The GECAM series of satellites utilizes LaBr_(3)(Ce),LaBr_(3)(Ce,Sr),and NaI(Tl)crystals as sensitive materials for gamma-ray detectors(GRDs).To investigate the nonlinearity in the detection of low-energy gamma rays a...The GECAM series of satellites utilizes LaBr_(3)(Ce),LaBr_(3)(Ce,Sr),and NaI(Tl)crystals as sensitive materials for gamma-ray detectors(GRDs).To investigate the nonlinearity in the detection of low-energy gamma rays and address the errors in the calibration of the E-C relationship,comprehensive tests and comparative studies of the three aforementioned crystals were conducted using Compton electrons,radioactive sources,and mono-energetic X-rays.The nonlinearity test results of the Compton electrons and X-rays demonstrated substantial differences,with all three crystals presenting a higher nonlinearity for X/-rays than for Compton electrons.Despite the LaBr_(3)(Ce)and LaBr_(3)(Ce,Sr)crystals having higher absolute light yields,they exhibited a noticeable nonlinear decrease in the light yield,especially at energies below 400 keV.The NaI(Tl)crystal demonstrated an"excess"light output in the 6-200 keV range,reaching a maximum"excess"of 9.2%at 30 keV in the X-ray testing and up to 15.5%at 14 keV during Compton electron testing,indicating a significant advantage in the detection of low-energy gamma rays.Furthermore,we explored the underlying causes of the observed nonlinearity in these crystals.This study not only elucidates the detector responses of GECAM,but also initiates a comprehensive investigation of the nonlinearity of domestically produced lanthanum bromide and sodium iodide crystals.展开更多
NaI(TI)探测器是典型的闪烁体辐射探测器,其探测过程涉及辐射能量沉积、可见光信号产生与输运、光电转换与信号处理等物理过程。首先利用蒙特卡罗方法、Birks公式及射线追迹程序,开展了射线粒子在晶体中转为可见光输出过程的计算分析,...NaI(TI)探测器是典型的闪烁体辐射探测器,其探测过程涉及辐射能量沉积、可见光信号产生与输运、光电转换与信号处理等物理过程。首先利用蒙特卡罗方法、Birks公式及射线追迹程序,开展了射线粒子在晶体中转为可见光输出过程的计算分析,并结合光电倍增管和信号处理电路的指标参数进行模拟仿真,得出探测器最终输出的脉冲电压信号参数;然后,在^(137)Cs源辐射场中采用Φ50 mm×50 mm NaI(TI)晶体耦合光电倍增管开展实验验证,实验测得探测器输出脉冲信号的上升/下降时间比为0.39,与模拟计算数值0.36相比,相差约7.69%,表明模拟计算模型的输出结果与实测数据基本符合,初步证明了论文的模拟计算模型及计算分析过程的正确性。论文提出的方法,对于深入理解辐射粒子激发的荧光可见光在晶体闪烁体中的传输规律和闪烁体辐射探测器系统的优化设计,具有一定参考意义。展开更多
The Na I:Tl scintillator is an innovative material for dual-gamma-ray and neutron detection with a low ^(6)Li concentration.To achieve real-time n/γ discrimination,a zero-crossing time comparison algorithm based on t...The Na I:Tl scintillator is an innovative material for dual-gamma-ray and neutron detection with a low ^(6)Li concentration.To achieve real-time n/γ discrimination,a zero-crossing time comparison algorithm based on trapezoidal pulse shaping was developed.The algorithm can operate efficiently at low sampling rates and was implemented on a single-probe portable digital n/γ discriminator based on a field-programmable gate array.The discriminator and Na I:Tl,^(6)Li detector were tested in a neutron-gamma mixed field produced by an ^(241)Am-Be neutron source to evaluate the performance of the algorithm.The figure of merits was measured as 2.88 at a sampling rate of 50 MHz,indicating that the discriminator with its embedded algorithm has a promising n/γ discrimination capability.Efficient discrimination at sampling rates of 40 and 25 MHz demonstrates that the capability of this method is not limited by low sampling rates.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Nos.2022YFB3503600 and 2021YFA0718500)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.XDA15360102)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12273042 and 12075258).
文摘The GECAM series of satellites utilizes LaBr_(3)(Ce),LaBr_(3)(Ce,Sr),and NaI(Tl)crystals as sensitive materials for gamma-ray detectors(GRDs).To investigate the nonlinearity in the detection of low-energy gamma rays and address the errors in the calibration of the E-C relationship,comprehensive tests and comparative studies of the three aforementioned crystals were conducted using Compton electrons,radioactive sources,and mono-energetic X-rays.The nonlinearity test results of the Compton electrons and X-rays demonstrated substantial differences,with all three crystals presenting a higher nonlinearity for X/-rays than for Compton electrons.Despite the LaBr_(3)(Ce)and LaBr_(3)(Ce,Sr)crystals having higher absolute light yields,they exhibited a noticeable nonlinear decrease in the light yield,especially at energies below 400 keV.The NaI(Tl)crystal demonstrated an"excess"light output in the 6-200 keV range,reaching a maximum"excess"of 9.2%at 30 keV in the X-ray testing and up to 15.5%at 14 keV during Compton electron testing,indicating a significant advantage in the detection of low-energy gamma rays.Furthermore,we explored the underlying causes of the observed nonlinearity in these crystals.This study not only elucidates the detector responses of GECAM,but also initiates a comprehensive investigation of the nonlinearity of domestically produced lanthanum bromide and sodium iodide crystals.
文摘NaI(TI)探测器是典型的闪烁体辐射探测器,其探测过程涉及辐射能量沉积、可见光信号产生与输运、光电转换与信号处理等物理过程。首先利用蒙特卡罗方法、Birks公式及射线追迹程序,开展了射线粒子在晶体中转为可见光输出过程的计算分析,并结合光电倍增管和信号处理电路的指标参数进行模拟仿真,得出探测器最终输出的脉冲电压信号参数;然后,在^(137)Cs源辐射场中采用Φ50 mm×50 mm NaI(TI)晶体耦合光电倍增管开展实验验证,实验测得探测器输出脉冲信号的上升/下降时间比为0.39,与模拟计算数值0.36相比,相差约7.69%,表明模拟计算模型的输出结果与实测数据基本符合,初步证明了论文的模拟计算模型及计算分析过程的正确性。论文提出的方法,对于深入理解辐射粒子激发的荧光可见光在晶体闪烁体中的传输规律和闪烁体辐射探测器系统的优化设计,具有一定参考意义。
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.12075308).
文摘The Na I:Tl scintillator is an innovative material for dual-gamma-ray and neutron detection with a low ^(6)Li concentration.To achieve real-time n/γ discrimination,a zero-crossing time comparison algorithm based on trapezoidal pulse shaping was developed.The algorithm can operate efficiently at low sampling rates and was implemented on a single-probe portable digital n/γ discriminator based on a field-programmable gate array.The discriminator and Na I:Tl,^(6)Li detector were tested in a neutron-gamma mixed field produced by an ^(241)Am-Be neutron source to evaluate the performance of the algorithm.The figure of merits was measured as 2.88 at a sampling rate of 50 MHz,indicating that the discriminator with its embedded algorithm has a promising n/γ discrimination capability.Efficient discrimination at sampling rates of 40 and 25 MHz demonstrates that the capability of this method is not limited by low sampling rates.
