A mixed nitrate (NO_(3)^(–)) and ammonium (NH_(4)^(+)) supply can promote root growth in maize (Zea mays),however,the changes in root morphology and the related physiological mechanism under different N forms are sti...A mixed nitrate (NO_(3)^(–)) and ammonium (NH_(4)^(+)) supply can promote root growth in maize (Zea mays),however,the changes in root morphology and the related physiological mechanism under different N forms are still unclear.Here,maize seedlings were grown hydroponically with three N supplied in three different forms (NO_(3)^(–)only,75/25 NO_(3)^(–)/NH_(4)^(+)and NH_(4)^(+)only).Compared with sole NO_(3)^(–)or NH_(4)^(+),the mixed N supply increased the total root length of maize but did not affect the number of axial roots.The main reason was the increased total lateral root length,while the average lateral root (LR) length in each axle was only slightly increased.In addition,the average LR density of 2nd whorl crown root under mixed N was also increased.Compared with sole nitrate,mixed N could improve the N metabolism of roots (such as the N influx rate,nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthase (GS)enzyme activities and total amino content of the roots).Experiments with exogenously added NR and GS inhibitors suggested that the increase in the average LR length under mixed N was related to the process of N assimilation,and whether the NR mediated NO synthesis participates in this process needs further exploration.Meanwhile,an investigation of the changes in root-shoot ratio and carbon (C) concentration showed that C transportation from shoots to roots may not be the key factor in mediating lateral root elongation,and the changes in the sugar concentration in roots further proved this conclusion.Furthermore,the synthesis and transportation of auxin in axial roots may play a key role in lateral root elongation,in which the expression of ZmPIN1B and ZmPIN9 may be involved in this pathway.This study preliminarily clarified the changes in root morphology and explored the possible physiological mechanism under a mixed N supply in maize,which may provide some theoretical basis for the cultivation of crop varieties with high N efficiency.展开更多
为了给我国F级燃气轮机燃烧系统的燃烧调整与自主升级提供技术参考,以某F级燃气轮机环管燃烧室单筒为三维物理模型,采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型与小火焰生成流形(flamelet generated manifold,FGM)燃烧反应模型,研究了过量空气系数、...为了给我国F级燃气轮机燃烧系统的燃烧调整与自主升级提供技术参考,以某F级燃气轮机环管燃烧室单筒为三维物理模型,采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型与小火焰生成流形(flamelet generated manifold,FGM)燃烧反应模型,研究了过量空气系数、主旋流叶片偏转角度及值班燃料占比等因素对燃烧室单筒内的温度分布规律、燃烧污染物NO_(x)的生成与排放特性的影响。结果表明:随着燃烧室单筒入口过量空气系数的增加,燃烧室单筒出口的平均温度与最大温度均下降,出口温度分布系数(out-let temperature distribution factor,OTDF)略微上升,出口温度分布均匀性降低,但NO_(x)排放量呈下降趋势;适当增大主旋流叶片偏转角度,可以降低燃烧室单筒内及过渡段出口截面的最高温度并提升温度均匀性,但出口NO_(x)排放量则呈先急剧下降后缓慢上升的趋势;在总燃料流量不变的情况下,值班燃料占比(质量分数)从4%增大到8%时,燃烧室单筒出口温度水平的变化很小,但会导致NO_(x)排放量明显增加。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31421092)the Central Publicinterest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,China(1610232023023)。
文摘A mixed nitrate (NO_(3)^(–)) and ammonium (NH_(4)^(+)) supply can promote root growth in maize (Zea mays),however,the changes in root morphology and the related physiological mechanism under different N forms are still unclear.Here,maize seedlings were grown hydroponically with three N supplied in three different forms (NO_(3)^(–)only,75/25 NO_(3)^(–)/NH_(4)^(+)and NH_(4)^(+)only).Compared with sole NO_(3)^(–)or NH_(4)^(+),the mixed N supply increased the total root length of maize but did not affect the number of axial roots.The main reason was the increased total lateral root length,while the average lateral root (LR) length in each axle was only slightly increased.In addition,the average LR density of 2nd whorl crown root under mixed N was also increased.Compared with sole nitrate,mixed N could improve the N metabolism of roots (such as the N influx rate,nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthase (GS)enzyme activities and total amino content of the roots).Experiments with exogenously added NR and GS inhibitors suggested that the increase in the average LR length under mixed N was related to the process of N assimilation,and whether the NR mediated NO synthesis participates in this process needs further exploration.Meanwhile,an investigation of the changes in root-shoot ratio and carbon (C) concentration showed that C transportation from shoots to roots may not be the key factor in mediating lateral root elongation,and the changes in the sugar concentration in roots further proved this conclusion.Furthermore,the synthesis and transportation of auxin in axial roots may play a key role in lateral root elongation,in which the expression of ZmPIN1B and ZmPIN9 may be involved in this pathway.This study preliminarily clarified the changes in root morphology and explored the possible physiological mechanism under a mixed N supply in maize,which may provide some theoretical basis for the cultivation of crop varieties with high N efficiency.
文摘为了给我国F级燃气轮机燃烧系统的燃烧调整与自主升级提供技术参考,以某F级燃气轮机环管燃烧室单筒为三维物理模型,采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型与小火焰生成流形(flamelet generated manifold,FGM)燃烧反应模型,研究了过量空气系数、主旋流叶片偏转角度及值班燃料占比等因素对燃烧室单筒内的温度分布规律、燃烧污染物NO_(x)的生成与排放特性的影响。结果表明:随着燃烧室单筒入口过量空气系数的增加,燃烧室单筒出口的平均温度与最大温度均下降,出口温度分布系数(out-let temperature distribution factor,OTDF)略微上升,出口温度分布均匀性降低,但NO_(x)排放量呈下降趋势;适当增大主旋流叶片偏转角度,可以降低燃烧室单筒内及过渡段出口截面的最高温度并提升温度均匀性,但出口NO_(x)排放量则呈先急剧下降后缓慢上升的趋势;在总燃料流量不变的情况下,值班燃料占比(质量分数)从4%增大到8%时,燃烧室单筒出口温度水平的变化很小,但会导致NO_(x)排放量明显增加。
