Evaluation of H2 Influence on the Evolution Mechanism of NOx Storage and Reduction over Pt–Ba–Ce/c-Al2O3 Catalysts

In this investigation, Pt–Ba–Ce/c-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and experiments were performed to evaluate the influence of H2 on the evolution mechanism of nitrogen oxides (NOx) storage and reduction (NSR). The physical and chemical properties of the Pt–Ba–Ce/c- Al2O3 catalysts were studied using a combination of characterization techniques, which showed that PtOx, CeO2, and BaCO3, whose peaks were observed in X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra, dispersed well on the c-Al2O3, as shown by transmission electron microscope (TEM), and that the difference between Ce3+ and Ce4+, as detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), facilitated the migration of active oxygen over the catalyst. In the process of a complete NSR experiment, the NOx storage capability was greatly enhanced in the temperature range of 250–350℃, and reached a maximum value of 315.3μmol·gcat^-1 at 350℃, which was ascribed to the increase in NO2 yield. In a lean and rich cycling experiment, the results showed that NOx storage efficiency and conversion were increased when the time of H2 exposure (i.e., 30, 45, and 60 s) was extended. The maximum NOx conversion of the catalyst reached 83.5% when the duration of the lean and rich phases was 240 and 60 s, respectively. The results revealed that increasing the content of H2 by an appropriate amount was favorable to the NSR mechanism due to increased decomposition of nitrate or nitrite, and the refreshing of trapping sites for the next cycle of NSR.

A Novel Big Data Storage Reduction Model for Drill Down Search

Multi-level searching is called Drill down search.Right now,no drill down search feature is available in the existing search engines like Google,Yahoo,Bing and Baidu.Drill down search is very much useful for the end user tofind the exact search results among the huge paginated search results.Higher level of drill down search with category based search feature leads to get the most accurate search results but it increases the number and size of thefile system.The purpose of this manuscript is to implement a big data storage reduction binaryfile system model for category based drill down search engine that offers fast multi-levelfiltering capability.The basic methodology of the proposed model stores the search engine data in the binaryfile system model.To verify the effectiveness of the proposedfile system model,5 million unique keyword data are stored into a binaryfile,thereby analysing the proposedfile system with efficiency.Some experimental results are also provided based on real data that show our storage model speed and superiority.Experiments demonstrated that ourfile system expansion ratio is constant and it reduces the disk storage space up to 30%with conventional database/file system and it also increases the search performance for any levels of search.To discuss deeply,the paper starts with the short introduction of drill down search followed by the discussion of important technologies used to implement big data storage reduction system in detail.

Cold Thermal Storage and Peak Load Reduction for Office Buildings in Saudi Arabia

This paper the chilled water and involves the investigations of ice cold thermal storage technologies along with the associated operating strategies for the air conditioning （AC） systems of the typical office buildings in Saudi Arabia, so as to reduce the electricity energy consumption during the peak load periods. In Saudi Arabia, the extensive use of AC for indoor cooling in offices composes a large proportion of the annual peak electricity demand. The very high temperatures over long summer periods, extending tYom May to October, and the low cost of energy are the key factors in the wide and extensive use of air conditioners in the kingdom. This intense cooling load adds up to the requirement increase in the capacity of power plants, which makes them under utilized during the oil：peak periods. Thermal energy storage techniques are one of the effective demand-side energy management methods. Systems with cold storage shifts all or part of the electricity requirement from peak hours to off-peak hours to reduce demand charges and/or take advantage of off-peak rates. The investigations reveal that the cold thermal energy storage techniques are effective from both technical and economic perspectives in the reduction of energy consumption in the buildings during peak periods.

NOx storage and reduction assisted by non-thermal plasma over Co/Pt/Ba/γ-Al2O3 catalyst using CH_(4) as reductant

NOx storage and reduction(NSR)technology has been regarded as one of the most promising strategies for the removal of nitric oxides(NOx)from lean-burn engines,and the potential of the plasma catalysis method for NOx reduction has been confirmed in the past few decades.This work reports the NSR of nitric oxide(NO)by combining non-thermal plasma(NTP)and Co/Pt/Ba/γ-Al2O3(Co/PBA)catalyst using methane as a reductant.The experimental results reveal that the NOx conversion of NSR assisted by NTP is notably enhanced compared to the catalytic efficiency obtained from NSR in the range of 150°C–350°C,and NOx conversion of the 8%Co/PBA catalyst reaches 96.8%at 350°C.Oxygen(O_(2))has a significant effect on the removal of NOx,and the NOx conversion increases firstly and then decreases when the O_(2)concentration ranges from 2%to 10%.Water vapor reduces the NOx storage capacity of Co/PBA catalysts on account of the competition for adsorption sites on the surface of Co/PBA catalysts.There is a negative correlation between sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))and NOx conversion in the NTP system,and the 8%Co/PBA catalyst exhibits higher NOx conversion compared to other catalysts,which shows that Co has a certain SO_(2)resistance.

Storage-Reduction of NO_(x)over Combined Catalysts of Pt/Ba/Al_(2)O_(3)-Mn/Ba/Al_(2)O_(3):Carbon Monoxide as Reductant

Storage-reduction of NOx by carbon monoxide was investigated over combined catalysts of Mn/Ba/Al2O3-Pt/Ba/Al2O3. Combination of Mn/Ba/Al2O3 and Pt/Ba/Al2O3 catalysts in different ways showed excellent NOx storage-reduction performance and the content of Pt could be reduced by 50%. Not only the addition of 5Mn/15Ba/Al2O3 to 1Pt/15Ba/Al2O3 could improve its storage ability, but also enhance the NOx conversion consequently. NOx conversion over the combined catalysts （the combined catalysts Ⅰ and Ⅱ） was increased under dynamic lean-rich burn conditions, the maximum NOx conversion increased from 69.4% to respectively 78.8% and 75.7% over two combined catalysts.

Activity Enhancement of Pt/Ba/Al_(2)O_(3) Mixed with Mn/Ba/Al_(2)O_(3) for NO_(x) Storage-reduction by Hydrogen

Abstract： Mn/Ba/Al2O3 catalyst for NO oxidation-storage and Pt/Ba/Al2O3 catalyst mixed with Mn/Ba/Al2O3 for NOx storage-reduction by hydrogen were investigated. The results showed that Mn/Ba/Al2O3 had large nitrogen oxides storage capacity （397.9 μmolg^-1） under lean burn condition. When Pt/Ba/Al2O3 catalyst was mixed with Mn/Ba/Al2O3 in equal weight proportion, the NOx conversion increased between 250 ℃ and 500 ℃ under the dynamic lean-rich burn conditions, and the maximum NOx conversion increased from 95.4% to 98.2%. Mn/Ba/Al2O3 has promoted NOx storing in the lean stage and improved NOx reduction efficiency in the rich stage, these might result in higher NOx conversion over the low Pt loading content catalyst.

Research on Performance Optimization of Phase Change Thermal Storage Electric Heating Device

At present, the main heating method for reducing crude oil viscosity is electric heating, and the all-day electric heating method has the problems of high energy consumption and high cost. In order to meet the needs of environmental protection and industrial production, a new type of phase change thermal storage electric heating device was designed by combining the crude oil viscosity reduction heating method with valley price and phase change materials. The results indicate that as the inlet flow rate of the working fluid increases, the outlet temperature continuously decreases. And when the outlet temperature rises to 10?C, the inlet flow rate of the device can meet the flow range of 1.413 - 2.120 m3/h. At the same time, the addition of foam nickel makes the internal temperature of PCM more uniform, and the internal temperature of PCM decreases with the decrease of porosity of foam metal. By increasing the number of electric heating rods and reducing the power of individual electric heating rods, the structure of the device was optimized to significantly improve local high-temperature phenomena. The use of this device can maintain high heat exchange efficiency and reduce production costs.

Nanostructured energy materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage: A review

Nanostructured materials have received tremendous interest due to their unique mechanical/electrical properties and overall behavior contributed by the complex synergy of bulk and interfacial properties for efficient and effective energy conversion and storage. The booming development of nanotechnology affords emerging but effective tools in designing advanced energy material. We reviewed the significant progress and dominated nanostructured energy materials in electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, including lithium ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-oxygen batteries, lithium metal batteries, and supercapacitors. The use of nanostructured electrocatalyst for effective electrocatalysis in oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions for fuel cells and metal-air batteries was also included. The challenges in the undesirable side reactions between electrolytes and electrode due to high electrode/electrolyte contact area, low volumetric energy density of electrode owing to low tap density, and uniform production of complex energy materials in working devices should be overcome to fully demonstrate the advanced energy nanostructures for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. The energy chemistry at the interfaces of nanostructured electrode/electrolyte is highly expected to guide the rational design and full demonstration of energy materials in a working device. (C) 2016 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights reserved.

Optimal energy saving in DC railway system withon-board energy storage system by using peak demand cutting strategy

A problem of peak power in DC-electrified railway systems is mainly caused by train power demand during acceleration.If this power is reduced,substation peak power will be significantly decreased.This paper presents a study on optimal energy saving in DC-electrified railway with on-board energy storage system(OBESS) by using peak demand cutting strategy under different trip time controls.The proposed strategy uses OBESS to store recovered braking energy and find an appropriated time to deliver the stored energy back to the power network in such a way that peak power of every substations is reduced.Bangkok Mass Transit System(BTS)-Silom Line in Thailand is used to test and verify the proposed strategy.The results show that substation peak power is reduced by63.49% and net energy consumption is reduced by 15.56%using coasting and deceleration trip time control.

Multifunction Battery Energy Storage System for Distribution Networks

Battery Energy Storage System(BESS)is one of the potential solutions to increase energy system flexibility,as BESS is well suited to solve many challenges in transmission and distribution networks.Examples of distribution network’s challenges,which affect network performance,are:(i)Load disconnection or technical constraints violation,which may happen during reconfiguration after fault,(ii)Unpredictable power generation change due to Photovoltaic(PV)penetration,(iii)Undesirable PV reverse power,and(iv)Low Load Factor(LF)which may affect electricity price.In this paper,the BESS is used to support distribution networks in reconfiguration after a fault,increasing Photovoltaic(PV)penetration,cutting peak load,and loading valley filling.The paper presents a methodology for BESS optimal locations and sizing considering technical constraints during reconfiguration after a fault and PV power generation changes.For determining themaximumpower generation change due to PV,actual power registration of connected PV plants in South Cairo Electricity Distribution Company(SCEDC)was considered for a year.In addition,the paper provides a procedure for distribution network operator to employ the proposed BESS to perform multi functions such as:the ability to absorb PV power surplus,cut peak load and fill load valley for improving network’s performances.The methodology is applied to a modified IEEE 37-node and a real network part consisting of 158 nodes in SCEDC zone.The simulation studies are performed using the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software andDPL programming language.The Mixed Integer Linear Programming optimization technique(MILP)in MATLAB is employed to choose the best locations and sizing of BESS.

Porous carbon materials for CO_(2)capture,storage and electrochemical conversion

Continuous accumulation and emission into the atmosphere of anthropogenic carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),a major greenhouse gas,has been recognized as a primary contributor to climate change associated with the global warming and acidification of oceans.This has led to drastic changes in the natural ecosystem,and hence an unhealthy ecological environment for human society.Thus,the effective mitigation of the ever increasing CO_(2)emission has been recognized as the most important global challenge.To achieve zero carbon footprint,novel materials and approaches are required for potentially reducing the CO_(2)release,while our current fossil-fuel-based energy must be replaced by renewable energy free from emissions.In this paper,porous carbons with hierarchical pore structures are promising for CO_(2)adsorption and electrochemical CO_(2)reduction owing to their high specific surface area,excellent catalytic performance,low cost and long-term stability.Since efficient gas-phased(electro)catalysis involves the access of reactants to active sites at the gas-liquid-solid triple phase,the hierarchical porous carbon materials possess multiple advantages for various CO_(2)-related applications with enhanced volumetric and gravimetric activities(e.g.,CO_(2)uptake and current density)for practical operations.Recent studies have demonstrated that porous carbon materials exhibited notable activities as CO_(2)adsorbents and provided facile conducting pathways and mass diffusion channels for efficient electrochemical CO_(2)reduction even under the high current operation conditions.Herein,we summarize recent advances in porous carbon materials for CO_(2)capture,storage,and electrochemical conversion.Prospectives and challenges on the rational design of porous carbon materials for scalable and practical CO_(2)capture and conversion are also discussed.

NO_2/NO_x比例对NSR催化剂存储NO_x性能的影响

为了研究稀燃阶段体积分数比例对NSR催化剂的NO_x存储性能影响,利用改进的溶胶凝胶法结合浸渍法制备了催化剂,并通过X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)对催化剂的晶型进行分析,以及利用X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)对催化剂的活性组分价态进行测试.结果表明:晶面尺寸为5.7 nm,且Ce元素主要以Ce^(4+)存在,离子数量比为0.127,表面化学吸附氧与晶格氧的比例离子数量比)为0.561.通过模拟气试验研究了在不同温度下比例对催化剂存储NO_x性能的影响.结果表明:在350℃时,催化剂具有对NO_x的最佳存储性能,存储饱和时NO_x存储量为641.14μmol/gcat;随着比例增加,NO_x溢出速率降低,存储饱和时间增加,表明提高比例能显著提高催化剂的NO_x存储效率.

NTP提升NSR催化剂储存性能的实验研究

为了研究低温等离子体（NTP）对NOx储存还原（NSR）催化剂吸附储存性能的促进作用,设计了一套以石英玻璃为介质的介质阻挡放电反应器,以NO/O2/N2模拟稀燃发动机尾气,结合自制催化剂,在不同温度和不同NTP、催化剂结合方式的情况下进行了程序升温脱附（TPD）实验。实验研究表明：NTP的引入,可以有效延长催化剂的吸附饱和时间;催化剂位于NTP中时,对NOx的储存能力明显得到增强,比位于NTP之后效果更好;由于NTP的协同作用,催化剂的脱附峰向低温区移动;吸附温度为100～300℃,NTP对催化剂的吸附储存均有促进作用,且在较低温度下更为明显。

不同钡铈比对NSR催化剂NO_x存储性能的影响

通过改进的溶胶凝胶法结合浸渍法制备了一系列Pt/x Ba-(30-x)Ce/γ-Al2O3(x=10、15、20,x为质量分数)型NSR催化剂,并利用XRD、BET、H_2-TPR和NO-TPD对其性能进行了表征。结果表明,Ba主要以BaCO_3形式存在,CeO_2晶粒粒径随着x值增大先减小后增大,且以无定型形式存在于催化剂中。随着Ce含量的增加,高温还原峰温度先降低后升高。NOTPD结果表明,吸附于催化剂表面的NO_x在低温时具有较好的热稳定性;通过NO_x完全存储实验,探究了不同Ba/Ce比对催化剂NO_x存储性能的影响。结果表明,当x=15时,催化剂的NO_x存储量最大,NO_x穿透时间达7 min,吸附稳定时NO_2/NO_x比为28%,NO_x存储效率达47.1%,具有最佳的NO_x存储性能。

不同Ce/Ba比对柴油机NSR催化剂性能的影响

为了降低柴油机NO_x排放,通过浸渍法制备了不同Ce/Ba比的NOx存储还原（NSR）催化剂：x Ce（25-x）Ba/γ-Al_2O_3（x为质量分数,且x=8-12）,并利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）以及比表面积分析仪（BET）对催化剂的性能进行表征。结果表明,在NSR催化剂中存在Ce O_2晶粒,且以近似球状均匀分布在催化剂表面,粒径尺寸为（20~50）nm;在催化剂表面分布有大量孔洞,且随着x的增大,孔容和孔径呈现先增大后减少的趋势。当Ce/Ba质量比为10：15时,晶粒分布较其它配比均匀,催化剂表面的孔容和孔径数值最大,更有利于吸附。

Pt/Ba/Ce/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂H_2-NSR性能影响因素的试验分析

将改进的溶胶-凝胶法与等体积浸渍法相结合制备了Pt/Ba/Ce/γ-Al2O3钙钛矿催化剂,研究了其表面性能;采用NOx存储还原循环试验的方法,以氢气为还原剂,研究了还原剂体积分数、还原时间和空速等反应条件,以及以CO2与HC为代表的发动机排气成分对催化剂存储还原特性的影响.结果表明:所制备的Pt/Ba/Ce/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有良好的催化活性及较大的比表面积;在所研究的范围内,不同还原剂体积分数下存在NOx转化率最高的最佳还原时间,而且随着还原剂体积分数增加,最佳还原时间逐渐缩短;还原剂体积分数的增加将会加速NOx的脱附,若还原剂体积分数过高,则会造成部分NOx溢出过快,还原时间不足而引起转化率降低;在7.0×104 h-1的大空速条件下,NOx转化率仍可以保持在86.9%,Pt/Ba/Ce/γ-Al2O3催化剂的空速特性良好;CO2在一定程度上抑制了NOx的存储,影响催化剂的活性,但催化剂容易再生;采用C3H6模拟排气中的HC,其体积分数较低时对H2还原NOx具有抑制作用,当C3H6的体积分数较高时可以促进NOx的还原转化.

复合型NSR催化剂的开发及性能验证

为了开发出同时具有优良的NO_x储存和还原性能的催化剂,采用改进的溶胶凝胶法,制备了兼具贵金属和钙钛矿类优点的复合型NSR催化剂Pt/Ba/Ce/γ-Al_2O_3,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等技术对催化剂的孔结构及微观形貌进行了评价,并与Ba/Ce基催化剂进行了对比;并采用程序升温脱附试验(TPD)、程序升温表面反应(TPSR)和完全存储还原试验等方法测试了催化剂的热稳定性及脱附还原性能。研究结果表明:Pt/Ba/Ce/γ-A_l2O_3在孔结构及微观形貌方面均优于Ba/Ce基催化剂,同时具有良好的热稳定性及脱附还原性能,是一种性能优良的NSR催化剂。

锰负载量对NSR催化剂Mn-K_2CO_3/γ-Al_2O_3催化性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列非贵金属NO_x储存还原(NSR)催化剂Mn-K_2CO_3/γ-Al_2O_3,考察了不同锰的负载量对NSR催化剂的结构和催化活性的影响,同时考察了水和CO_2对NO_x储存量的影响。应用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)、H_2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、CO_2程序升温脱附测试(CO_2-TPD)等技术,对催化剂的结构进行表征。结果表明,锰主要是以MnO_2和Mn_3O_4的形式存在,还有少量的Mn_2O_3。随着锰负载量的增加,催化剂对NO_x的氧化还原能力增强,但催化剂的比表面积降低,使K_2CO_3的分散性降低,逐渐由表相K_2CO_3向体相K_2CO_3转变。NO_x的储存量受到催化剂氧化还原能力和K_2CO_3的分散性两方面因素的影响。当Mn/Al_2O_3的质量比为0.10的时候,NO_x的储存量最大,达到1.30 mmol·g^(-1),稀燃/富燃条件下,10个循环后,对NO_x的还原效率达到99%以上。向反应气中加入水和CO_2后,储存能力下降,其中CO_2对储存量的影响比水更大。

DME-NSR存储还原性能及O_2和CO_2对其影响

以Co为助剂的PBA型Pt/Co-BaO/Al2O3为催化剂,以DME为还原剂,试验研究了氮氧化物存储还原(NSR)性能,及O2和CO2的含量对NSR性能的影响。研究结果表明:PBA型催化剂能有效吸附NOx,DME能促进催化剂中硝酸盐的分解和NOx的脱附,并还原NOx;O2含量对NOx吸附和转化效率的影响较小,氧含量改变时,吸附效率保持在97.6%左右,转化效率变化不大于0.5%,维持在96.8%左右;CO2对清洁的Pt/Co-BaO/γ-Al2O3催化剂的DME-NSR性能产生一定抑制作用,随着CO2增加,催化剂的吸附量降低。

Enhancing low-temperature NO_x storage and reduction performance of a Pt-based lean NO_x trap catalyst

Two lean NO_x trap(LNT) catalysts, Pt/BaO/CeO_2 + Al_2O_3 and Pt/BaO/CeO_2-Al_2O_3, were prepared and compared for low-temperature(< 250℃) NO_x storage and reduction performance. The influence of the form of ceria on low-temperature NO_x storage and reduction performance of LNT catalysts was investigated with the focus on NO_x storage capacity, NO_x reduction efficiency during lean/rich cycling, product selectivity and thermal stability.Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES), Brunner-Emmet-T eller(BET), H_2-pulse chemisorption and X-ray diffraction(XRD) were conducted to characterize the physical properties of LNT catalysts. NO_x storage capacity and NO_x conversion efficiency were measured to evaluate NO_x storage and reduction performance of LNT catalysts. Pt/BaO/CeO_2-Al_2O_3 catalyst exhibits higher NO_x storage capacity than Pt/BaO/CeO_2 + Al_2O_3 catalyst in the temperature range of 150-250 ℃. Meanwhile, Pt/BaO/CeO_2-Al_2O_3 catalyst shows better NO_x conversion efficiency and N_2 selectivity. XRD results indicate that the thermal stability of CeO_2-Al_2O_3 complex oxide is superior to that of pure CeO_2. H_2-pulse chemisorption results show that Pt/BaO/CeO_2-Al_2O_3 catalyst has higher Pt dispersion than Pt/BaO/CeO_2 + Al_2O_3 catalyst over fresh and aged samples. The improved physical properties of Pt/BaO/CeO_2-Al_2O_3 catalyst are attributed to enhance the NOx storage and reduction performance over Pt/BaO/CeO_2 + Al_2O_3 catalyst.