The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)belongs to the genus Beta coronavirus and the family of Coronaviridae.It is a positive-sense,non-segmented single-strand RNA virus.Four common types of hu...The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)belongs to the genus Beta coronavirus and the family of Coronaviridae.It is a positive-sense,non-segmented single-strand RNA virus.Four common types of human coronaviruses circulate globally,particularly in the fall and winter seasons.They are responsible for 10%-30% of all mild upper respiratory tract infections in adults.These are 229E,NL63 of the Alfacoronaviridae family,OC43,and HKU1 of the Betacoronaviridae family.However,there are three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses:SARS-CoV-2,Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus,and the latest pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection.All viruses,including SARS-CoV-2,have the inherent tendency to evolve.SARS-CoV-2 is still evolving in humans.Additionally,due to the development of herd immunity,prior infection,use of medication,vaccination,and antibodies,the viruses are facing immune pressure.During the replication process and due to immune pressure,the virus may undergo mutations.Several SARS-CoV-2 variants,including the variants of concern(VOCs),such as B.1.1.7(Alpha),B.1.351(Beta),B.1.617/B.1.617.2(Delta),P.1(Gamma),and B.1.1.529(Omicron)have been reported from various parts of the world.These VOCs contain several important mutations;some of them are on the spike proteins.These mutations may lead to enhanced infectivity,transmissibility,and decreased neutralization efficacy by monoclonal antibodies,convalescent sera,or vaccines.Mutations may also lead to a failure of detection by molecular diagnostic tests,leading to a delayed diagnosis,increased community spread,and delayed treatment.We searched PubMed,EMBASE,Covariant,the Stanford variant Database,and the CINAHL from December 2019 to February 2023 using the following search terms:VOC,SARS-CoV-2,Omicron,mutations in SARS-CoV-2,etc.This review discusses the various mutations and their impact on infectivity,transmissibility,and neutralization efficacy.展开更多
Lu Xun’s short stories play a prominent role in the history of modern Chinese literature,and a number of Sinologists have studied them and published their English translations.This paper selects“YīJiàn Xiǎo S...Lu Xun’s short stories play a prominent role in the history of modern Chinese literature,and a number of Sinologists have studied them and published their English translations.This paper selects“YīJiàn Xiǎo Shì”in Lu Xun’s collection“Call to Arms”as the object of study,taking hypotaxis and parataxis as the starting point,and compares the translation of Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang with the original version,studying the differences between the them in the process of C-E translation.It is hoped that some flexible conversion strategies in English-Chinese translation can be learned from the translation research.展开更多
文摘The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)belongs to the genus Beta coronavirus and the family of Coronaviridae.It is a positive-sense,non-segmented single-strand RNA virus.Four common types of human coronaviruses circulate globally,particularly in the fall and winter seasons.They are responsible for 10%-30% of all mild upper respiratory tract infections in adults.These are 229E,NL63 of the Alfacoronaviridae family,OC43,and HKU1 of the Betacoronaviridae family.However,there are three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses:SARS-CoV-2,Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus,and the latest pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection.All viruses,including SARS-CoV-2,have the inherent tendency to evolve.SARS-CoV-2 is still evolving in humans.Additionally,due to the development of herd immunity,prior infection,use of medication,vaccination,and antibodies,the viruses are facing immune pressure.During the replication process and due to immune pressure,the virus may undergo mutations.Several SARS-CoV-2 variants,including the variants of concern(VOCs),such as B.1.1.7(Alpha),B.1.351(Beta),B.1.617/B.1.617.2(Delta),P.1(Gamma),and B.1.1.529(Omicron)have been reported from various parts of the world.These VOCs contain several important mutations;some of them are on the spike proteins.These mutations may lead to enhanced infectivity,transmissibility,and decreased neutralization efficacy by monoclonal antibodies,convalescent sera,or vaccines.Mutations may also lead to a failure of detection by molecular diagnostic tests,leading to a delayed diagnosis,increased community spread,and delayed treatment.We searched PubMed,EMBASE,Covariant,the Stanford variant Database,and the CINAHL from December 2019 to February 2023 using the following search terms:VOC,SARS-CoV-2,Omicron,mutations in SARS-CoV-2,etc.This review discusses the various mutations and their impact on infectivity,transmissibility,and neutralization efficacy.
基金The paper is part of the achievements of“Research of the English Translation of Lu Xun’s Short Stories and Their Dissemination”(鲁迅小说英译及传播研究),a Shanghai City College Students’project in 2023.Its serial number is SH2023141.
文摘Lu Xun’s short stories play a prominent role in the history of modern Chinese literature,and a number of Sinologists have studied them and published their English translations.This paper selects“YīJiàn Xiǎo Shì”in Lu Xun’s collection“Call to Arms”as the object of study,taking hypotaxis and parataxis as the starting point,and compares the translation of Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang with the original version,studying the differences between the them in the process of C-E translation.It is hoped that some flexible conversion strategies in English-Chinese translation can be learned from the translation research.
