The hierarchical ZnMn2O4/Mn3O4 composite sub-microrods were synthesized via a water-in-oil microemulsion method followed by calcination.The ZnMn2O4/Mn3O4 electrode displays an intriguing capacity increasing from 440 t...The hierarchical ZnMn2O4/Mn3O4 composite sub-microrods were synthesized via a water-in-oil microemulsion method followed by calcination.The ZnMn2O4/Mn3O4 electrode displays an intriguing capacity increasing from 440 to 910 mA·h/g at 500 mA/g during 550 consecutive discharge/charge cycles,and delivers an ultrahigh capacity of 1276 mA·h/g at 100 mA/g,which is much greater than the theoretical capacity of either ZnMn2O4 or Mn3O4 electrode.To investigate the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon,cyclic voltammetry and differential capacity analysis were applied,both of which reveal the emergence and the growth of new reversible redox reactions upon charge/discharge cycling.The new reversible conversions are probably the results of an activation process of the electrode material during the cycling process,leading to the climbing charge storage.However,the capacity exceeding the theoretical value indicates that there are still other factors contributing to the increasing capacity.展开更多
Adipic acid is an important petrochemical product,and its production process emits a high concentration of greenhouse gas N_2 O.This paper aims to provide quantitative references for relevant authorities to formulate ...Adipic acid is an important petrochemical product,and its production process emits a high concentration of greenhouse gas N_2 O.This paper aims to provide quantitative references for relevant authorities to formulate greenhouse gas control roadmaps.The forecasting method of this paper is consistent with the published national inventory in terms of caliber.Based on the N_2 O abatement technical parameters of adipic acid and the production trend,this paper combines the scenario analysis and provides a measurement of comprehensive N_2 O abatement effect of the entire industry in China.Four future scenarios are assumed.The baseline scenario(BAUS) is a frozen scenario.Three emission abatement scenarios(ANAS,SNAS,and ENAS) are assumed under different strength of abatement driving parameters.The results show that China's adipic acid production process can achieve increasingly significant N_2 O emission abatement effects.Compared to the baseline scenario,by 2030,the N_2 O emission abatements of the three emission abatement scenarios can reach 207-399 kt and the emission abatement ratios can reach 32.5%-62.6%.By 2050,the N_2 O emission abatements for the three emission abatement scenarios can reach 387-540 kt and the emission abatement ratios can reach 71.4%-99.6%.展开更多
Background Changes in soil greenhouse gas(GHG)fluxes caused by nitrogen(N)addition are considered as the key factors contributing to global climate change(global warming and altered precipitation regimes),which in tur...Background Changes in soil greenhouse gas(GHG)fluxes caused by nitrogen(N)addition are considered as the key factors contributing to global climate change(global warming and altered precipitation regimes),which in turn alters the feedback between N addition and soil GHG fluxes.However,the effects of N addition on soil GHG emissions under climate change are highly variable and context-dependent,so that further syntheses are required.Here,a meta-analysis of the interactive effects of N addition and climate change(warming and altered precipitation)on the fluxes of three main soil GHGs[carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),methane(CH_(4)),and nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)]was conducted by synthesizing 2103 observations retrieved from 57 peer-reviewed articles on multiple terrestrial ecosystems globally.Results The interactive effects of N addition and climate change on GHG fluxes were generally additive.The combination of N addition and warming or altered precipitation increased N_(2)O emissions significantly while it had minimal effects on CO_(2)emissions and CH_(4)uptake,and the effects on CH_(4)emissions could not be evaluated.Moreover,the magnitude of the combined effects did not differ significantly from the effects of N addition alone.Apparently,the combined effects on CO_(2)and CH_(4)varied among ecosystem types due to differences in soil moisture,which was in contrast to the soil N_(2)O emission responses.The soil GHG flux responses to combined N addition and climate change also varied among different climatic conditions and experimental methods.Conclusion Overall,our findings indicate that the effects of N addition and climate change on soil GHG fluxes were relatively independent,i.e.combined effects of N addition and climate change were equal to or not significantly different from the sum of their respective individual effects.The effects of N addition on soil GHG fluxes influence the feedbacks between climate change and soil GHG fluxes.展开更多
Biochar application to cropland has been recommended as a strategy to reduce increasing at-mospheric CO2 concentrations and mitigate climate change.However,the direction and magnitude of responses of greenhouse gas(GH...Biochar application to cropland has been recommended as a strategy to reduce increasing at-mospheric CO2 concentrations and mitigate climate change.However,the direction and magnitude of responses of greenhouse gas(GHG)fluxes to biochar application to cropland remain unclear.Our meta-analysis of 296 observations across 61 studies for the first time quantitatively estimated the effects of biochar amendment on fluxes of three GHGsCO2,N2O,and CH4.The results showed that biochar application led to a significant change in soil GHGs emissions:in general,19%for CO2,−16%for N2O(P<0.05),but no pronounced change in CH4 emissions;in paddy,−5%for CO2,−20%for N2O,but+19%for CH4(P<0.05);in upland,−18%for N2O,+12%for CO2,and high uncertainty for CH4.The responses of soil GHG flux-es to biochar application were regulated mainly by experiment length,biochar application rate,biochar properties,providing a new perspective for more comprehensive understanding on biochar.The bio-char derived from husk was recommended to apply to cropland with an application rate of 20-30 t·ha^(−1).展开更多
Manure management is the primary source of greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions from pig farming, which in turn accounts for 18% of the total global GHG emissions from the livestock industry. In this review, GHG emissions...Manure management is the primary source of greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions from pig farming, which in turn accounts for 18% of the total global GHG emissions from the livestock industry. In this review, GHG emissions （N20 and CH4 emissions in particular） from individual pig manure （PGM） management practices （European practises in particular） are systematically analyzed and discussed. These manure management practices include manure storage, land application, solid/liquid separation, anaerobic digestion, composting and aerobic wastewater treatment. The potential reduction in net GHG emissions by changing and optimising these techniques is assessed. This review also identifies key research gaps in the literature including the effect of straw covering of liquid PGM storages, the effect of solid/liquid separation, and the effect of dry anaerobic digestion on net GHG emissions from PGM management. In addition to identifying these research gaps, several recommendations including the need to standardize units used to report GHG emissions, to account ~br indirect N20 emissions, and to include a broader research scope by conducting detailed life cycle assessment are also discussed. Overall, anaerobic digestion and compositing to liquid and solid fractions are best PGM management practices with respect to their high GHG mitigation potential.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.21968032)the Fundamental Research Funds of Central Universities-Innovation Team Cultivation Project (Grant No.31920190012)+1 种基金the Northwest Minzu University′s Double First-class and Characteristic Development Guide Special Funds-Chemistry Key Disciplines in Gansu Province (Grant No.11080316)the Teaching Quality and Reform Engineering Project of Gansu University (Grants No.2019GSSYJXSFZX01, 2019GSJXCGPY-16)
基金Ting-ting FENG acknowledges the financial support from Professor Paul V.BRAUN at Department of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,the support from Chinese Scholarship Council during her visit to University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,partial financial supports from Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province,China(2019YFH0002,2019YFG0222 and 2019YFG0526).The research was partly carried out in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory Central Research Facilities,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
文摘The hierarchical ZnMn2O4/Mn3O4 composite sub-microrods were synthesized via a water-in-oil microemulsion method followed by calcination.The ZnMn2O4/Mn3O4 electrode displays an intriguing capacity increasing from 440 to 910 mA·h/g at 500 mA/g during 550 consecutive discharge/charge cycles,and delivers an ultrahigh capacity of 1276 mA·h/g at 100 mA/g,which is much greater than the theoretical capacity of either ZnMn2O4 or Mn3O4 electrode.To investigate the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon,cyclic voltammetry and differential capacity analysis were applied,both of which reveal the emergence and the growth of new reversible redox reactions upon charge/discharge cycling.The new reversible conversions are probably the results of an activation process of the electrode material during the cycling process,leading to the climbing charge storage.However,the capacity exceeding the theoretical value indicates that there are still other factors contributing to the increasing capacity.
基金financial support by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No.2018YFC1509006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.71874096)+1 种基金the Macao SAR Government Higher Education Fundthe Macao University of Science and Technology (Grant No.FRG-19-008-MSB)。
文摘Adipic acid is an important petrochemical product,and its production process emits a high concentration of greenhouse gas N_2 O.This paper aims to provide quantitative references for relevant authorities to formulate greenhouse gas control roadmaps.The forecasting method of this paper is consistent with the published national inventory in terms of caliber.Based on the N_2 O abatement technical parameters of adipic acid and the production trend,this paper combines the scenario analysis and provides a measurement of comprehensive N_2 O abatement effect of the entire industry in China.Four future scenarios are assumed.The baseline scenario(BAUS) is a frozen scenario.Three emission abatement scenarios(ANAS,SNAS,and ENAS) are assumed under different strength of abatement driving parameters.The results show that China's adipic acid production process can achieve increasingly significant N_2 O emission abatement effects.Compared to the baseline scenario,by 2030,the N_2 O emission abatements of the three emission abatement scenarios can reach 207-399 kt and the emission abatement ratios can reach 32.5%-62.6%.By 2050,the N_2 O emission abatements for the three emission abatement scenarios can reach 387-540 kt and the emission abatement ratios can reach 71.4%-99.6%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32171641,32101509,and 32271633)the Ph.D.programme grant from China Scholarship Council(202109107009).
文摘Background Changes in soil greenhouse gas(GHG)fluxes caused by nitrogen(N)addition are considered as the key factors contributing to global climate change(global warming and altered precipitation regimes),which in turn alters the feedback between N addition and soil GHG fluxes.However,the effects of N addition on soil GHG emissions under climate change are highly variable and context-dependent,so that further syntheses are required.Here,a meta-analysis of the interactive effects of N addition and climate change(warming and altered precipitation)on the fluxes of three main soil GHGs[carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),methane(CH_(4)),and nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)]was conducted by synthesizing 2103 observations retrieved from 57 peer-reviewed articles on multiple terrestrial ecosystems globally.Results The interactive effects of N addition and climate change on GHG fluxes were generally additive.The combination of N addition and warming or altered precipitation increased N_(2)O emissions significantly while it had minimal effects on CO_(2)emissions and CH_(4)uptake,and the effects on CH_(4)emissions could not be evaluated.Moreover,the magnitude of the combined effects did not differ significantly from the effects of N addition alone.Apparently,the combined effects on CO_(2)and CH_(4)varied among ecosystem types due to differences in soil moisture,which was in contrast to the soil N_(2)O emission responses.The soil GHG flux responses to combined N addition and climate change also varied among different climatic conditions and experimental methods.Conclusion Overall,our findings indicate that the effects of N addition and climate change on soil GHG fluxes were relatively independent,i.e.combined effects of N addition and climate change were equal to or not significantly different from the sum of their respective individual effects.The effects of N addition on soil GHG fluxes influence the feedbacks between climate change and soil GHG fluxes.
基金This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31470529,31270517)Pandeng Project for Young&Middle-aged discipline leaders of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.pd2013234)Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Wood Science and Technology(Grant No.2014lygcy025).
文摘Biochar application to cropland has been recommended as a strategy to reduce increasing at-mospheric CO2 concentrations and mitigate climate change.However,the direction and magnitude of responses of greenhouse gas(GHG)fluxes to biochar application to cropland remain unclear.Our meta-analysis of 296 observations across 61 studies for the first time quantitatively estimated the effects of biochar amendment on fluxes of three GHGsCO2,N2O,and CH4.The results showed that biochar application led to a significant change in soil GHGs emissions:in general,19%for CO2,−16%for N2O(P<0.05),but no pronounced change in CH4 emissions;in paddy,−5%for CO2,−20%for N2O,but+19%for CH4(P<0.05);in upland,−18%for N2O,+12%for CO2,and high uncertainty for CH4.The responses of soil GHG flux-es to biochar application were regulated mainly by experiment length,biochar application rate,biochar properties,providing a new perspective for more comprehensive understanding on biochar.The bio-char derived from husk was recommended to apply to cropland with an application rate of 20-30 t·ha^(−1).
文摘Manure management is the primary source of greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions from pig farming, which in turn accounts for 18% of the total global GHG emissions from the livestock industry. In this review, GHG emissions （N20 and CH4 emissions in particular） from individual pig manure （PGM） management practices （European practises in particular） are systematically analyzed and discussed. These manure management practices include manure storage, land application, solid/liquid separation, anaerobic digestion, composting and aerobic wastewater treatment. The potential reduction in net GHG emissions by changing and optimising these techniques is assessed. This review also identifies key research gaps in the literature including the effect of straw covering of liquid PGM storages, the effect of solid/liquid separation, and the effect of dry anaerobic digestion on net GHG emissions from PGM management. In addition to identifying these research gaps, several recommendations including the need to standardize units used to report GHG emissions, to account ~br indirect N20 emissions, and to include a broader research scope by conducting detailed life cycle assessment are also discussed. Overall, anaerobic digestion and compositing to liquid and solid fractions are best PGM management practices with respect to their high GHG mitigation potential.
