Covalent organic nanospheres(CONs)were explored as a fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction of genotoxic impurities(GTIs)from active ingredients(AIs).CONs were synthesized by an easy solutionphase procedure at...Covalent organic nanospheres(CONs)were explored as a fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction of genotoxic impurities(GTIs)from active ingredients(AIs).CONs were synthesized by an easy solutionphase procedure at 25℃.The obtained nanospheres exhibited a high specific surface area,good thermostability,high acid and alkali resistance,and favorable crystallinity and porosity.Two types of GTIs,alkyl halides(1-iodooctane,1-chlorobenzene,1-bromododecane,1,2-dichlorobenzene,1-bromooctane,1-chlorohexane,and 1,8-dibromooctane)and sulfonate esters(methyl p-toluenesulfonate and ethyl ptoluenesulfonate),were chosen as target molecules for assessing the performance of the coating.The prepared coating achieved high enhancement factors(5097-9799)for the selected GTIs.The strong affinity between CONs and GTIs was tentatively attributed to π-π and hydrophobicity interactions,large surface area of the CONs,and size-matching of the materials.Combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS),the established analytical method detected the GTIs in capecitabine and imatinib mesylate samples over a wide linear range(0.2-200 ng/g)with a low detection limit(0.04-2.0 ng/g),satisfactory recovery(80.03%-109.5%),and high repeatability(6.20%-14.8%)and reproducibility(6.20%-14.1%).Therefore,the CON-coated fibers are promising alternatives for the sensitive detection of GTIs in AI samples.展开更多
Highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of five potential genotoxic impurities in ranolazine active pharmaceutical ingred...Highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of five potential genotoxic impurities in ranolazine active pharmaceutical ingredient. Chromatographic separation achieved using Poroshell C18 PFP 150 × 3.0 mm 2.7 μ column and 0.1% formic acid in water as Mobile phase A and 0.1% formic acid in methanol as mobile phase B using gradient elution and a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min with a run time of 18 minutes. Mass spectrometric conditions were optimized using electrospray ionization in positive mode. Method shows excellent linearity from 0.05 - 5.0 ppm of the ranolazine test concentration for all the five impurities. The correlation coefficient was observed greater than 0.99. Satisfactory recoveries were observed for all the five impurities within the range of 102.9% - 112.3%. Method has been validated as per ICH recommended guidelines with a LOQ of 0.15 ppm achieved. The developed method was able to quantify all the five impurities at a concentration level of 1 ng/ml (0.5 ppm with respect to 2 mg/ml ranolazine).展开更多
Nitrosamine impurities are potentially genotoxic which are considered under cohort of concern as per ICH M7 guidelines and need to be controlled at trace levels during quantification in drug substances and drug produc...Nitrosamine impurities are potentially genotoxic which are considered under cohort of concern as per ICH M7 guidelines and need to be controlled at trace levels during quantification in drug substances and drug products for safe human consumption. Recent regulatory requirements also suggest the need to have highly sensitive analytical methods for the accurate quantification of Nitrosamine impurities. In this paper we have presented simple, rapid and ultra-sensitive LC-MS/MS method for six potential genotoxic nitrosamine impurities: N-Nitroso dimethyl amine (NDMA), N-Nitroso diethyl amine (NDEA), N-Nitroso Ethyl Iso propylamine (NEIPA), N-Nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid (NMBA) N-Nitroso diisopropylamino (NDIPA) and N-Nitroso dibutyl amine (NDBA) with a LOQ of 0.004 ppm. Chromatographic separation is achieved using Zorbax SB C18 150 × 3.0 mm, 3.5 μ column with 0.1% formic acid in water as mobile phase A and 0.1% formic acid in methanol as mobile phase B at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min using gradient mode of elution at a total run time of 18 minutes. Six nitrosamine impurities are successfully ionized and quantified in positive mode of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Method validation is performed as per ICH guidelines evaluating the limit of quantification and detection and found to give good S/N ratios with good linearity range of 0.002 - 2 ppm with regression coefficient >0.99 for all the six nitrosamine impurities. Method recoveries are established using three-step sample preparation protocol and are found to be satisfactory within 80% - 120%. The method can be used routinely applied for the detection of Nitrosamines in Telmisartan at a concentration of 1.5 ng/ml (0.03 ppm with respect to telmisartan concentration of 50 mg/ml).展开更多
With the ever increasing complexity of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) preparations, more potential genotoxic impurities (PGI’s) are being observed. It is thus necessary to determine if these PGI’s are presen...With the ever increasing complexity of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) preparations, more potential genotoxic impurities (PGI’s) are being observed. It is thus necessary to determine if these PGI’s are present in the final API’s, and if they are present, to ensure the levels are acceptable for any clinical uses. For PGI’s that have authentic standards available, quantitation can be accomplished in a straightforward manner. However, for PGI’s that are expected to form through rearrangements or side reactions, authentic standards may not be readily available, significantly complicating the analysis. In this study we describe a surrogate standard approach for quantifying PGI’s that allows for relative response factor calculations of PGI species utilizing both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).展开更多
Defining impurity profile is key element to ensure safe, efficacious and quality human drugs. Impurity profiling changed/transformed drastically over the years. Guidelines, specifications and requirements are evolving...Defining impurity profile is key element to ensure safe, efficacious and quality human drugs. Impurity profiling changed/transformed drastically over the years. Guidelines, specifications and requirements are evolving. Initially impurity profiling was based on simple methods later by degradation studies, then to understand drug strength and efficacy chiral impurities and stereo isomers were included followed by residual solvents, polymorphic forms, genotoxic impurity studies. Currently, elemental impurities are the latest addition. As per the GDUFA II guidelines to improve review efficiency and reduce review cycles, data requirements have changed. Based on recent guidance and review points, Impurity profiling has significant importance in ANDA filing and to ensure approval within 10 months (first cycle approval) which is an exiling aspect for industries to enter into the generic market quickly. Hence, Impurity profile is a key aspect scientifically, regulatory wise and commercially also. This is a review article on impurity profiling of Solid oral drug substances and products as per GDUFA II requirements the reference documents for the review are ICH guidance, relevant FDA GDUFA guidance and common industry practices.展开更多
The presence of N-nitroso compounds,particularly N-nitrosamines,in pharmaceutical products has raised global safety concerns due to their significant genotoxic and mutagenic effects.This systematic review investigates...The presence of N-nitroso compounds,particularly N-nitrosamines,in pharmaceutical products has raised global safety concerns due to their significant genotoxic and mutagenic effects.This systematic review investigates their toxicity in active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs),drug products,and pharmaceutical excipients,along with novel analytical strategies for detection,root cause analysis,reformulation strategies,and regulatory guidelines for nitrosamines.This review emphasizes the molecular toxicity of N-nitroso compounds,focusing on genotoxic,mutagenic,carcinogenic,and other physiological effects.Additionally,it addresses the ongoing nitrosamine crisis,the development of nitrosamine-free products,and the importance of sensitive detection methods and precise risk evaluation.This comprehensive overview will aid molecular biologists,analytical scientists,formulation scientists in research and development sector,and researchers involved in management of nitrosamine-induced toxicity and promoting safer pharmaceutical products.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(Grant No.:2019GSF111001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:21906096)+2 种基金the Youth Science Funds of the Shandong Academy of Sciences(Grant No.:2019QN009)the Youth Ph.D.Cooperation Funds of Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences,Grant No.:2018BSHZ0029)the Program for Taishan Scholars of Shandong Province(Grant No.:tsqn202103099).
文摘Covalent organic nanospheres(CONs)were explored as a fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction of genotoxic impurities(GTIs)from active ingredients(AIs).CONs were synthesized by an easy solutionphase procedure at 25℃.The obtained nanospheres exhibited a high specific surface area,good thermostability,high acid and alkali resistance,and favorable crystallinity and porosity.Two types of GTIs,alkyl halides(1-iodooctane,1-chlorobenzene,1-bromododecane,1,2-dichlorobenzene,1-bromooctane,1-chlorohexane,and 1,8-dibromooctane)and sulfonate esters(methyl p-toluenesulfonate and ethyl ptoluenesulfonate),were chosen as target molecules for assessing the performance of the coating.The prepared coating achieved high enhancement factors(5097-9799)for the selected GTIs.The strong affinity between CONs and GTIs was tentatively attributed to π-π and hydrophobicity interactions,large surface area of the CONs,and size-matching of the materials.Combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS),the established analytical method detected the GTIs in capecitabine and imatinib mesylate samples over a wide linear range(0.2-200 ng/g)with a low detection limit(0.04-2.0 ng/g),satisfactory recovery(80.03%-109.5%),and high repeatability(6.20%-14.8%)and reproducibility(6.20%-14.1%).Therefore,the CON-coated fibers are promising alternatives for the sensitive detection of GTIs in AI samples.
文摘Highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of five potential genotoxic impurities in ranolazine active pharmaceutical ingredient. Chromatographic separation achieved using Poroshell C18 PFP 150 × 3.0 mm 2.7 μ column and 0.1% formic acid in water as Mobile phase A and 0.1% formic acid in methanol as mobile phase B using gradient elution and a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min with a run time of 18 minutes. Mass spectrometric conditions were optimized using electrospray ionization in positive mode. Method shows excellent linearity from 0.05 - 5.0 ppm of the ranolazine test concentration for all the five impurities. The correlation coefficient was observed greater than 0.99. Satisfactory recoveries were observed for all the five impurities within the range of 102.9% - 112.3%. Method has been validated as per ICH recommended guidelines with a LOQ of 0.15 ppm achieved. The developed method was able to quantify all the five impurities at a concentration level of 1 ng/ml (0.5 ppm with respect to 2 mg/ml ranolazine).
文摘Nitrosamine impurities are potentially genotoxic which are considered under cohort of concern as per ICH M7 guidelines and need to be controlled at trace levels during quantification in drug substances and drug products for safe human consumption. Recent regulatory requirements also suggest the need to have highly sensitive analytical methods for the accurate quantification of Nitrosamine impurities. In this paper we have presented simple, rapid and ultra-sensitive LC-MS/MS method for six potential genotoxic nitrosamine impurities: N-Nitroso dimethyl amine (NDMA), N-Nitroso diethyl amine (NDEA), N-Nitroso Ethyl Iso propylamine (NEIPA), N-Nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid (NMBA) N-Nitroso diisopropylamino (NDIPA) and N-Nitroso dibutyl amine (NDBA) with a LOQ of 0.004 ppm. Chromatographic separation is achieved using Zorbax SB C18 150 × 3.0 mm, 3.5 μ column with 0.1% formic acid in water as mobile phase A and 0.1% formic acid in methanol as mobile phase B at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min using gradient mode of elution at a total run time of 18 minutes. Six nitrosamine impurities are successfully ionized and quantified in positive mode of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Method validation is performed as per ICH guidelines evaluating the limit of quantification and detection and found to give good S/N ratios with good linearity range of 0.002 - 2 ppm with regression coefficient >0.99 for all the six nitrosamine impurities. Method recoveries are established using three-step sample preparation protocol and are found to be satisfactory within 80% - 120%. The method can be used routinely applied for the detection of Nitrosamines in Telmisartan at a concentration of 1.5 ng/ml (0.03 ppm with respect to telmisartan concentration of 50 mg/ml).
文摘With the ever increasing complexity of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) preparations, more potential genotoxic impurities (PGI’s) are being observed. It is thus necessary to determine if these PGI’s are present in the final API’s, and if they are present, to ensure the levels are acceptable for any clinical uses. For PGI’s that have authentic standards available, quantitation can be accomplished in a straightforward manner. However, for PGI’s that are expected to form through rearrangements or side reactions, authentic standards may not be readily available, significantly complicating the analysis. In this study we describe a surrogate standard approach for quantifying PGI’s that allows for relative response factor calculations of PGI species utilizing both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
文摘Defining impurity profile is key element to ensure safe, efficacious and quality human drugs. Impurity profiling changed/transformed drastically over the years. Guidelines, specifications and requirements are evolving. Initially impurity profiling was based on simple methods later by degradation studies, then to understand drug strength and efficacy chiral impurities and stereo isomers were included followed by residual solvents, polymorphic forms, genotoxic impurity studies. Currently, elemental impurities are the latest addition. As per the GDUFA II guidelines to improve review efficiency and reduce review cycles, data requirements have changed. Based on recent guidance and review points, Impurity profiling has significant importance in ANDA filing and to ensure approval within 10 months (first cycle approval) which is an exiling aspect for industries to enter into the generic market quickly. Hence, Impurity profile is a key aspect scientifically, regulatory wise and commercially also. This is a review article on impurity profiling of Solid oral drug substances and products as per GDUFA II requirements the reference documents for the review are ICH guidance, relevant FDA GDUFA guidance and common industry practices.
文摘The presence of N-nitroso compounds,particularly N-nitrosamines,in pharmaceutical products has raised global safety concerns due to their significant genotoxic and mutagenic effects.This systematic review investigates their toxicity in active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs),drug products,and pharmaceutical excipients,along with novel analytical strategies for detection,root cause analysis,reformulation strategies,and regulatory guidelines for nitrosamines.This review emphasizes the molecular toxicity of N-nitroso compounds,focusing on genotoxic,mutagenic,carcinogenic,and other physiological effects.Additionally,it addresses the ongoing nitrosamine crisis,the development of nitrosamine-free products,and the importance of sensitive detection methods and precise risk evaluation.This comprehensive overview will aid molecular biologists,analytical scientists,formulation scientists in research and development sector,and researchers involved in management of nitrosamine-induced toxicity and promoting safer pharmaceutical products.
