Plants have developed various mechanisms for avoiding pathogen invasion,including resistance(R)genes.Most R genes encode nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing proteins(NLRs).Here,we report the i...Plants have developed various mechanisms for avoiding pathogen invasion,including resistance(R)genes.Most R genes encode nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing proteins(NLRs).Here,we report the isolation of three new bacterial blight R genes in rice,Xa1-2,Xa14,and Xa31(t),which were allelic to Xa1 and encoded atypical NLRs with unique central tandem repeats(CTRs).We also found that Xa31(t)was the same gene as Xa1-2.Although Xa1-2 and Xa14 conferred different resistance spectra,their performance could be attenuated by iTALEs,as has previously been reported for Xa1.XA1,XA1-2,XA14,and non-resistant RGAF differed mainly in the substructure of the leucine-rich repeat domain.They all contained unique CTRs and belonged to the CTR-NLRs,which existed only in Gramineae.We also found that interactions among these genes led to differing resistance performance.In conclusion,our results uncover a unique locus in rice consisting of at least three multiple alleles(Xa1,Xa1-2,and Xa14)that encode CTRNLRs and confer resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo).展开更多
To counter pathogen invasion,plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors,including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors...To counter pathogen invasion,plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors,including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs).Our knowledge about PRR and NLR signaling mechanisms has expanded significantly over the past few years.Plant NLRs form multi-protein complexes called resistosomes in response to pathogen effectors,and the signaling mediated by NLR resistosomes converges on Ca2+-permeable channels.Ca2+-permeable channels important for PRR signaling have also been identified.These findings highlight a crucial role of Ca2+in triggering plant immune signaling.In this review,we first discuss the structural and biochemical mechanisms of non-canonical NLR Ca2+channels and then summarize our knowledge about immune-related Ca2+-permeable channels and their roles in PRR and NLR signaling.We also discuss the potential role of Ca2+in the intricate interaction between PRR and NLR signaling.展开更多
The study of plant diseases is almost as old as agriculture itself. Advancements in molecular biology havegiven us much more insight into the plant immune system and how it detects the many pathogens plantsmay encount...The study of plant diseases is almost as old as agriculture itself. Advancements in molecular biology havegiven us much more insight into the plant immune system and how it detects the many pathogens plantsmay encounter. Members of the primary family of plant resistance (R) proteins, NLRs, contain three distinctdomains, and appear to use several different mechanisms to recognize pathogen effectors and trigger immunity. Understanding the molecular process of NLR recognition and activation has been greatly aided byadvancements in structural studies, with ZAR1 recently becoming the first full-length NLR to be visualized.Genetic and biochemical analysis identified many critical components for NLR activation and homeostasiscontrol. The increased study of helper NLRs has also provided insights into the downstream signaling pathways of NLRs. This review summarizes the progress in the last decades on plant NLR research, focusing onthe mechanistic understanding that has been achieved.展开更多
Plant intracellular immune receptors known as NLR(Nucleotide-binding Leucine-rich repeat,NB-LRR)proteins confer resistance and cause cell death upon recognition of cognate effector proteins from pathogens.Plant NLRs c...Plant intracellular immune receptors known as NLR(Nucleotide-binding Leucine-rich repeat,NB-LRR)proteins confer resistance and cause cell death upon recognition of cognate effector proteins from pathogens.Plant NLRs contain a variable N-terminal domain:a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor(TIR)domain or a coiled-coil(CC)domain or an RPW8(Resistance to Powdery Mildew 8)-like CC(CCR)domain.TIR-NLR,CC-NLR and CCR-NLR are known as TNL,CNL and RNL,respectively.TNLs and CNLs recognize pathogen effectors to activate cell death and defense responses,thus are regarded as sensor NLRs.RNLs are required downstream of TNLs to activate cell death and defense responses,thus are regarded as helper NLRs.Previous studies show that some TNLs form tetrameric resistosome as NAD+cleaving enzymes to transduce signal,while some CNLs form pentameric resistosome with undefined biochemical function.Two recent breakthrough studies show that activated CNL and RNL function as Ca2+channel to cause cell death and defense responses and provide a completely new insight into the downstream signaling events of CNL and TNL pathways.展开更多
The strategy to expand the recognition spectrum of plant nucleotide-binding domain leucine-richrepeat (NLR) proteins by modifying their recognition sequences is generally limited and oftenunsuccessful. Kourelis et al....The strategy to expand the recognition spectrum of plant nucleotide-binding domain leucine-richrepeat (NLR) proteins by modifying their recognition sequences is generally limited and oftenunsuccessful. Kourelis et al. introduced a groundbreaking approach for generating a customizedimmune receptor, called Pikobody. This method involves integrating a nanobody domain of a fluorescent protein (FP) into a plant NLR. Their research demonstrates that the resulting Pikobody successfully initiates an immune response against diverse pathogens when exposed to the corresponding FP.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.31821005,31772145,and 31200912)the China Scholarship Council(file no.201908420054).
文摘Plants have developed various mechanisms for avoiding pathogen invasion,including resistance(R)genes.Most R genes encode nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing proteins(NLRs).Here,we report the isolation of three new bacterial blight R genes in rice,Xa1-2,Xa14,and Xa31(t),which were allelic to Xa1 and encoded atypical NLRs with unique central tandem repeats(CTRs).We also found that Xa31(t)was the same gene as Xa1-2.Although Xa1-2 and Xa14 conferred different resistance spectra,their performance could be attenuated by iTALEs,as has previously been reported for Xa1.XA1,XA1-2,XA14,and non-resistant RGAF differed mainly in the substructure of the leucine-rich repeat domain.They all contained unique CTRs and belonged to the CTR-NLRs,which existed only in Gramineae.We also found that interactions among these genes led to differing resistance performance.In conclusion,our results uncover a unique locus in rice consisting of at least three multiple alleles(Xa1,Xa1-2,and Xa14)that encode CTRNLRs and confer resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo).
基金Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(grant YESS20210018 to J.W.)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant 32271253 to J.W.)+3 种基金Alexander von Humboldt Foundation(professorship to J.C.)Max-Planck-Gesellschaft(a Max Planck fellowship to J.C.)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(grant SFB-1403-414786233 to J.C.)Germany's Excellence Strategy CEPLAS(EXC-2048/1,project 390686111 to J.C.).
文摘To counter pathogen invasion,plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors,including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs).Our knowledge about PRR and NLR signaling mechanisms has expanded significantly over the past few years.Plant NLRs form multi-protein complexes called resistosomes in response to pathogen effectors,and the signaling mediated by NLR resistosomes converges on Ca2+-permeable channels.Ca2+-permeable channels important for PRR signaling have also been identified.These findings highlight a crucial role of Ca2+in triggering plant immune signaling.In this review,we first discuss the structural and biochemical mechanisms of non-canonical NLR Ca2+channels and then summarize our knowledge about immune-related Ca2+-permeable channels and their roles in PRR and NLR signaling.We also discuss the potential role of Ca2+in the intricate interaction between PRR and NLR signaling.
基金The research of the laboratory is supported by funds from the NSERC-CREATE PRoTECT program,NSERC-Discovery,CFIthe Dewar Cooper memorial funds from the University of British Columbia.S.v.W.is partially funded through the UBC Michael Smith Fellowship and NSERC-CGSM awardsL.T.is partly supported by a CSC scholarship.
文摘The study of plant diseases is almost as old as agriculture itself. Advancements in molecular biology havegiven us much more insight into the plant immune system and how it detects the many pathogens plantsmay encounter. Members of the primary family of plant resistance (R) proteins, NLRs, contain three distinctdomains, and appear to use several different mechanisms to recognize pathogen effectors and trigger immunity. Understanding the molecular process of NLR recognition and activation has been greatly aided byadvancements in structural studies, with ZAR1 recently becoming the first full-length NLR to be visualized.Genetic and biochemical analysis identified many critical components for NLR activation and homeostasiscontrol. The increased study of helper NLRs has also provided insights into the downstream signaling pathways of NLRs. This review summarizes the progress in the last decades on plant NLR research, focusing onthe mechanistic understanding that has been achieved.
基金supported by National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics,Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology/Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Chinese Academy of Sciences Strategic Priority Research Program(Type-BProject number:XDB27040214).
文摘Plant intracellular immune receptors known as NLR(Nucleotide-binding Leucine-rich repeat,NB-LRR)proteins confer resistance and cause cell death upon recognition of cognate effector proteins from pathogens.Plant NLRs contain a variable N-terminal domain:a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor(TIR)domain or a coiled-coil(CC)domain or an RPW8(Resistance to Powdery Mildew 8)-like CC(CCR)domain.TIR-NLR,CC-NLR and CCR-NLR are known as TNL,CNL and RNL,respectively.TNLs and CNLs recognize pathogen effectors to activate cell death and defense responses,thus are regarded as sensor NLRs.RNLs are required downstream of TNLs to activate cell death and defense responses,thus are regarded as helper NLRs.Previous studies show that some TNLs form tetrameric resistosome as NAD+cleaving enzymes to transduce signal,while some CNLs form pentameric resistosome with undefined biochemical function.Two recent breakthrough studies show that activated CNL and RNL function as Ca2+channel to cause cell death and defense responses and provide a completely new insight into the downstream signaling events of CNL and TNL pathways.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001858 and U20A2021)to R.W.the National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFD1401400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32161143009)to Y.N.
文摘The strategy to expand the recognition spectrum of plant nucleotide-binding domain leucine-richrepeat (NLR) proteins by modifying their recognition sequences is generally limited and oftenunsuccessful. Kourelis et al. introduced a groundbreaking approach for generating a customizedimmune receptor, called Pikobody. This method involves integrating a nanobody domain of a fluorescent protein (FP) into a plant NLR. Their research demonstrates that the resulting Pikobody successfully initiates an immune response against diverse pathogens when exposed to the corresponding FP.
