Assessment of vegetation cover changes and the contributing factors in the Al-Ahsa Oasis using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)

The abandonment of date palm grove of the former Al-Ahsa Oasis in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia has resulted in the conversion of delicate agricultural area into urban area.The current state of the oasis is influenced by both expansion and degradation factors.Therefore,it is important to study the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation cover for the sustainable management of oasis resources.This study used Landsat satellite images in 1987,2002,and 2021 to monitor the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation cover in the Al-Ahsa Oasis,applied multi-temporal Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)data spanning from 1987 to 2021 to assess environmental and spatiotemporal variations that have occurred in the Al-Ahsa Oasis,and investigated the factors influencing these variation.This study reveals that there is a significant improvement in the ecological environment of the oasis during 1987–2021,with increase of NDVI values being higher than 0.10.In 2021,the highest NDVI value is generally above 0.70,while the lowest value remains largely unchanged.However,there is a remarkable increase in NDVI values between 0.20 and 0.30.The area of low NDVI values(0.00–0.20)has remained almost stable,but the region with high NDVI values(above 0.70)expands during 1987–2021.Furthermore,this study finds that in 1987–2002,the increase of vegetation cover is most notable in the northern region of the study area,whereas from 2002 to 2021,the increase of vegetation cover is mainly concentrated in the northern and southern regions of the study area.From 1987 to 2021,NDVI values exhibit the most pronounced variation,with a significant increase in the“green”zone(characterized by NDVI values exceeding 0.40),indicating a substantial enhancement in the ecological environment of the oasis.The NDVI classification is validated through 50 ground validation points in the study area,demonstrating a mean accuracy of 92.00%in the detection of vegetation cover.In general,both the user’s and producer’s accuracies of NDVI classification are extremely high in 1987,2002,and 2021.Finally,this study suggests that environmental authorities should strengthen their overall forestry project arrangements to combat sand encroachment and enhance the ecological environment of the Al-Ahsa Oasis.

Retrospective analysis of two northern California wild-land fires via Landsat five satellite imagery and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

Wild-land fires are a dynamic and destructive force in natural ecosystems. In recent decades, fire disturbances have increased concerns and awareness over significant economic loss and landscape change. The focus of this research was to study two northern California wild-land fires: Butte Humboldt Complex and Butte Lightning Complex of 2008 and assessment of vegetation recovery after the fires via ground based measurements and utilization of Landsat 5 imagery and analysis software to assess landscape change. Multi-temporal and burn severity dynamics and assessment through satellite imagery were used to visually ascertain levels of landscape change, under two temporal scales. Visual interpretation indicated noticeable levels of landscape change and relevant insight into the magnitude and impact of both wild-land fires. Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and delta NBR (DNBR) data allowed for quantitative analysis of burn severity levels. DNBR results indicate low severity and low re-growth for Butte Humboldt Complex “burned center” subplots. In contrast, DNBR values for Butte Lightning Complex “burned center” subplots indicated low-moderate burn severity levels.

Interannual Variability of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index on the Tibetan Plateau and Its Relationship with Climate Change

The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, or Tibetan Plateau, is a sensitive region for climate change, where the manifestation of global warming is particularly noticeable. The wide climate variability in this region significantly affects the local land ecosystem and could consequently lead to notable vegetation changes. In this paper, the interannual variations of the plateau vegetation are investigated using a 21-year normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） dataset to quantify the consequences of climate warming for the regional ecosystem and its interactions. The results show that vegetation coverage is best in the eastern and southern plateau regions and deteriorates toward the west and north. On the whole, vegetation activity demonstrates a gradual enhancement in an oscillatory manner during 1982-2002. The temporal variation also exhibits striking regional differences： an increasing trend is most apparent in the west, south, north and southeast, whereas a decreasing trend is present along the southern plateau boundary and in the central-east region. Covariance analysis between the NDVI and surface temperature/precipitation suggests that vegetation change is closely related to climate change. However, the controlling physical processes vary geographically. In the west and east, vegetation variability is found to be driven predominantly by temperature, with the impact of precipitation being of secondary importance. In the central plateau, however, temperature and precipitation factors are equally important in modulating the interannual vegetation variability.

Simple method for extracting the seasonal signals of photochemical reflectance index and normalized difference vegetation index measured using a spectral reflectance sensor

A spectral reflectance sensor(SRS)fixed on the near-surface ground was developed to support the continuous monitoring of vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and photochemical reflectance index(PRI).NDVI is useful for indicating crop growth/phenology,whereas PRI was developed for observing physiological conditions.Thus,the seasonal change patterns of NDVI and PRI are two valuable pieces of information in a crop-monitoring system.However,capturing the seasonal patterns is considered challenging because the vegetation index values estimated by the reflection from vegetation are often governed by meteorological conditions,such as solar irradiance and precipitation.Further,unlike growth/phenology,the physiological condition has diurnal changes as well as seasonal characteristics.This study proposed a novel filtering method for extracting the seasonal signals of SRS-based NDVI and PRI in paddy rice,barley,and garlic.First,the measurement accuracy of SRSs was compared with handheld spectrometers,and the R^(2)values between the two devices were 0.96 and 0.81 for NDVI and PRI,respectively.Second,the experimental study of threshold criteria with respect to meteorological variables(i.e.,insolation,cloudiness,sunshine duration,and precipitation)was conducted,and sunshine duration was the most useful one for excluding distorted values of the vegetation indices.After data processing based on sunshine duration,the R^(2)values between the measured vegetation indices and the extracted seasonal signals of vegetation indices increased by approximately 0.002–0.004(NDVI)and 0.065–0.298(PRI)on the three crops,and the seasonal signals of vegetation indices became noticeably improved.This method will contribute to an agricultural monitoring system by identifying the seasonal changes in crop growth and physiological conditions.

Drought trend analysis in a semi-arid area of Iraq based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Water Index and Standardized Precipitation Index

Drought was a severe recurring phenomenon in Iraq over the past two decades due to climate change despite the fact that Iraq has been one of the most water-rich countries in the Middle East in the past.The Iraqi Kurdistan Region(IKR)is located in the north of Iraq,which has also suffered from extreme drought.In this study,the drought severity status in Sulaimaniyah Province,one of four provinces of the IKR,was investigated for the years from 1998 to 2017.Thus,Landsat time series dataset,including 40 images,were downloaded and used in this study.The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and the Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI)were utilized as spectral-based drought indices and the Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI)was employed as a meteorological-based drought index,to assess the drought severity and analyse the changes of vegetative cover and water bodies.The study area experienced precipitation deficiency and severe drought in 1999,2000,2008,2009,and 2012.Study findings also revealed a drop in the vegetative cover by 33.3%in the year 2000.Furthermore,the most significant shrinkage in water bodies was observed in the Lake Darbandikhan(LDK),which lost 40.5%of its total surface area in 2009.The statistical analyses revealed that precipitation was significantly positively correlated with the SPI and the surface area of the LDK(correlation coefficients of 0.92 and 0.72,respectively).The relationship between SPI and NDVI-based vegetation cover was positive but not significant.Low precipitation did not always correspond to vegetative drought;the delay of the effect of precipitation on NDVI was one year.

Climate-Vegetation Coverage Interactions in the Hengduan Mountains Area, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, and Their Downstream Effects

Little is known about the mechanism of climate-vegetation coverage coupled changes in the Tibetan Plateau(TP)region,which is the most climatically sensitive and ecologically fragile region with the highest terrain in the world.This study,using multisource datasets(including satellite data and meteorological observations and reanalysis data)revealed the mutual feedback mechanisms between changes in climate(temperature and precipitation)and vegetation coverage in recent decades in the Hengduan Mountains Area(HMA)of the southeastern TP and their influences on climate in the downstream region,the Sichuan Basin(SCB).There is mutual facilitation between rising air temperature and increasing vegetation coverage in the HMA,which is most significant during winter,and then during spring,but insignificant during summer and autumn.Rising temperature significantly enhances local vegetation coverage,and vegetation greening in turn heats the atmosphere via enhancing net heat flux from the surface to the atmosphere.The atmospheric heating anomaly over the HMA thickens the atmospheric column and increases upper air pressure.The high pressure anomaly disperses downstream via the westerly flow,expands across the SCB,and eventually increases the SCB temperature.This effect lasts from winter to the following spring,which may cause the maximum increasing trend of the SCB temperature and vegetation coverage in spring.These results are helpful for estimating future trends in climate and eco-environmental variations in the HMA and SCB under warming scenarios,as well as seasonal forecasting based on the connection between the HMA eco-environment and SCB climate.

Monitoring vegetation drought in the nine major river basins of China based on a new developed Vegetation Drought Condition Index

The effect of global climate change on vegetation growth is variable.Timely and effective monitoring of vegetation drought is crucial for understanding its dynamics and mitigation,and even regional protection of ecological environments.In this study,we constructed a new drought index(i.e.,Vegetation Drought Condition Index(VDCI))based on precipitation,potential evapotranspiration,soil moisture and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)data,to monitor vegetation drought in the nine major river basins(including the Songhua River and Liaohe River Basin,Haihe River Basin,Yellow River Basin,Huaihe River Basin,Yangtze River Basin,Southeast River Basin,Pearl River Basin,Southwest River Basin and Continental River Basin)in China at 1-month–12-month(T1–T12)time scales.We used the Pearson's correlation coefficients to assess the relationships between the drought indices(the developed VDCI and traditional drought indices including the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index(SPEI),Standardized Soil Moisture Index(SSMI)and Self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index(scPDSI))and the NDVI at T1–T12 time scales,and to estimate and compare the lag times of vegetation response to drought among different drought indices.The results showed that precipitation and potential evapotranspiration have positive and major influences on vegetation in the nine major river basins at T1–T6 time scales.Soil moisture shows a lower degree of negative influence on vegetation in different river basins at multiple time scales.Potential evapotranspiration shows a higher degree of positive influence on vegetation,and it acts as the primary influencing factor with higher area proportion at multiple time scales in different river basins.The VDCI has a stronger relationship with the NDVI in the Songhua River and Liaohe River Basin,Haihe River Basin,Yellow River Basin,Huaihe River Basin and Yangtze River Basin at T1–T4 time scales.In general,the VDCI is more sensitive(with shorter lag time of vegetation response to drought)than the traditional drought indices(SPEI,scPDSI and SSMI)in monitoring vegetation drought,and thus it could be applied to monitor short-term vegetation drought.The VDCI developed in the study can reveal the law of unclear mechanisms between vegetation and climate,and can be applied in other fields of vegetation drought monitoring with complex mechanisms.

基于绿视率和NDVI的城市街道景观分析与优化研究

街道景观空间对市民健康和城市风貌具有重要影响。既往研究中常以归一化植被指数(NDVI)和绿视率(GVI)来分别代表二维和三维的绿色指标,但对二者的指标相关性研究甚少。采用基于深度学习的图像语义分割方法分析百度街景计算代表性街道的GVI,利用GF-1卫星数据计算NDVI,比较分析城市街道的GVI和NDVI指标特征及相关性。结果表明,1)中山市中心城区各代表街道GVI指标参差不齐,从8.06%到36.00%,其中石岐街道兴中道GVI最高;2)各街道观测点的NDVI均值随着缓冲区尺度的增加也随之呈现出不同变化,NDVI均值具有强烈的尺度敏感性;3)50 m GVI和DNVI均值的皮尔逊相关系数最高,达到0.832。在此基础上分析街道景观存在的不足并给出优化建议,为城市街景评估、空间优化、景观提升提供参考。

Mapping rice cropping systems using Landsat-derived Renormalized Index of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （RNDVI） in the Poyang Lake Region, China

Mapping rice cropping systems with optical imagery in multiple cropping regions is challenging due to cloud contamination and data availability; development of a phenology-based algorithm with a reduced data demand is essential. In this study, the Landsat-derived Renorma- lized Index of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （RNDVI） was proposed based on two temporal windows in which the NDVI values of single and early （or late） rice display inverse changes, and then applied to discriminate rice cropping systems. The Poyang Lake Region （PLR）, characterized by a typical cropping system of single cropping rice （SCR, or single rice） and double cropping rice （DCR, including early rice and late rice）, was selected as a testing area. The results showed that NDVI data derived from Landsat time-series at eight to sixteen days captures the temporal development of paddy rice. There are two key phenological stages during the overlapping growth period in which the NDVI values of SCR and DCR change inversely, namely the ripening phase of early rice and the growing phase of single rice as well as the ripening stage of single rice and the growing stage of late rice. NDVI derived from scenes in two temporal windows, specifically early August and early October, was used to construct the RNDVI for discriminating rice cropping systems in the polder area of the PLR, China. Comparison with ground truth data indicates high classification accuracy. The RNDVI approach highlights the inverse variations of NDVI values due to the difference of rice growth between two temporal windows. This makes the discrimination of rice cropping systems straightforward as it only needs to distinguish whether the candidate rice typeis in the period of growth （RNDVI 〈 0） or senescence （RNDVI 〉 0）.

Enhanced soil moisture improves vegetation growth in an arid grassland of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

Climate change impacts on grasslands that cover a quarter of the global land area, have become unprecedented during the 21~(st) century. One of the important ecological realms, arid grasslands of northern China, which occupy more than 70% of the region's land area. However, the impact of climate change on vegetation growth in these arid grasslands is not consistent and lacks corresponding quantitative research. In this study, NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index) and climate factors including temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, soil moisture, and meteorological drought were analyzed to explore the determinants of changes in grassland greenness in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(northern China) during 1982–2016. The results showed that grasslands in Inner Mongolia witnessed an obvious trend of seasonal greening during the study period. Two prominent climatic factors,precipitation and soil moisture accounted for approximately 33% and 27% of grassland NDVI trends in the region based on multiple linear regression and boosted regression tree methods. This finding highlights the impact of water constraints to vegetation growth in Inner Mongolia's grasslands. The dominant role of precipitation in regulating grassland NDVI trends in Inner Mongolia significantly weakened from 1982 to 1996, and the role of soil moisture strengthened after 1996. Our findings emphasize the enhanced importance of soil moisture in driving vegetation growth in arid grasslands of Inner Mongolia, which should be thoroughly investigated in the future.

Vegetation Index Reconstruction and Linkage with Drought for the Source Region of the Yangtze River Based on Tree-ring Data

Variations in vegetation are closely related to climate change, but understanding of their characteristics and causes remains limited. As a typical semi-humid and semi-arid cold plateau region, it is important to understand the knowledge of long term Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) variations and find the potential causes in the source region of the Yangtze River. Based on four tree-ring width chronologies, the regional mean NDVI for July and August spanning the period 1665–2013 was reconstructed using a regression model, and it explained 43.9% of the total variance during the period 1981–2013. In decadal, the reconstructed NDVI showed eight growth stages(1754–1764, 1766–1783, 1794–1811, 1828–1838, 1843–1855, 1862–1873, 1897–1909, and 1932–1945)and four degradation stages(1679–1698, 1726–1753, 1910–1923, and 1988–2000). And based on wavelet analysis, significant cycles of2–3 yr and 3–8 yr were identified. In additional, there was a significant positive correlation between the NDVI and the Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI) during the past 349 yr, and they were mainly in phase. However, according to the results of correlation analysis between different grades of drought/wet and NDVI, there was significant asymmetry in extreme drought years and extreme wet years. In extreme drought years, NDVI was positively correlated with PDSI, and in extreme wet years they were negatively correlated.

基于MODIS-NDVI数据的延河流域植被覆盖时空变化及其对极端降水的响应

基于2010-2020年MODIS-NDVI数据,分析延河流域归一化植被指数(normalizeddifference vegetation index,NDVI)和极端降水指数,辅以利用Sen趋势分析、M-K趋势检验法、Pearson相关分析等方法,研究植被覆盖时空变化及其对极端降水的响应。结果表明:1)2010-2020年,延河流域NDVI呈显著增加趋势,植被覆盖状况逐年改善,其增加速率为0.073/(10 a)(P<0.001);2)空间上,延河流域NDVI呈现从东南到西北减小的布局;3)趋势上,NDVI呈上升和减小趋势的面积占比分别为98.02%和1.98%,整体呈上升趋势,植被覆盖显著改善;4)近11年极端降水指数总体趋势变化平缓,R20(number of very heavy precipitation days)、RX_(5day)(max5-day precipitation amount)、CDD(consecutive dry Days)和CWD(consecutive wet days)呈上升趋势,R_(95P)(very wet day precipitation)和SDII(simple daily intensity index)呈下降趋势;5)NDVI与极端降水指数的相关性整体上偏低,除SDII外,其余指数都与NDVI正相关,且NDVI与RX_(5day)相关性最强,与R20相关性最弱。

Correlation analysis of Normalized Different Vegetation Index(NDVI)difference series and climate variables in the Xilingole steppe,China from 1983 to 1999

There is a crucial need in the study of global change to understand how terrestrial ecosystems respond to the climate system.It has been demonstrated by many researches that Normalized Different Vegetation Index(NDVI)time series from remotely sensed data,which provide effective information of vegetation conditions on a large scale with highly temporal resolution,have a good relation with meteorological factors.However,few of these studies have taken the cumulative property of NDVI time series into account.In this study,NDVI difference series were proposed to replace the original NDVI time series with NDVI difference series to reappraise the relationship between NDVI and meteorological factors.As a proxy of the vegetation growing process,NDVI difference represents net primary productivity of vegetation at a certain time interval under an environment controlled by certain climatic conditions and other factors.This data replacement is helpful to eliminate the cumulative effect that exist in original NDVI time series,and thus is more appropriate to understand how climate system affects vegetation growth in a short time scale.By using the correlation analysis method,we studied the relationship between NOAA/AVHRR ten-day NDVI difference series and corresponding meteorological data from 1983 to 1999 from 11 meteorological stations located in the Xilingole steppe in Inner Mongolia.The results show that:(1)meteorological factors are found to be more significantly correlation with NDVI difference at the biomass-rising phase than that at the falling phase;(2)the relationship between NDVI difference and climate variables varies with vegetation types and vegetation communities.In a typical steppe dominated by Leymus chinensis,temperature has higher correlation with NDVI difference than precipitation does,and in a typical steppe dominated by Stipa krylovii,the correlation between temperature and NDVI difference is lower than that between precipitation and NDVI difference.In a typical steppe dominated by Stipa grandis,there is no significant difference between the two correlations.Precipitation is the key factor influencing vegetation growth in a desert steppe,and temperature has poor correlation with NDVI dif-ference;(3)the response of NDVI difference to precipitation is fast and almost simultaneous both in a typical steppe and desert steppe,however,mean temperature exhibits a time-lag effect especially in the desert steppe and some typical steppe dominated by Stipa krylovii;(4)the relationship between NDVI difference and temperature is becoming stronger with global warming.

Evaluating the Impact of Different Vegetation Types on NEE: A Case Study of Banni Grasslands, India

Estimation of NEE of Grasslands ecosystems becomes mandatory as these grasslands with their wide spread (almost 40% of land of the earth) and high plant diversity play a major role in global carbon balances and NEE at both local and global scale. The present study has been focused on understanding the role of different plant species responsible for variation in NEE of the Banni Grasslands of India. These grasslands form a belt of arid grassland having low growing forbs, graminoids and scattered tree cover. Due to its wide spread and inaccessibility of Banni, this study utilized spatial approach for evaluating carbon emissions and NEE. Landsat data was utilized for vegetation type classification and SMAP data for extraction of NEE values proved their potential for categorising vegetation type and generating NEE values precisely. Three major plant types were identified from the study area viz., Grasslands, Land with Acacia and Land with Prosopis. Grasses were dominant covering 77% and the rest of the area was occupied by the other two classes, i.e. Acacia and Prosopis. The NEE values were higher for the grasses when compared to the other two plant species proving to be the active sinks when compared to other plants. The differential contribution of NEE by species has been depicted in the present work.

基于MODIS数据的青藏高原生长季植被NDVI的时空变化分析

利用2001—2020年分辨率1 km MODIS归一化植被指数(NDVI)产品探讨青藏高原生长季植被的时空变化特征及规律。研究发现青藏高原生长季植被NDVI在空间上具有异质性,其数值从东南向西北逐渐递减,多年均值为0.14;近20 a来NDVI的稳定生长区和改善区面积达到94%,青藏高原整体呈现出变绿趋势;NDVI与海拔呈负相关关系,平均海拔每升高1000 m,NDVI下降0.09。研究结果为保护青藏高原生态系统等方面提供一定的科学参考。

黑龙江省植被生长季NDVI时空变化及气候响应分析

为了解黑龙江省植被动态变化及探究植被与气候因子之间的关系,本文基于2000—2020年植被生长季(4—10月)的MOD13Q1-NDVI数据,分析其植被空间分布、时空动态变化及变异系数CV;同时结合气候因子,分析植被归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化与气温、降水和相对湿度的响应特征。结果表明,2000—2020年该地区植被生长季NDVI多年平均值为0.57,总体呈北部和东南部高,东北部和西南部低;21年来植被生长季NDVI整体呈显著改善趋势,年变化率为0.0035(P<0.01)。植被改善区域远大于其退化区域,且以明显改善为主,仅3.35%的区域呈退化趋势;NDVI的变异系数以低波动和相对低波动为主,分布占比为38.77%和51.89%;植被NDVI与气温、降水和相对湿度均呈正相关性。气温、降水和相对湿度对植被NDVI变化的相对贡献率分别为28.00%、26.17%和45.83%;相对湿度是影响植被NDVI变化的主要气候因子。

基于NDVI和EVI不同植被指数表征的粤港澳大湾区植被空间格局驱动因子影响力比较分析

为研究归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)和增强植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)的表征差异是否会造成有关植被研究的结果差异,分别在采用2005—2020年MODISNDVI、MODIS-EVI 2种不同遥感植被指数表征粤港澳大湾区植被空间特征的基础上,以同时期17个自然因子和人为因子作为驱动因子,通过地理探测器模型方法,计算各驱动因子对基于NDVI和EVI的植被空间特征的影响力。结果显示,虽然粤港澳大湾区南亚热带-热带植被在NDVI和EVI的表征下,其结果存在差异,但在不同植被指数下,通过地理探测器模型方法计算各驱动因子影响力量化及排序结果基本一致,未受不同植被指数表征差异的影响。在驱动因子中,土地利用类型、高程均是最主要驱动因子,对植被空间分布影响力均超过50%。因子之间均表现出双因子增强作用。土地利用类型协同人口分布因子对NDVI表征下的植被空间分布影响力最强;高程协同人口分布因子对EVI表征下的植被空间分布影响力最强。研究结果表明,虽然NDVI、EVI在表征植被覆盖特征方面存在差异,但是基于不同植被指数计算的驱动因子定量分析结果趋于一致。

1981~2020年昆仑山-阿尔金山草地NDVI时空变化及其对气温、降水的响应

基于NOAA-AVHRR NDVI数据,采用最大值合成法、回归分析法与相关分析法,探讨了1981~2020年昆仑山-阿尔金山草地归一化植被指数(NDVI)时空变化及其对气温、降水的响应。结果显示:1981~2020年,昆仑山-阿尔金山草地NDVI具有时序波动,在1989~1994年、1995~2000年与2006~2020年草地NDVI表现为显著增加。草地NDVI自西向东逐渐递减,多年均值为0.227(±0.037),相较于1981年(0.213),2020年(0.257)增加了0.044;过去40年,占昆仑山-阿尔金山草地总面积15.00%的草地NDVI呈显著增加,13.00%为显著减少。1981~2020年,昆仑山-阿尔金山气候变化以“暖湿化”(面积占比为48.02%)为主,草地NDVI与气温表现为正相关,与降水呈负相关,与气温、降水呈显著正相关的草地面积占比分别为18.00%、2.00%,呈显著负相关的面积占比分别为2.00%、11.00%。高寒草原类、温性荒漠类呈“暖湿化”的面积占比分别为18.06%、11.04%,相应的草地NDVI呈显著增加的面积占比分别为14.18%、16.82%;温性荒漠类对气温、降水呈显著正响应的面积占比分别为3.28%、0.60%;高寒草原类与气温呈显著正相关的面积占比为6.77%,与降水呈显著负相关的面积占比为4.94%。昆仑山北坡气温上升与适度的降水增加有利于草地植被生长,但降水的过度增加可能导致滑坡、泥石流,破坏草地生境,影响草地植被生长。

基于K_(c)和NDVI关系的蒸散发量空间尺度提升及时空变化

为探究流域长时序高空间分辨率蒸散发量计算对区域水资源开发利用、水利工程规划设计及农业可持续发展的重要意义,以河北省邢台市柳林流域为研究对象,基于Penman-Monteith模型和蒸渗仪实测蒸散发数据计算不同时期的流域作物系数(Kc),并建立Kc与归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)的关系,利用250 m分辨率NDVI产品将蒸渗仪测算的蒸散发量升尺度到柳林流域,计算流域各网格2000—2021年的蒸散发量,分析蒸散发量的时空变化规律。结果表明:柳林流域多年平均潜在蒸散发量为1135.6 mm,呈下降趋势;多年平均蒸散发量为591.4 mm,呈上升趋势。蒸散发量在空间上西北高东南低,四季蒸散发量空间分布特征与多年平均蒸散发量一致,且季节上分配不均。基于NDVI估算的蒸散发量与水量平衡法计算的蒸散发量2000—2020年多年平均相对误差为7.9%,说明利用Kc与NDVI关系可以较精确地对蒸散发量进行空间尺度提升。

Detecting and attributing vegetation changes in Taihang Mountain, China

Attributing vegetation changes provide fundamental information for ecosystem management,especially in mountainous areas which has vulnerable ecosystems. Based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) data, the spatial-temporal change of vegetation was detected in Taihang Mountain(THM) from 2000 to 2014. The topographical factors were introduced to interpret the response of vegetation variation to climate change and human activities. Results showed that the avegaged NDVI during growing season showed a single-peak curve distribution, with the largest value(0.628) among 1600-1800 m. A significant greening trend was detected in THM, with the largest increasing rate(0.0078 yr^(-1)) among the elevation of1600-1800 m and slope gradient between 3~5°. The partial correlation and multiple correlation analyses indicated that vegetation variation in more than81.8% pixels of the THM was mainly impacted by human activities. In the low elevation zones less than1000 m, increasing precipitation is the principle factor promoting vegetation restoration, whereas in the high elevation zones of THM, temperature is the restricted factors impacting vegetation variation.Considering the dramatic climate change in the future,further studies should be conducted to explore inherent mechanism of vegetation growth to dynamic environment changes.