite exhibit outstanding Li+storage performance.However,N-doped carbon anodes still suffer from low N-doping levels and low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE).In this study,high N-doped and low graphitic-N carbons(LGNCs)with enhanced ICE were synthesized by taking advantage of a denitrification strategy for graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4)).In brief,more than 14.5 at%of N from g-C_(3)N_(4)(55.1 at%N)was retained by reacting graphitic-N with lithium,which was subsequently removed.As graphitic-N is largely responsible for the irreversible capacity,the anode's performance was significantly increased.Compared to general N-doped carbons with high graphitic-N proportion(>50%)and low N content(<15 at%),LGNCs delivered a low proportion of 10.8%-17.2% within the high N-doping content of 14.5-42.7 at%,leading to an enhanced specific capacity of 1499.9mAh g^(-1) at an ICE of 93.7% for the optimal sample of LGNC(4:1).This study provides a facile strategy to control the N content and speciation,achieving both high Li+storage capacity and high ICE,and thus promoting research and application of N-doped carbon materials.

Ionic porous polyamide derived N-doped carbon towards highly selective electroreduction of CO_(2)

Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR) has attracted growing attention in energy storage and sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. N-doped carbon materials are preferred metal-free electrocatalysts, but it remains one challenge to finely engineer the active sites and porosity. Herein, we demonstrated that ionic porous polyamides were a kind of versatile precursors to prepare functional carbon materials in a one-step pyrolysis process. The polyamide precursors allowed the maintenance of abundant N species at high temperatures. The existence of ionic moieties and large specific surface area of the precursors promoted the formation of larger porosity carbon with a large specific surface area and sufficient active graphitic-N species by controlling the pyrolysis temperature. The catalyst was highly selective in the CO_(2) RR to produce CO with a maximum Faraday efficiency above 99%, attributable to the improved mass transfer in a large porosity system. This work shows that ionic polyamides are promising carbon precursors for the fabrication of metal-free electrocatalysts for CO_(2) RR.

Unraveling the Role of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanowires Incorporated with MnO_(2)Nanosheets as High Performance Cathode for Zinc-Ion Batteries

Manganese-based cathode materials are considered as a promising candidate for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs).Suffering from poor conductive and limited structure tolerance,various carbon matrix,especially N-doped carbon,were employed to incorporate with MnO_(2)for greatly promoted electrochemical performances.However,the related underlying mechanism is still unknown,which is unfavorable to guide the design of high performance electrode.Herein,by incorporating layered MnO_(2)with N-doped carbon nanowires,a free-standing cathode with hierarchical core-shell structure(denoted as MnO_(2)@NC)is prepared.Benefiting from the N-doped carbon and rational architecture,the MnO_(2)@NC electrode shows an enhanced specific capacity(325 mAh g^(−1)at 0.1 A g^(−1))and rate performance(90 mAh g^(−1)at 2 A g^(−1)),as well as improved cycling stability.Furthermore,the performance improvement mechanism of MnO_(2)incorporated by N-doped carbon is investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Raman spectrums and density functional theory(DFT)calculation.The N atom elongates the Mn-O bond and reduces the valence of Mn^(4+)ion in MnO_(2)crystal by delocalizing its electron clouds.Thus,the electrostatic repulsion will be weakened when Zn^(2+)/H^(+)insert into the host MnO_(2)lattices,which is profitable to more cation insertion and faster ion transfer kinetics for higher capacity and rate capability.This work elucidates a fundamental understanding of the functions of N-doped carbon in composite materials and shed light on a practical pathway to optimize other electrode materials.

N-Doped rGO-Like Carbon Prepared from Coconut Shell:Structure and Specific Capacitance

An rGO−like carbon compound has been synthesized from biomass,i.e.,old coconut shell,by a carbonization process followed by heating at 400°C for 5 h.The nitrogen doping was achieved by adding the urea(CH4N2O)and stirring at 70°C for 14 h.The morphology and structure of the rGO-like carbon were investigated by electron microscopies and Raman spectroscopy.The presence of C-N functional groups was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared and synchrotron X-ray photoemission spectroscopy,while the particle and the specific capacitance were measured by particle sizer and cyclic voltammetry.The highest specific capacitance of 72.78 F/g is achieved by the sample with 20%urea,having the smallest particles size and the largest surface area.The corresponding sample has shown to be constituted by the appropriate amount of C–N pyrrolic and pyridinic defects.

Environmental Analysis Using Integrated GIS and Spatial Configurations in Israel

The scope for environmental analysis constitutes a critical factor in recent times, yet demanding importance due to the concerns of environmental sustainability. The study aims at analysing the prospects of implementing an integrated GIS and spatial configuration for environment analysis in Israel. The study adopts an empirical study design to consider the multi-dimensional utilisation of an integrated GIS and spatial configuration for environment analysis. The study considers the materials and methods of the GIS system modelling as well, consisting of satellite imagery, GPS-based location identification, Esri ArcGIS, CyberGIS, and BIM integration to present a comprehensive system for the environmental analysis of Israel. The results of the study indicate that the threats of natural disasters and climate change can be identified based on the synergy of spatial data within an integrated GIS modelling. In many cases, it is also used in collaboration with a BIM to ensure that planning and decision-making processes are sustainable, economically beneficial and environmentally considered. Thus, it is concluded that environmental analysis through the projection of visually represented satellite imagery within an integrated GIS with spatial configurations in Israel can minimise the conflicts between the infrastructural designs, human activities, and environmental sustainability.