A Large-Scale Group Decision Making Model Based on Trust Relationship and Social Network Updating

With the development of big data and social computing,large-scale group decisionmaking(LGDM)is nowmerging with social networks.Using social network analysis(SNA),this study proposes an LGDM consensus model that considers the trust relationship among decisionmakers(DMs).In the process of consensusmeasurement:the social network is constructed according to the social relationship among DMs,and the Louvain method is introduced to classify social networks to form subgroups.In this study,the weights of each decision maker and each subgroup are computed by comprehensive network weights and trust weights.In the process of consensus improvement:A feedback mechanism with four identification and two direction rules is designed to guide the consensus of the improvement process.Based on the trust relationship among DMs,the preferences are modified,and the corresponding social network is updated to accelerate the consensus.Compared with the previous research,the proposedmodel not only allows the subgroups to be reconstructed and updated during the adjustment process,but also improves the accuracy of the adjustment by the feedbackmechanism.Finally,an example analysis is conducted to verify the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed method.Moreover,compared with previous studies,the superiority of the proposed method in solving the LGDM problem is highlighted.

Patients’ Experiences of Trust in the Patient-Nurse Relationship——A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies

Aims and Objectives: To report a synthesis of the literature on the meaning of trust in the context of patients’ experiences of nursing. The review question was “How do patients describe the meaning of trust in the nursing relationship?” Background: Trust is essential in nursing as it has the potential to create opportunities for the human being to gain faith, hope and meaning in life as well as open up for new experiences. Trust is an interpersonal and essential element of all patient-nurse relationships and requires nurses to create a trusting relationship with the patients. Design: Systematic qualitative literature review. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted for the period January 2002 to December 2012, updated in January 2014. 20 papers were included. Results: Four categories emerged: Attitudes related to trust, indicating that trust is fundamental and existential;Experiences of trust, concerning how trust can be sensed;The patient-nurse relationship, revealing the qualities of the person who creates trust;and Where trust occurs, illuminating the contextual relevancies of trust. Conclusions: Patients’ experiences of trust in nursing are dependent on the nurses’ knowledge, level of commitment in the dialogue to creating and developing the relationship and contextual issues. Implications for nursing practice: Reflection on a trusting relationship with the patient is necessary for a deeper conceptual understanding of trust in nursing. Clinical nurse researchers nurse supervisors, managers and nurse educatorsshould discuss different areas of trust during nursing supervision and focus-group meetings as well as with nursing graduates to ensure that nurses develop knowledge of how to create a trusting patient-nurse relationship.

Consensus model of social network group decision-making based on trust relationship among experts and expert reliability

Due to people’s increasing dependence on social networks,it is essential to develop a consensus model considering not only their own factors but also the interaction between people.Both external trust relationship among experts and the internal reliability of experts are important factors in decision-making.This paper focuses on improving the scientificity and effectiveness of decision-making and presents a consensus model combining trust relationship among experts and expert reliability in social network group decision-making(SN-GDM).A concept named matching degree is proposed to measure expert reliability.Meanwhile,linguistic information is applied to manage the imprecise and vague information.Matching degree is expressed by a 2-tuple linguistic model,and experts’preferences are measured by a probabilistic linguistic term set(PLTS).Subsequently,a hybrid weight is explored to weigh experts’importance in a group.Then a consensus measure is introduced and a feedback mechanism is developed to produce some personalized recommendations with higher group consensus.Finally,a comparative example is provided to prove the scientificity and effectiveness of the proposed consensus model.

Extension of Subjective Logic for Time-Related Trust

To describe the dynamic propcrty of trust relationship, wt propose atime-related trust model and extend Joang's subjective logic to fit for time-related trust model.The extension includes prepositional conjunction, disjunction and negation for traditional logic anddiscounting and consensus operators that are evidential operators specially designed for thepropagation and computation of trust relationships. With the extension of subjective logic fortime-related trust, our time-related trust modelis suitable to model the dynamic trust relationshipin practice. Finally an example of reputation assessment is offered to demonstrate the usage of ourtrust model.

资源依赖视角中的NGO与政府关系——以Y机构“一个社工多个婆婆”现象为例

本文基于资源依赖理论的主要思想,从对Y机构"一个社工多个婆婆"现象的分析出发,探讨Y机构与政府之间的依赖关系与不对等权力产生的原因,并提出转变这一关系现状的行动策略:资源转化、资源拓展与资源控制。

农村环境治理中草根环保NGO与地方政府的关系探究

阐述了草根环保NGO与地方政府之间的合作关系,分析了两者普遍存在的困境:双方缺乏共识、缺乏信任、缺乏沟通。为此,提出了从草根环保NGO和地方政府两方面进行完善合作关系的路径分析。

环境NGO与公众的关系初探

环境问题公众参与发展的程度,直接体现着一个国家生态文明的发展程度。环境NGO是公众参与环境保护的重要组织形式,探讨环境NGO与公众的关系,对于实现我国环境保护的合力和生态文明建设具有重要的理论意义和实践意义。

政党统合的力量:党、政治资本与草根NGO的发展 基于Z省H市的多案例比较研究

本文旨在探讨转型时期党对于草根NGO的独特影响机制。在整合前人相关研究的基础上,通过对Z省H市两个草根环保NGO的多案例比较,本文发现党对于NGO的影响存在一条与政府不同的独特机制。与传统资源视角和合法性视角所认为的不同,本文认为,党在拓宽资源渠道、增强政治合法性方面对于NGO的影响与政府相比并不存在显著优势,然而唯独党可以通过统合手段,从制度层面给予NGO领导人以政治身份,从而增强其政治资本、扩展其社会网络,为NGO的发展提供更加宽松的制度环境。这一点单一的政府部门难以企及。本文不仅深化了学术界对于国家—社会关系层面更加细致的理解,而且在更广泛层面暗示了与国家的紧密联系并不必然意味着NGO自主性的缺失。未来的研究应当将关注点放在这种关系对于公共治理所造成的实际影响,而非NGO的独立性和自主性本身。

Role of a Coastal NGO in Attaining Climate Resilience in Bangladesh

The emergence of NGOs represents an organized response by civil society especially in those areas in which the state has either failed to reach or done so inadequately. NGOs have been taking a number of steps to promote discussion and debate about climate change issues. The study was conducted to determine the role of a coastal NGO named Speed Trust in attaining resilience in response to climate change in coastal region;viz. Kalapara sub-district under Patuakhali district. The sample size of the study was 80 respondents. The study followed a mixed-method of research design. Both structured and semi-structured questionnaires were prepared for collecting quantitative and qualitative data from the respondent. The empirical data for the study were collected through personal interviewing of the respondents. The findings of the study revealed that the role of Speed Trust in attaining climate resilience of the study area was varied with the change of aspects of climate resilience. It also indicated that majority (80 percent) of the respondents perceived the idea that Speed Trust is playing moderate to highly effective role in attaining climate resilience. While only 1.2 percent had perceived as poor role in attaining resilience in response to climate change. Correlation analysis indicated that among the selected socio-economic characteristics, respondent’s education, organizational participation, training on climate resilience, consequence due to climate change and participation in climate resilience program showed positive and significant relationship with the role of Speed Trust in response to climate resilience. Step-wise multiple regression analysis explored that amongst five variables, three independent variables finally entered into the model and the contribution factors are: participation, training, and organizational participation. They are jointly accounted for 62.2 percent of the total variation with perceived role of Speed Trust in attaining climate resilience. It was also established that the absolute majority (100 percent) of the respondents had to face low to medium level problems in getting Sped Trust’s services on climate change issues.

政府与NGO之间的关系转型：对三个组织案例的研究

进入21世纪，中国社会的一个重要转型就是大量NGO的兴起，本文通过对草根NGO、国际NGO与GONGO三个典型组织的案倒分析，指出政府和NGO的关系正发生着复杂而深刻的转变。在这种关系转变过程中，NGO与政府的互动都尽量地去政治化，而将这种互动局限在发展和社会福利场域。同时，中间人在建立两个部门之间的良性关系中起着重要怍用。NGO的专家服务以及资源供给常常成为双方舍怍的基础，但是在这一互动过程中，国家的父权制的权力关系仍然占据支配地位。这陡得在舍怍中如何保持自主性成为NGO面临的挑战。不过这种良性互动为NGO参与社会福利政策的制定与执行提供了合法性。

Building up Trust in Different Culture Contexts＂ Case Studies from the Animation Game Industry

This paper aims to explore the stages and processes of building up inter-firm trust in different national culture contexts. This is because the manufacturing system has increasing extents increasingly toward internationally network and inter-firm collaboration. Trust and commitment become important in inter-firm relationship. The way of building up trust varies from companies to companies, since it is impacted greatly by cultures and values. To investigate the details of trust, case studies,which used in animation game industry--an emerging industry based on project management and collaboration, were chosen. The research addresses activities in three stages--trust formation, trust development, and trust continuation.Characteristics and functionality of four types of trust--＂competence, reliability, goodwill and loyalty＂ are demonstrated from practice perspective through case studies, which is further linked with culture dimensionswith a framework model. The paper also raises some new research questions and themes for further research.

A Conceptual Model of Determinants of Trust between Partners in the Green Supply Chain

Managing supply chain partnerships for competitive advantage is receiving considerable recognition among both academic researchers and industry executives. Trust is an essential factor for a company to collaborate with its partner through supply chain （SC）. In this paper we analyze the factors of trust relationship in green supply chain （GSC）. A conceptual model of determinants of trust in GSC is presented. Finally, research propositions are discussed.

A Synthesis of Relationship between Trust and Knowledge Transfer-in the View of Organization Cooperation

Based on the organization cooperation, from the perspective of variable correlation and variable proper ties, this paper describes the research result on relationship between trust and knowledge transfer, in which the elements correlation research is broken down relationship between trust and knowledge transfer, correlation of trust, knowledge transfer and performance relationship, and the interrelationships of trust, knowledge transfer and multiple factors. For trust perspective. There are two structural dimensions of trust： antecedents and media ting variables. Combining the literature at home and abroad in recent years, the existing research results are summed ul and the future research directions are nronosed.

Influence of Trust on Social Commercial Behavior-Taking WeChat as an Example

The development of science and technology as well as the internet have brought changes to our daily lives.In addition,with the widespread use of social media,more and more people are using social platforms to connect with colleagues and serve business activities.This study takes WeChat,a specific social media platform in China,as an example to study how personal social relations influence personal consumption behaviour in the digital media era through WeChat users'daily use experience.This study adopts a mixed method.First,it tests users' perception based on cognitive and emotional factors through 122 questionnaire surveys.Then,the users'experiences from their participation in social enterprises are gathered through 10 semi-structured interviews,and subsequently,the relationship between personal relations and social enterprises are analyzed.Finally,after data collation and analysis,it can be concluded that trust is the core relationship quality and also the basis for promoting the development of social business activities.At the same time,since social business activities rely on social relations,the development of swift guanxi is conducive to the realization of repurchase behaviours in social business relations.

Trust in Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review

Background: The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the true importance of trust in clinical practice by looking at how it is formed, how it affects clinical practice, and how to improve it. Methods: Using the PRISMA-ScR checklist, a review of the literature was performed to identify research evaluating the importance of trust in the doctor-patient relationship. After thorough screening and removal of duplicates, 21 articles were used in the literature review. Results: The classifying themes that emerged in the selected articles were What Makes Trust and Effects of Trust. The theme of What Makes Trust garnered two subthemes as well: Impact of Doctor-Patient Relationship on Trust and Impact of Shared Decision-Making on Trust. Further to that, the overarching themes found were slightly more specific. They were Traits of Trust, Mistrust and Barriers to Trust, Positive Effects of Trust and the Effects of a Lack of Trust. We found that the best way to improve trust was to improve communication between the patient and the doctor. Additionally, we found that the biggest barrier to a trusting doctor patient relationship was a stigmatised condition, followed by a perception of a financially-motivated doctor. Finally, we found that a lack of trust can prevent patients from seeking and receiving proper treatment. Conclusions: With a better understanding of how trust is built and the extent of the role it plays in clinical practice, we hope that this growing knowledge can improve the practice of many doctors in the future. It is certain that more research needs to be done in this area, especially focusing on vulnerable and stigmatised populations such as chronic pain patients.

Comments on the Chinese Law of Conflict of Laws Applicable to Trusts： In Comparison with the U.S. Law and the Hague Convention

China has entered a new era represented by the newly established China （Shanghai） Pilot Free Trade Zone, in which further reform and development of its financial system and capital market are highly prioritized. The trust as an important vehicle in development of the financial market in China as well as in the world will play an important role, and there will be more foreign elements involved in Chinese trusts. The Law of the People＇s Republic of China on Application of Laws in Civil Relations with Foreign Elements provides rules, in its article 17, on the application of laws to trusts, which symbolizes the formal creation of rules of conflict of laws in China in this area. However, it seems to cause more problems than it may resolve. For example, it may not always be possible for the parties to determine the appli- cable law through consultation and agreement, and the parties＇ right to choice of law should not be without limitation either. By allowing judges to choose from ＂the law of the situs where the trust property is situated＂ and ＂the law of the situs where the trust relationship occurred＂ in the absence of an effective choice of law by the parties may lead to a situation contrary to existing laws and may create uncertainty for the parties as well. This paper analyzes this article 17 by comparing it with the conflict law rules adopted in the United States and by the Hague Convention, identifies problems, and seeks to find solutions in order to promote the healthy development of the trust system in China.

灾害救助中的NGO参与及其管理——以汶川地震和台湾9·21大地震为例

汶川地震开启了NGO大规模参与灾害救助的契机。本文以国家与社会相互增权为视角,通过对四川汶川地震与台湾9·21地震灾害救助的比较,聚焦在不同阶段政府和NGO的角色和作用,分析和比较了四川汶川地震灾害救助中NGO的参与及其管理的特点和存在的问题,在此基础上,基于目前"强政府、弱社会"的现实,提出了建立庇护型关系来优化我国NGO参与灾害救助的路径。

Patient Trust in Physicians： Empirical Evidence from Shanghai, China

Background： Patient trust in physicians, which can be considered a collective good, is necessary tot an effective health care system. However, there is a widespread concern that patient trust in physicians is declining under various threats to the physician patient relationship worldwide. This article aimed to assess patient trust in physicians through a quantitative study in Shanghai, China, and to provide appropriate suggestions for improving the trust in China. Methods： The data from a survey conducted in Zhongshan Hospital and Shanghai Tenth People＇s Hospital which are two tertiary public hospitals in Shanghai, were used in this study. Patient trust in physicians was the dependent variable. Furthermore, a 10-item scale was used to precisely describe the dependent variable. The demographic characteristics were independent variables of trust in physicians. Binomial logistic regression was employed to analyze the fhctors associated with the dependent variable, which was divided into two categories on the basis of the responses （1： Strongly agree or agree and 0： Strongly disagree, disagree, or neutral）. Results： This study tbund that 67% of patients trusted or strongly trusted physicians. The mean score of patient trust in physicians was 35.4 from a total score of 50. Furthermore, patient trust in physicians was significantly correlated with the age, education level, annual income, and health insurance coverage of the patients. Conclusions： Patient trust in physicians in Shanghai, China is higher than previously reported. Furthermore, the most crucial reason for patient distrust in physicians is the information asymmetry between patients and physicians, which is a natural property of the physician patient relationship, rather than the so-called for-profit characteristic of physicians or patients＇ excessive expectations.

生态文明建设中政府与环境NGO的协同关系

生态文明建设已经成为我党治国理政的核心理念,但"政府失灵"的现实表现,以及作为新生力量的环境NGO所凸显出的推动公众参与、反映公众利益、积极影响决策及创新环境管理等多方面的优势,使人们重新厘清政府与环境NGO各自的职责,进而达成两者之间主导和补充、合作和互助、平等和监督的协同关系,联同有效地作用于生态文明和美丽中国的建设。

Invaluable Trust A Visit to Bernice Hemphill, an Old Friend of ACWF

IN March of last year, on my way to New York to attend the NGO Consultation, I stopped in San Francisco. Before I left I called Bernice. She told me she was not well. Before I went to America again in June of this year to visit some of my relatives, I asked my ex-colleagues at the International Liaison Department of the All-China Women’s Federation