In order to maximize the lethality and reversibility of the non-lethal laser weapons(NLLW) at the same time and thus provide a theoretical basis for the R&D of laser weapons in the future,this paper accurately ana...In order to maximize the lethality and reversibility of the non-lethal laser weapons(NLLW) at the same time and thus provide a theoretical basis for the R&D of laser weapons in the future,this paper accurately analyzed the limiting biological dose of irreversible damage to human skin caused by the NLLW.Firstly,based on the burn theory in medicine and the actual tactical background,this paper redefines the evaluation criteria of the limiting laser dose of NLLW to the human body.Secondly,on the basis of anatomical knowledge,a 5-layer finite element model(FEM) of superficial skin is proposed,constructed and verified,which can accurately describe the limiting reversible damage.Based on the optimized Pennes bioheat transfer equation,the diffusion approximation theory,the modified Beer-Lambert law,the Arrhenius equation,and combined with dynamic thermophysical parameters,this paper highly restored the temperature distribution and accurately solved the necrotic tissue distribution inside the human skin irradiated by 1064 nm laser.Finally,it is concluded that the maximum human dose of the1064 nm NLLW is 8.93 J/cm^(2),8.29J/cm^(2),and 8.17 J/cm^(2) when the light spots are 5 mm,10 mm and15 mm,respectively,and the corresponding output power of the weapon is 46.74 W,173.72 W and384.77 W.Simultaneously,the temperature and damage distribution in the tissue at the time of ultimate damage are discussed from the axial and radial dimensions,respectively.The conclusions and analysis methods proposed in this paper are of great guiding significance for future research in military,medical and many other related fields.展开更多
Objective: To study the mechanism of T-cell activation induced by non-lethal complement attack and the role of CD59 in this process. Methods: Human CD59 and its transmentbrane counterpart CD59TM cDNA were transfected ...Objective: To study the mechanism of T-cell activation induced by non-lethal complement attack and the role of CD59 in this process. Methods: Human CD59 and its transmentbrane counterpart CD59TM cDNA were transfected into murine thymoma EL-4 cells. Activation and proliferation of EL-4 transfectants were observed with MIT assay. Results:Both CD59 and CD59 TM cDNA expressed on EL-4 cells effectively inhibited complement-mediated membrane damage. Cross-linking of CD59 with antibody induced activation of CD59/EL-4 cells but not CDS9TM/EL-4 cells. This effect was inhibited by Herbimycin A. a special protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor. Non-lethal complement attack induced CD59/EL-4 but not CD59TMIEL-4 cell to proliferate, and this reaction was not blocked by Herbimycin A. Conclusion: CD59 takes part in T cell activation induced by non-lethal complement attack. The mechanisms of T cell activation induced by non-lethal complement attack arc different from those by cross-linking of CD59.展开更多
针对非致命弹药强光爆震弹在应对当前各类群体性事件中所体现的安全性、实效性等特点,提出了建立规范科学的需求分析方法,更好地为强光爆震弹的优化、研制提供依据。基于粗糙集的质量功能展开方法(rough quality function deployment),...针对非致命弹药强光爆震弹在应对当前各类群体性事件中所体现的安全性、实效性等特点,提出了建立规范科学的需求分析方法,更好地为强光爆震弹的优化、研制提供依据。基于粗糙集的质量功能展开方法(rough quality function deployment),建立了强光爆震弹需求分析结构框架,结合客观实际和主观评价对强光爆震弹的需求进行了分析,得出了强光爆震弹性能指标的重要度排序。通过处置群体性事件为例,对研究结果进行了验证,结果表明强光爆震弹安全性、可靠性因素更为重要。展开更多
The laser technology has made remarkable progress over the past couple of decades.It is being widely employed in diverse domains,such as holography,space sciences,spectroscopy,medical sciences,micro and power electron...The laser technology has made remarkable progress over the past couple of decades.It is being widely employed in diverse domains,such as holography,space sciences,spectroscopy,medical sciences,micro and power electronics,industrial engineering,and most distinctively,as directed energy military weapons.Owing to their active transmissions,laser systems are similar to microwave radars to some extent;however,unlike conventional radars,the laser operates at very high frequencies thus making it a potent enabler of narrow-beam and high energy aerial deployments,both in offensive and defensive roles.In modern avionics systems,laser target indicators and beam riders are the most common devices that are used to direct the Laser Guided Weapons(LGW)accurately to the ground targets.Additionally,compact size and outstanding angular resolution of laser-based systems motivate their use for drones and unmanned aerial applications.Moreover,the narrow-beam divergence of laser emissions offers a low probability of intercept,making it a suitable contender for secure transmissions and safety-critical operations.Furthermore,the developments in space sciences and laser technology have given synergistic potential outcomes to use laser systems in space operations.This paper comprehensively reviews laser applications and projects for strategic defense actions on the ground or in space.Additionally,a detailed analysis has been done on recent advancements of the laser technology for target indicators and range-finders.It also reviews the advancements in the field of laser communications for surveillance,its earlier state of the art,and ongoing scientific research and advancements in the domain of high energy directed laser weapons that have revolutionized the evolving military battlefield.Besides offering a comprehensive taxonomy,the paper also critically analyzes some of the recent contributions in the associated domains.展开更多
文摘In order to maximize the lethality and reversibility of the non-lethal laser weapons(NLLW) at the same time and thus provide a theoretical basis for the R&D of laser weapons in the future,this paper accurately analyzed the limiting biological dose of irreversible damage to human skin caused by the NLLW.Firstly,based on the burn theory in medicine and the actual tactical background,this paper redefines the evaluation criteria of the limiting laser dose of NLLW to the human body.Secondly,on the basis of anatomical knowledge,a 5-layer finite element model(FEM) of superficial skin is proposed,constructed and verified,which can accurately describe the limiting reversible damage.Based on the optimized Pennes bioheat transfer equation,the diffusion approximation theory,the modified Beer-Lambert law,the Arrhenius equation,and combined with dynamic thermophysical parameters,this paper highly restored the temperature distribution and accurately solved the necrotic tissue distribution inside the human skin irradiated by 1064 nm laser.Finally,it is concluded that the maximum human dose of the1064 nm NLLW is 8.93 J/cm^(2),8.29J/cm^(2),and 8.17 J/cm^(2) when the light spots are 5 mm,10 mm and15 mm,respectively,and the corresponding output power of the weapon is 46.74 W,173.72 W and384.77 W.Simultaneously,the temperature and damage distribution in the tissue at the time of ultimate damage are discussed from the axial and radial dimensions,respectively.The conclusions and analysis methods proposed in this paper are of great guiding significance for future research in military,medical and many other related fields.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No, 39630296 )
文摘Objective: To study the mechanism of T-cell activation induced by non-lethal complement attack and the role of CD59 in this process. Methods: Human CD59 and its transmentbrane counterpart CD59TM cDNA were transfected into murine thymoma EL-4 cells. Activation and proliferation of EL-4 transfectants were observed with MIT assay. Results:Both CD59 and CD59 TM cDNA expressed on EL-4 cells effectively inhibited complement-mediated membrane damage. Cross-linking of CD59 with antibody induced activation of CD59/EL-4 cells but not CDS9TM/EL-4 cells. This effect was inhibited by Herbimycin A. a special protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor. Non-lethal complement attack induced CD59/EL-4 but not CD59TMIEL-4 cell to proliferate, and this reaction was not blocked by Herbimycin A. Conclusion: CD59 takes part in T cell activation induced by non-lethal complement attack. The mechanisms of T cell activation induced by non-lethal complement attack arc different from those by cross-linking of CD59.
文摘针对非致命弹药强光爆震弹在应对当前各类群体性事件中所体现的安全性、实效性等特点,提出了建立规范科学的需求分析方法,更好地为强光爆震弹的优化、研制提供依据。基于粗糙集的质量功能展开方法(rough quality function deployment),建立了强光爆震弹需求分析结构框架,结合客观实际和主观评价对强光爆震弹的需求进行了分析,得出了强光爆震弹性能指标的重要度排序。通过处置群体性事件为例,对研究结果进行了验证,结果表明强光爆震弹安全性、可靠性因素更为重要。
文摘The laser technology has made remarkable progress over the past couple of decades.It is being widely employed in diverse domains,such as holography,space sciences,spectroscopy,medical sciences,micro and power electronics,industrial engineering,and most distinctively,as directed energy military weapons.Owing to their active transmissions,laser systems are similar to microwave radars to some extent;however,unlike conventional radars,the laser operates at very high frequencies thus making it a potent enabler of narrow-beam and high energy aerial deployments,both in offensive and defensive roles.In modern avionics systems,laser target indicators and beam riders are the most common devices that are used to direct the Laser Guided Weapons(LGW)accurately to the ground targets.Additionally,compact size and outstanding angular resolution of laser-based systems motivate their use for drones and unmanned aerial applications.Moreover,the narrow-beam divergence of laser emissions offers a low probability of intercept,making it a suitable contender for secure transmissions and safety-critical operations.Furthermore,the developments in space sciences and laser technology have given synergistic potential outcomes to use laser systems in space operations.This paper comprehensively reviews laser applications and projects for strategic defense actions on the ground or in space.Additionally,a detailed analysis has been done on recent advancements of the laser technology for target indicators and range-finders.It also reviews the advancements in the field of laser communications for surveillance,its earlier state of the art,and ongoing scientific research and advancements in the domain of high energy directed laser weapons that have revolutionized the evolving military battlefield.Besides offering a comprehensive taxonomy,the paper also critically analyzes some of the recent contributions in the associated domains.
