The Tashisayi nephrite deposit from South Altyn Tagh, Xinjiang,northwest China

The Tashisayi nephrite deposit is located in South Altyn Tagh.in Qiemo County,Xinjiang Province,northwest China.It is a recent discovery in the vast,well-known Kunlun-Altyn nephrite belt distributed along the south of the Tarim Basin,producing more than half of the nephrite from the whole belt in 2017.Field investigations revealed that it is a dolomitic marble-related(D-type)nephrite deposit,but little is known about its age of formation and relationships between the granites and marble.Here we report field investigations,petrography of the neph rite,as well as petrography,geochemistry,geochronology of the zoisite-quartz altered intrusive rock and adjacent granites.An A-type granite is identified with a SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age of 926±7 Ma,suggesting it was emplaced in an extensional tectonic environment at that time.The altered intrusive rock has a cluster of U-Pb zircon age of 433±10 Ma.with similar trace element features to the A-type granite,suggesting it was formed in an extensional regime at this later time.Nephrite formed because of the metasomatism of dolomite marble by hydrothermal fluids.It is inferred that Ca^2+was released from the dolomitic marble by metasomatism forming Ca-rich fluids,which caused alteration of both the intrusive rocks(6.00-8.22 wt.%CaO)and granite(1.76-3.68 wt.%CaO)near the nephrite ore bodies.It is also inferred that Fe^2+from the granite migrated towards the dolomite marble.The fluids gave rise to the formation of Ca-minerals.such as zoisite,in the nephrite and altered intrusive rock,and epidote in the granite.Based on the contact relationships.similarity in hydrothermal processes,and consumption of Ca^2+,the Tashisayi nephrite is considered to have formed at the same time as the alteration of the intrusive rocks,i.e.~433 Ma.The geochronological similarity(~926 Ma.433 Ma)of South Altyn and North Qaidam may suggest that tectonically they belong to one single complex in the past,which was offset by the Altyn Tagh fault(ATF).The similar formation ages of the nephrites from Altyn Tagh(433 Ma)and the previously studied areas of West Kunlun(378-441 Ma)and East Kunlun(416 Ma)indicate that these nephrites formed during the closure of Proto-Tethys and in the accompanving post-collisional.extensional environment.

Multicomponent Ore Mineralization in Ultrabasites of the Ospa-Kitoy Massif of the East Sayan Ophiolite Belt: Formational Parageneses and Origin (Diamond, Nephrite, Noble Metals, Chromium, Nickel)

It is shown that on a small (200 km2) massif area two extensive groups of metallic (Cr, Ni, Cu, Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ru, Os, Ir) and non-metallic (diamond, nephrite, jewelry and ornamental rodingites, chrysolite) types of minerals are spatially and genetically combined. They are grouped into 4 ore-forming types of polycomponent ores: diamond-gold-platinum-metal, chromium-nickel-platinum-metal, gold-platinum-metal and chrysolite-nephrite-rodingite. Ore-formational types form a minerogenic series—the product of a single ore-forming system. The paragenetic kinship between diamonds, chrysolite, nephrite, chromite and noble metals has been established. There are main genetic characteristics that ensure the formation uniqueness of the ore-forming system: 1) chariage-thrust control of ore mineralization and multilevel dynamometamorphic ore genesis with a mechanochemical mechanism of mineral formation. Ore-controlling thrusts are structures of shallow dipping that do not cover the entire lithosphere, but only a section of the earth’s crust;2) carbon fluid, mainly of carbonyl form, which has subjected all types of the ophiolite complex rocks of the Ospa-Kitoy node to intensive transformation, has a crustal mechanochemical, not mantle origin;3) a strong paragenetic (“hybrid”) petrological-mineral-geochemical relation occurring between minerals groups of metallic and non-metallic types is a consequence of the participation in the ore genesis processes of a large variety in different material composition of rocks petrotypes, representing a section of the Earth’s crust in the considered part of the East Sayan ophiolite belt.

探讨nephrite与jadeite的准确中文译名

法国矿物学家Damour于1846、1863年对来自中国的玉器的矿物学研究，发现了两种玉器的组成矿物，分别命名为nephrite与jadeite。日本学者把Damour的研究成果引入到日本，并根据nephrite与jadeite的摩氏硬度微小差异把nephrite与jadeite翻译成日文“口玉”与‘便玉”。20世纪初我国的学者引用了日文的翻译，并转化的中文的“软玉”与“硬玉”，导致后人一直误以为是中文的翻译，并在各种正式的场合使用这两个名称，造成了很多的不必要的误解，对我国的玉器产业的发展造成一定的负面影响，笔者认为追究Damour造出nephrite与jadeite这两个矿物名称的原意。分别翻译为“玉闪石”和“玉辉石”更为妥切。

Study of the minerogenetic mechanism and origin of Qinghai nephrite from Golmud, Qinghai, Northwest China

Electronic microprobe analysis showed that all QN samples are mainly composed of tremolite and minor accessory minerals, such as diopside, calcite, serpentinite, and magnetite. According to the cation coefficients, the crystallo-chemistrygenesis illustration demonstrates that all QN deposits are contact metasomatic. Depending on the mole percent of Fe^(2+(3+))/(Mg^(2+)+Fe^(2+(3+)) and the content of Cr, Co, and Ni in all QN samples measured by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(XRF) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), green and azure-green QNs are characterized as serpentinite-related contact metasomatic deposit(S-type), whereas white, green-white, brown, blue-violet, yellow, and viridis QNs are dolomite-related contact metasomatic deposit(D-type). The assemblages and chemical composition of accessory minerals of the eight-color QN samples show evident characteristics, which reveal four possible ore-forming processes. We also measured trace and rare earth elements(REEs) in these samples through ICP-MS to deduce the origin of and the changes in metallogenic conditions. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of D-type QN exhibit moderately negative Eu anomalies with moderate light REE enrichment, flat heavy REE(HREE), and low(50)REE concentrations, similar to dolomitic marble. Green QN samples of S-type show enrichment in HREE and moderately negative Eu anomalies, which is consistent with characteristics of dunite. Whereas azure-green QN samples of S-type exhibit a right-dipping V-type curve with severe depletion in Eu(δEu=0.36–0.47), in accordance with the characteristics of gabbro from Yushigou ophiolite in North Qilian mountains. Furthermore, this finding is consistent with the content of trace elements and the petrographic analysis results. On the basis of several significant differences in the characteristic elements, which may have been affected by the metallogenic environment, we inferred the differences in oxygen fugacity and basicity of mineralization environments in different-colored QNs.

Studies on the Element Characteristics of Nephrite Minerals from Different Deposits by GD-MS

Element characteristics of nephrite minerals were determined by glow discharge mass spectrometry （GD-MS） through surface adherence method. To solve the conductivity problem of non-conductive nephrite samples, high purity indium pin （〉99.9999%） was used as discharge host. During the preparation procedure, a small piece of nephrite sample was ground into powder （about 200 meshes）, and then the sample powder was coated on the surface of indium pin to form a rod sample. Typical elements of nephrite minerals were analyzed by GD-MS, and the relative standard deviations showed that the stability and reproducibility of this method were good. Meanwhile, four nephrite samples from two different deposits were further studied by this method. The GD-MS results of major elements and trace elements revealed that typical elements of the nephrite minerals from same deposit were similar, and those from different deposits exhibited significant difference. In addition, results of external-beam proton induced X-ray emission （PIXE） were consistent with the result of GD-MS determination. The present approach had been proven to be simple, efficient to perform the rapid screening and multi-element semi-quantitative analysis of nephrite samples.

Immunoglobulin A glomerulonephropathy:A review

In this editorial,we comment on the article by Meng et al published in the World Journal of Clinical Cases.We comprehensively review immunoglobulin A nephro-pathy(IgAN),including epidemiology,clinical presentation,diagnosis,and management.IgAN,also known as Berger's disease,is the most frequent type of primary glomerulonephritis(GN)globally.It is mostly found among the Asian population.The presentation can be variable,from microscopic hematuria to a rapidly progressive GN.Around 50%of patients present with single or recurring episodes of gross hematuria.An upper respiratory infection and tonsillitis often precede these episodes.Around 30%of patients present microscopic hematuria with or without proteinuria,usually detected on routine examination.The diagnosis relies on having a renal biopsy for pathology and immunofluorescence microscopy.We focus on risk stratification and management of IgAN.We provide a review of all the landmark studies to date.According to the 2021 KDIGO(kidney disease:Improving Global Outcomes)guidelines,patients with non-variant form IgAN are first treated conservatively for three to six months.This approach consists of adequate blood pressure control,reduction of proteinuria with renin-angiotensin system blockade,treatment of dyslipidemia,and lifestyle modifications(weight loss,exercise,smoking cessation,and dietary sodium restrictions).Following three to six months of conservative therapy,patients are further classified as high or low risk for disease progression.High-risk patients have proteinuria≥1 g/d or<1 g/d with significant microscopic hematuria and active inflammation on kidney biopsy.Some experts consider proteinuria≥2 g/d to be very high risk.Patients with high and very high-risk profiles are treated with immunosuppressive therapy.A proteinuria level of<1 g/d and stable/im-proved renal function indicates a good treatment response for patients on immu-nosuppressive therapy.

Archaeological Mineralogy and the Dawn of Gemmology:Prehistoric(7th-5th Millennium BC)Gem Minerals and Gold from the Balkans（South-East Europe）

The territory of the Balkan Peninsula in SE Europe is reviewed, from the point of gemmology, as the cradle of gem and decorative minerals and metals in European prehistory. During the local Neolithic period (end of 7 th -6 th millennium BC), as material for tools or for beads, nephrite (with the earliest known Balkan nephrite culture), jadeite-omphacite and quartz (different varieties) were introduced to make pendants and idols. Large quantities of copper and gold artifacts are known since the Chalcolithic period (5 th millennium BC)(unique for the region;the largest in number of gold artifacts is the Varna I Chalcolithic necropolis in Bulgaria). The gemmological materials in the Balkans are known for malachite, antigorite serpentinite, turquoise, rock crystal, carnelian, jasper, jet and obsidian. In the Varna I necropolis (mid 5 th millennium BC) are recorded the first known complex faceted carnelian beads with 32 facets, as well as some of the most important gemmological techniques and procedures such as faceting, tumbling, annealing, miniaturization and standardization. As pigments for pottery, cinnabar, graphite and gold were used in different prehistoric sites. The earliest salt production in the Balkans is known from sites in Romania and Bulgaria, and because of its trade, salt is positively linked to a population rich with prestigious goods. The introduced possible Chalcolithic weight unit “van”(2 carats) is supposed to be the earliest known in prehistoric times.

Paraneoplastic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumor with cutaneous metastasis: A case report

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST)with cutaneous metastasis is very rare.As a result,cutaneous GISTs have not been well characterized.Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(FSGS)is also a rare symptom among paraneoplastic nephritic syndromes(PNS).CASE SUMMARY In this case report,we describe a patient with cutaneous metastatic GIST accompanied by nephrotic syndrome occurring as a malignancy-associated PNS,for whom symptomatic treatment was ineffective,but clinical remission was achieved after surgery.Moreover,the patient has a missense mutation in NPHP4,which can explain the occurrences of GIST and FSGS in this patient and indicates that the association is not random.CONCLUSION This is the first reported case of a GIST with cutaneous metastasis accompanied by nephrotic syndrome manifesting as a PNS.

Prof.Ye Chuanhui's Experience in Treating Nephritic Proteinuria

In the occurrence and development of glomerulonephritis, proteinuria is themain manifestation, which is easily recurrent but not easily got rid of in a short period of time. It may remain even after disappearance of the general symptoms. In some patients, there are no symptoms and signs at all in the initial stage, except proteinuria, the only distinct manifestation. Prof. Ye Chuanhui, from Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, has accumulated rich experience for treating this disorder, which is introduced in the following.……

Renal biopsy reports in nephritic syndrome:Update

BACKGROUND Nephritic syndrome(NiS)is a major indicator of serious renal diseases necessitating kidney biopsies for histopathological evaluations,but due to the lack of comprehensive reviews in the literature,the current understanding of the syndrome and its significance is limited.AIM To collect all the evidence retrievable from the literature on the diagnoses made on the renal biopsies performed for NiS as the indication to the procedure.METHODS A literature search was conducted to find studies reporting final diagnoses on renal biopsies in NiS patients.Data were pooled and analyzed with stratifications on age and regions.Meta-analyzes were performed using Stata v.9.RESULTS Overall,26414 NiS patients from the total number of 96738 kidney biopsy diagnoses reported by 47 studies from 23 countries from all continents(except sub-Saharan Africa)were found and analyzed.NiS was the indication for renal biopsy in 21%of the patient populations across the reviewed studies.Immunoglobulin A(IgA)nephropathy was the single most frequent diagnosis in these patients(approximately 38%)followed by lupus nephritis(approximately 8%)and Henoch Schönlein purpura(approximately 7%).IgA nephropathy was the most frequent diagnosis reported for the NiS patients from the East Asia,comprising half of all the cases,and least prevalent in South Asia.Considering the age subgroups,adult(vs pediatric or elderly)patients were by far the most likely age group to be diagnosed with the IgA nephropathy.A myriad of such regional and age disparities have been found and reported.CONCLUSION As the indication for renal biopsy,NiS represents a very distinctive epidemiology of final renal disease diagnoses compared to the other major syndromes.

Management and outcomes of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in children

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis(APSGN)is the major cause of acute glomerulonephritis among children,especially in low-and middle-income countries.APSGN commonly occurs following pharyngitis due to the activation of antibodies and complements proteins against streptococcal antigens through the immune-complex-mediated mechanism.APSGN can be presented as acute nep-hritic syndrome,nephrotic syndrome,and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis,or it may be subclinical.The management of APSGN is mainly supportive in nature with fluid restriction,anti-hypertensives,diuretics,and renal replacement therapy with dialysis,when necessary,as the disease is self-limiting.Congestive heart failure,pulmonary edema,and severe hypertension-induced encephalopathy might occur during the acute phase of APSGN due to hypervolemia.APSGN generally has a favorable prognosis with only a small percentage of patients with persistent urinary abnormalities,persistent hypertension,and chronic kidney disease after the acute episode of APSGN.Decreased complement levels,increased C-reactive protein,and hypoalbuminemia are associated with disease severity.Crescent formations on renal biopsy and renal insufficiency on presentation may be the predictors of disease severity and poor outcomes in APSGN in children.

Materials and technology of Chinese jades dating to the Western Zhou period (1050―771 BCE)

Excavated jades dating to the Western Zhou period (1050―771 BCE) from the Xi’an area in Shaanxi Province, China, and contemporaneous jades in the collections of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution have been studied to learn about the jade and stone materials and how they were worked during the Western Zhou period. Materials identification was carried out using a combination of techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Tool marks were studied using stereomicroscopy and examination of mold impressions using scanning electron microscopy. All of these objects were pro- duced through simple processes involving solid drilling, riffling, and sharp point abrasion; and no evidence was found for the use of rotary tools for incising or sawing.

Efficacy of rituximab therapy in children with refractory nephrotic syndrome:a prospective observational study in Shanghai

Background:Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is the most common glomerular disease in children.This study was undertaken to observe the efficacy and side-effects of rituximab(RTX)in treating children with different types of refractory primary nephrotic syndrome.Methods:Twelve patients with steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome(SDNS),frequently relapsing nephritic syndrome(FRNS),and steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome(SRNS)were enrolled in our study.There were obvious drug side-effects,and proteinuria remained difficult to control.RTX was administered at a dose of 375 mg/m2 body surface area,once or twice weekly.Results:The male to female ratio was 3:1,and the onset age was 1.6–8.9 years.There were 9 patients with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome(SDNS or FRNS),and 3 patients with SRNS.There were 7 patients with minimal change disease(MCD),3 patients with focal segmental glomerular sclerosis(FSGS),1 with focal proliferative glomerulonephritis,and 1 without renal biopsy.The total effective treatment rate of RTX was 91.67%,and for 77.78%of the patients,steroid dosage could be reduced.Six months before and after RTX infusion,the mean steroid dosage was significantly decreased(P=0.014)and the recurrence number was significantly reduced(P<0.001).The results were better in MCD patients than in FSGS patients(P=0.045).There was no significant difference between FRNS/SDNS and SRNS patients(P=0.175).During RTX administration,3 patients developed skin rashes,1 developed hypotension,and 1 developed a fever.One patient experienced a persistent decrease in serum immunoglobulin level but without serious infection.Conclusion:RTX was effective in the treatment of refractory nephrotic syndrome,and it could significantly reduce the use of steroid and immunosuppressants.