The National Estuarine Research Reserve System: A Review of Research and Monitoring Initiatives

The National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) is an integrated network of 29 protected and coordinated estuarine reserve sites in 23 states and one territory (Puerto Rico) covering more than 525,000 ha of estuarine habitat, adjoining wetlands, and uplands that encompass 19 biogeographical regions along the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific coasts, as well as the Caribbean Sea and Great Lakes. NERRS is an ecosystem-based research and monitoring network of sites serving as platforms to develop quantitative databases of value to coastal management programs in identifying and tracking short-term variability and long-term changes in the integrity and biodiversity of estuarine systems nationwide due to natural perturbations and anthropogenic disturbances. The reserve sites also play a vital role in assessing coastal issues of local, regional, and national significance for the purpose of sustaining estuarine systems and coastal lands, such as evaluating their responses to climate change and other major stressors to inform coastal decision-making and public awareness for the protection and resilience of natural resources and coastal communities. Over the past four decades, NERRS sites have collected large volumes of research and monitoring data of great utility in characterizing estuarine environments and addressing an array of resource-management concerns, including degraded water quality, loss and alteration of essential habitat, impacted fisheries, invasive species, and conservation.

疑难人工耳蜗植入术

人工耳蜗是重度、极重度及全聋患者恢复或获得听力的一种电子装置。多道人工耳蜗植入（cochlearimplantation，CI）是我国近年来开展的新技术，1995年在国内实施首例CI。目前，CI已被公认为全聋患者恢复听觉的唯一有效方法。近几十年，随着人们对CI相关理论、技术认识的加深及临床经验的不断积累，CI适应证明显拓宽，接受治疗的患者数量与日俱增，大大提高了他们的生活质量，使他们重新融入主流社会。

Identifying marsh dieback events from Landsat image series (1998–2018) with an Autoencoder in the NIWB estuary, South Carolina

This study reports an inventory of marsh dieback events from spatial and temporal perspectives in the North Inlet-Winyah Bay(NIWB)estuary,South Carolina(SC).Past studies in the Gulf/Atlantic coast states have reported acute marsh dieback events in which marsh rapidly browned and thinned,leaving stubble of dead stems or mudflat with damaged ecosystem services.Reported marsh dieback in SC,however,have been limited.This study identified all marsh dieback events in the estuary since 1998.With 20 annually collected Landsat images,the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)series was extracted.A Stacked Denoising Autoencoder neural network was developed to identify the NDVI anomalies on the trajectories.All marsh dieback patches were extracted,and their inter-annual changes were examined.Results showed a continuous,spatially variable multi-year dieback event in 1998–2005,which aligned with the reported dieback in the early 2000s from other states.The identified patches mostly returned to normal within one year while the phenomenon reoccurred in other areas of the estuary during the prolonged dieback period.This study presents the first attempt to explore long-term dieback dynamics in an estuary using satellite time series.It provides valuable information in documenting marsh healthiness and environmental resilience on SC coasts.

Synthesis of(Z)-3-dodecenolide,the main aggregation pheromone from the flat grain beetle,Crvptolestes Pusillus Sch(?)nerr

The main aggregation pheromone component(1)of stored grain pest,Cryptolestes Pusillus, was synthesized with organosilicon and organolithium reagents in an overall yield of 18% from 1,7- heptanediol.