The Impact on Environmental Kuznets Curve by Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in China

Based on data of trade, foreign directinvestment (FDI), economic development andenvironmental conditions in China’s 30 provincesbetween 1990-2002, this paper deals with the impacton Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) of tradeand FDI in China. The results show no direct impacton EKC of trade, on the one hand. However, tradecontributes significantly to economic growth, andhas played a positive role in introducing advancedpollution prevention technology and environmentalmanagement methodology to China. Therefore, aproactive trade policy will help solve the environmentalpollution problem brought by economic growth. Onthe other hand, there is a positive correlation betweenFDI and pollutant emission, which proves that FDIdoes have some negative influence on environmentin China due to hasty introduction of foreign capitaland inadequate environmental management systemin China.

Environmental Pollution and Economic Growth in China: A Test of the Environmental Kuznets Curve

We apply a two pronged approach to analyze the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve, EKC, in three types of emissions in the People’s Republic of China from 1994 to 2014: a structural breakpoint analysis and a model based test. We apply it to PM2.5, industrial waste and domestic water pollution time series, and find evidence of EKC in all three types of emissions that require appropriate policy.

An Empirical Study on the Environmental Kuznets Curve for China's Carbon Emissions:Based on Provincial Panel Data

Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory,the authors choose provincial panel data of China in 1990 2007 and adopt panel unit root and co-integration testing method to study whether there is Environmental Kuznets Curve for China's carbon emissions.The research results show that:carbon emissions per capita of the eastern region and the central region of China fit into Environmental Kuznets Curve,but that of the western region does not.On this basis,the authors carry out scenario analysis on the occurrence time of the inflection point of carbon emissions per capita of different regions,and describe a specific time path.

Green technical innovation, environmental expenditure, and the environmental Kuznets curve:a dynamics model

The relationship between the emission of pollutant and economic growth has attracted a lot of attention in the environmental debate of the recent decades. Based on some theoretical and empirical research on environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), this paper introduces the environmental technical innovation and environmental investment into Solow growth model to discuss the relationship between GDP per capital and the emission of pollutant. By the dynamic simulation and parameters analysis, the results of the model indicate: (1) when "green" technical progress and environmental investment are fixed, the relationship between GDP per capital and the emission shows the linear relationship; (2) "green" technical progress can lead to the positive growth rates with a decreasing level of emis-sion, which is compatible with an EKC; (3) the proportion of the environmental investment can lead the different growth rates and level of emission. These results can explain that developing countries are "too poor to be green" .

Study on the Internal Relationship between Porter Hypothesis and Environmental Kuznets Curve

Based on theoretical derivation,this paper aims to analyse the internal relationship between Porter Hypothesis and Environmental Kuznets Curve.Conclusions were made:(1)In terms of theoretical analysis and empirical researches,the existence of inverted U-shaped EKC and U-shaped Porter Curve has its rationality,most of the controversy come from the misuse and diversity of empirical methods;(2)The progress of Porter Hypothesis also relys on economic growth,which is compatible with EKC;(3)Similar to EKC,a threshold effect exist in the process of technological progress.Environmental regulation is a driving force to promote the widespread use of green technology and reach the threshold.(4)In the process of speeding up economic development,government should gradually increase the intensity of environmental regulation.

Probe into Environmental Kuznets Characteristics and Causes of Wastewater, Waste Gas, and Solid Wastes in Wuhan City

Environmental Kuznets characteristics and causes of waste water, waste gas, and solid wastes in Wuhan city was researched; By comparing the variation of “three wastes”, i.e. waste water, waste gas, and solid wastes, the model between standardized per capita GDP and values of “three wastes” discharge was established and the causes were analyzed based on the theory of environmental economics. The results show that 1) the total amount is fluctuantly increasing, but the discharges of the three kinds are temporarily different, 2) the curve conforms to the three-power function, in which the curve descends from 1985 to 1994, and the curve preliminary shows the environmental Kuznets characteristics from 1995 to 2001, 3) the simulated calculation illustrates that the turning point of this environmental Kuznets curve would be over 25007.25 Yuan per caprta, and 4) the economic development, changing of industry structure, energy resource structure, and environmental policies are the main factors leading to the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Wuhan city.

能源Kuznets曲线:发达国家的实证分析

关于经验环境库兹涅茨曲线(Environmental Kuznets Curve,EKC)文献已经很多了,但就环境质量与经济增长之间是否存在EKC一直没有得出结论。本文采用非线性回归和拟合的方法,对世界货币基金组织(International Money Fund,IMF)发布的28个发达国家从1970到2004年间的人均能源消费、能源消费总量和人均GDP数据进行回归分析,验证能源消费与收入之间是否存在倒U型曲线关系。结果表明,28个发达国家中有17个国家出现人均能源消费与人均GDP之间的倒U型曲线关系,能源消费总量与人均GDP之间也同样出现倒U型曲线关系,其中有10个国家人均能源消费出现拐点,在这10个国家中,除法国、荷兰和瑞士外的其它国家能源消费总量也都出现拐点。

基于Panel Data和SEA的环境Kuznets曲线分析——与马树才、李国柱两位先生探讨

针对当前学者研究中国环境Kuznets曲线存在的问题,本文使用了面板数据模型和空间计量模型,以克服使用时间序列模型时样本数量偏少和使用截面数据时易引起空间自相关性等问题。结果表明中国有部分环境指标满足环境Kuznets曲线的倒U型特征。

六安市经济增长与环境污染关系的研究——基于环境Kuznets理论的实证分析

根据六安市2001～2010年数据,选取工业“三废”、化学需氧量（COD）以及二氧化硫（SO2）排放量为环境指标,人均GDP为经济指标,借助SPSS和EXCEL软件系统,对人均GDP与污染物排放量之间的关系进行了分析.结果表明,工业废水排放量与人均GDP的曲线呈倒“U”型和“U”型相结合的曲线型;工业废气排放量及化学需氧量与人均GDP的曲线呈倒“U”型;工业固体废弃物排放量与人均GDP的曲线无转折点,呈曲线上升型;二氧化硫排放量与人均GDP则呈现出正“N”型.固体废弃物的处理是目前六安市环境朝着良性方向发展的关键所在.

环境Kuznets曲线的启示

许多研究者对人均国内生产总值与主要污染物浓度指标进行回归分析后发现这两者存在倒U型关系,这种关系被称为环境Kuznets曲线。通过对现有研究的梳理可以发现造成这种倒U型关系的原因是多方面的,而这为我国控制环境质量恶化提供了多方面的启示。

The Environmental Impacts of Informal Economies in China: Inverted U-shaped Relationship and Regional Variances

This paper aims to the debate on the nexus between informal economies and the environment by investigating the long-term dynamic impacts of China’s informal economies on pollution and considering regional differences in informal economies’ pollution.This paper uses the Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes(MIMIC) model to estimate the size of informal economies and employs econometric models to examine their relationships to pollution based on provincial-level panel data from 2000 to 2017. The results indicate that informal economies’ effects on environmental pollution are not purely positive or negative. Rather, our model indicates that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between informal economies and pollution in the long run in China;this means that the level of environmental pollution increases at first and then decreases with the growth of informal economies. Further analysis shows that while this inverted, U-shaped relationship is significant in different regions of China, it is affected by different environmental impact factors. The paper concludes by discussing the policy implications for environmental protection and sustainable development.

基于EKC&Lorenz Curve的山东省生态用地时空演变及保护区划研究

研究目的:剖析近20年山东省生态用地时空演变特点,划分不同保护区域,为编制国土资源空间规划、保护生态用地提供参考。研究方法:采用环境库兹涅兹曲线(EKC),判断全省生态用地的发展趋势;根据洛伦兹曲线(Lorenz Curve)和基尼系数(Gini)方法,描述全省生态用地的分布及其演变特征;利用地理信息系统(GIS),遥感(RS)等方法获取数据并输出计算结果。研究结果:1996年以来全省生态用地总面积减少了46.8×10~4 hm^2,减少态势具有明显的"平稳—加速—减缓"的阶段性特征;全省生态用地分布基尼系数由1996年的0.523降低为2016年的0.480,生态用地区域分布趋于均衡。研究结论:(1)随着生态文明建设和美丽中国战略的深入实施,将来有可能出现生态用地由减少到增加的拐点;(2)本文把全省划分为三类不同的保护区域,并根据不同保护区的特点提出了差别化的土地利用方向和生态保护政策。

Relationship Between Economic Growth and Water Environmental Quality of Anshan City in Northeast China

Based on the decomposition model of environmental quality and univariate regression model,the relationships of industrial wastewater drainage with economic scale,economic structure,and technological level in Anshan,a mining city in Northeast China,were studied. The results showed that,due to scale effect,the drainage of three important industrial wastewater pollutants(COD,NH3-N and petroleum) increased 8505t,671t and 384t,respectively,and due to structure effect,those pollutants drainage increased 3996t,174t and 120t from 2001 to 2006. While due to technological effect,the drainage of COD,NH3-N and petroleum reduced 4452t,458t and 331t,and due to cross effect,those pollutants drainage reduced 7270t,575t and 476t simultaneously. Meantime,the relationships between household consumption structure and domestic sewage discharge were analyzed,and domestic sewage discharges in different income levels were also compared. The results showed that,the domestic sewage discharges would increase 376t with 1000 yuan(RMB) increased in the traffic and communication consumption,and they would be 344t,219t,428t,1873t,respectively,in housing consumption,food consumption,medical consumption,miscellaneous commodity consumption. The proportion of domestic sewage discharge increased for high income residents significantly,but reduced for lower income residents. The industrial wastewater pollutants drainage tends to be reduced by technical progress,while domestic sewage discharge will be a more important factor for urban water environment quality.

宁夏环境质量与经济增长关系的Kuznets曲线

近年来,宁夏在经济取得快速增长的同时,环境质量却在下降,且宁夏的生态环境相对脆弱,因此,研究宁夏环境质量与经济增长之间的相互关系显得尤为重要。依据环境库兹涅茨曲线的理论(Environmental Kuznets Curve),通过选取宁夏1995—2013年的环境与经济数据,利用计量软件EViews拟合了工业污染物及生活污染物的环境库兹涅茨曲线,且结合宁夏的实际情况进行了分析。结果表明,宁夏的经济增长与环境质量之间的库兹涅茨曲线的形状取决于不同指标的选择,宁夏环境质量整体呈现恶化趋势,需要加强工业废气排放与工业固体废物排放的治理,需要依靠环保科学技术促进污染物减排。

巢湖流域环境Kuznets曲线分析

研究了1978～2010年问合肥市的统计数据，利用SPSS软件对合肥市经济指标和环境指标之间的关系进行拟合，对其关系是否符合环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）倒“U”型模型进行验证，并从产业结构和环境治理效率两方面对其不同类型的环境库兹涅茨曲线进行分析，结果表明：合肥市经济指标与环境指标之间的关系不全符合环境库兹涅茨倒“U”型曲线，存在“U”和“N”型曲线类型；经济结构的改变和污染治理的效率会对环境污染程度产生影响。

Study on the Decoupling Indicators between Economic Development and Environmental Pollution

Decoupling theory and application are introduced firstly, and then the status and prospect of decoupling relation between environmental pollution and economic growth are analyzed. Finally, choice criteria and connotation of decoupling indicators are studied.

Correlation Analysis between Economic Growth and Environmental Quality

With the rapid development of the economy,China’s environment has been damaged severely,which has attracted much attention from scholars and the local government.The concept of green development has been an underlying trend since 2012,and it is of great significance to explore the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality.Huzhou is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Zhejiang Province,and it is one of the 27 cities in the central area of the Yangtze River Delta.In recent years,this city develops well not only in economic development but also in maintaining a green environment.In the paper,the back propagation neural network is used to evaluate the local environmental quality.Meanwhile,the panel model is exploited to analyze the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality.All the data presented in the paper range from the year 2008 to 2018.Theoretical analysis indicates that the evaluation value of environmental quality,the emissions of industrial SO2,and waste water exhibit an inverted U-shaped relationship with economic growth.As for the regression results,the inflection point of income in the environmental Kuznets curve of the model which takes the evaluation value of the environmental quality as a dependent variable is higher than that of the model which takes the SO2 emission as an independent variable.The research result would help the local government to take appropriate countermeasures to improve the environment and economy.

贸易开放对碳排放的影响效应研究——基于2010—2020年中国省际面板数据的经验估计

在贸易开放和“双碳”目标背景下,将2010—2020年中国省际面板总体样本数据划分为贸易开放高水平地区和贸易开放低水平地区两组样本数据,通过固定效应模型和系统GMM估计方法,分别检验了两组样本中贸易开放对人均二氧化碳排放量和碳排放强度的影响。研究发现,贸易开放对中国碳排放具有显著的正向效应,贸易开放会增加碳排放,但贸易开放水平的高低对碳排放的影响存在显著差异,贸易开放低水平地区引致的碳排放要远高于贸易开放高水平地区。同时,无论是贸易开放高水平地区,还是贸易开放低水平地区,环境库兹涅茨曲线假说均存在;外商直接投资的流入有助于降低中国碳排放。研究结果对当前不同贸易开放水平地区之间如何在深化贸易开放的同时降低碳排放具有一定的政策启示。

基于时变空间权重矩阵面板数据模型的京津冀产业转移环境效应研究

环境污染尤其是大气污染成为影响京津冀地区社会发展一个不容忽视的问题,环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)是分析环境问题的常用工具,而很多相关文献的模型未考虑到空间溢出效应及其时间传导途径,忽视了产业转移对环境污染的影响效应。基于以上问题,本文在分析中引入产业转移指数,以空间面板数据模型为分析工具,采用一种内生时空权重矩阵对京津冀地区开展分析。研究结果表明:产业转移对邻近地区环境影响作用更显著,三产比重的提高能有效缓解当地环境污染,京津冀地区工业二氧化硫排放与GDP增长呈正N型。因此,提高高污染工业转移门槛和工业排污标准、提高三产占比以及提高工业固体废物综合利用率对京津冀地区以及其邻近地区环境改善有重要意义。