The Integrated Marine Observing System [IMOS] is an Australian national program for observing the oceans around Australia. As one of its important nodes, the New South Wales Integrated Marine Observing System （NSW-IM...The Integrated Marine Observing System [IMOS] is an Australian national program for observing the oceans around Australia. As one of its important nodes, the New South Wales Integrated Marine Observing System （NSW-IMOS] aims to provide more accurate descriptions of the East Australian Current [EAC]. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential economic benefits from NSW-IMOS. Six related sectors which can potentially be among its main beneficiaries are considered： beach recreation, commercial fishing, recreational fishing, recreational boating, natural hazard predictions, and oil spill mitigation. The 1% constant percentage increase evaluation method is used to estimate the potential economic benefits to these six beneficiaries. By using this method, our study shows that the total potential economic benefit for these sectors is estimated to be $ 6.07 million per year. We consider that this is indicative but not conclusive in demonstrating some of the potential economic benefits that can be provided from information gathered by NSW-IMOS facilities. We conclude with further evaluative approaches that could be used to provide more accurate estimates of potential economic benefits.展开更多
Changes in terrestrial near-surface wind speed(NSWS)are indicative of the concentrated net effect of climate change and anthropogenic activities.Investigating change mechanisms of NSWS not only furthers the understand...Changes in terrestrial near-surface wind speed(NSWS)are indicative of the concentrated net effect of climate change and anthropogenic activities.Investigating change mechanisms of NSWS not only furthers the understanding of how the atmosphere changes and improves the climate analysis and projection,but also aids the evaluation and application of wind energy resources.Recent advances in studies of the changes and associated mechanisms of the NSWS over China are reviewed in this paper.Some new results have been achieved in understanding the behaviors of the NSWS changes.The NSWS over China has experienced a decrease in the past 40 years and a recovery in the recent decade,exhibiting large regional and seasonal differences.Understanding of the mechanisms of the NSWS changes has been improved in several aspects;for example,it is found that the reduced NSWS over China is due to the weakening of the pressure-gradient force(PGF)attributed to variations in large-scale ocean–atmosphere circulations(LOACs)as well as the increase of surface roughness due to the land use and cover change(LUCC).The main methods used to analyze the NSWS changes and corresponding mechanisms are also elucidated and discussed.However,studies are still lacking on the mechanisms for multi-timescale(seasonal,interannual,decadal,multidecadal)variations in the NSWS over China,and it remains unknown about the contributions of different forcing factors to the NSWS changes.Finally,key scientific issues regarding our understanding of the NSWS changes are proposed for future investigation.展开更多
澳大利亚新南威尔士州高中证书（High School Certificat,HSC）考试是与大学入学有关的一项考试,该项考试由学校内部的评价和外部考试组成,属于标准参照性考试,考试的标准包括教学大纲标准和表现性标准。内部评价的形式除考试外,还有野...澳大利亚新南威尔士州高中证书（High School Certificat,HSC）考试是与大学入学有关的一项考试,该项考试由学校内部的评价和外部考试组成,属于标准参照性考试,考试的标准包括教学大纲标准和表现性标准。内部评价的形式除考试外,还有野外工作、制作模型、开放性调查、实验考试等;外部考试是纸笔考试,考试内容分必考和选考两部分。HSC考试的内容主要为知识、理解力和技能等方面。
HSC考试与我国的生物高考都依据中学教学大纲来确定考试内容。两项考试都表现出了与中学教学的密切联系。但从整体来说,HSC考试尤其是内部评价采用的考试形式更多一些。展开更多
Brand extension is one of the central issues in marketing research.The current study employs event-related potentials(ERPs)to investigate the electrophysiological process when subjects make a decision to accept or re...Brand extension is one of the central issues in marketing research.The current study employs event-related potentials(ERPs)to investigate the electrophysiological process when subjects make a decision to accept or reject a brand extension composed of two words(W1W2).W1 is always a beverage brand name,and W2 a product name among three product categories:household appliance product(extension type BH),snack product(BS),and beverage product(BB).The behavior and ERPs data showed that subjects found it easy to accept the brand extension in the BB condition,medium in the BS and hard in the BH situation.The negative slow waves in different cortexes suggested that there are two cognitive conflict processes in evaluating a brand extension in the W1W2 paradigm:the conflict between W1 and W2,and the conflict between the whole information of W1W2 and the information retrieved from memory about the products under the brand name in W1.展开更多
In this study, the creep crack growth （CCG） properties and fracture mechanism of a Cr-Mo-V steel at 566 C in compact tension （CT） specimens were investigated, and the CCG rate was predicted by using the NSW model....In this study, the creep crack growth （CCG） properties and fracture mechanism of a Cr-Mo-V steel at 566 C in compact tension （CT） specimens were investigated, and the CCG rate was predicted by using the NSW model. The results show that the CCG rate measured by CT specimens is much lower than that predicted by the NSW model under plane-strain state. This means that the NSW model prediction for the CCG rate of the steel is over-conservative. In addition, the CCG rate da/dt versus C measured by the experiments shows the piecewise linear relation on log-log scale instead of a single linear relation predicted by the NSW model. The main reasons for these results are that the actual creep fracture mechanism of the steel and the actual creep crack tip stress field in the CT specimens have not been fully captured in the NSW model. The experimental observation shows that the creep crack propagates in a discontinuous way （step by step） at meso-scale, and the cracks at micro-scale are usually formed by the growth and coalescence of voids on grain boundaries. The NSW model based on the creep ductility exhaustion approach may not correctly describe this creep fracture process. In addition, the opening stress and triaxial stress ahead of crack tips calculated by three-dimensional finite element method is lower than those predicted by the HRR stress field which is used in the NSW model under plane-strain state. The use of the high HRR stress field will cause high CCG rates. The change in the creep fracture mechanism at micro-scale in different ranges of C may cause the piecewise linear relation between the da/dt and C . Therefore, it is necessary to study the actual CCG mechanism in a wide range of C and the actual creep crack tip stress field to establish accurate CCG prediction models.展开更多
文摘The Integrated Marine Observing System [IMOS] is an Australian national program for observing the oceans around Australia. As one of its important nodes, the New South Wales Integrated Marine Observing System （NSW-IMOS] aims to provide more accurate descriptions of the East Australian Current [EAC]. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential economic benefits from NSW-IMOS. Six related sectors which can potentially be among its main beneficiaries are considered： beach recreation, commercial fishing, recreational fishing, recreational boating, natural hazard predictions, and oil spill mitigation. The 1% constant percentage increase evaluation method is used to estimate the potential economic benefits to these six beneficiaries. By using this method, our study shows that the total potential economic benefit for these sectors is estimated to be $ 6.07 million per year. We consider that this is indicative but not conclusive in demonstrating some of the potential economic benefits that can be provided from information gathered by NSW-IMOS facilities. We conclude with further evaluative approaches that could be used to provide more accurate estimates of potential economic benefits.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0606004 and 2016YFA0600403)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42005023,41875178,41775087,and 41675149)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M660761)。
文摘Changes in terrestrial near-surface wind speed(NSWS)are indicative of the concentrated net effect of climate change and anthropogenic activities.Investigating change mechanisms of NSWS not only furthers the understanding of how the atmosphere changes and improves the climate analysis and projection,but also aids the evaluation and application of wind energy resources.Recent advances in studies of the changes and associated mechanisms of the NSWS over China are reviewed in this paper.Some new results have been achieved in understanding the behaviors of the NSWS changes.The NSWS over China has experienced a decrease in the past 40 years and a recovery in the recent decade,exhibiting large regional and seasonal differences.Understanding of the mechanisms of the NSWS changes has been improved in several aspects;for example,it is found that the reduced NSWS over China is due to the weakening of the pressure-gradient force(PGF)attributed to variations in large-scale ocean–atmosphere circulations(LOACs)as well as the increase of surface roughness due to the land use and cover change(LUCC).The main methods used to analyze the NSWS changes and corresponding mechanisms are also elucidated and discussed.However,studies are still lacking on the mechanisms for multi-timescale(seasonal,interannual,decadal,multidecadal)variations in the NSWS over China,and it remains unknown about the contributions of different forcing factors to the NSWS changes.Finally,key scientific issues regarding our understanding of the NSWS changes are proposed for future investigation.
文摘澳大利亚新南威尔士州高中证书（High School Certificat,HSC）考试是与大学入学有关的一项考试,该项考试由学校内部的评价和外部考试组成,属于标准参照性考试,考试的标准包括教学大纲标准和表现性标准。内部评价的形式除考试外,还有野外工作、制作模型、开放性调查、实验考试等;外部考试是纸笔考试,考试内容分必考和选考两部分。HSC考试的内容主要为知识、理解力和技能等方面。
HSC考试与我国的生物高考都依据中学教学大纲来确定考试内容。两项考试都表现出了与中学教学的密切联系。但从整体来说,HSC考试尤其是内部评价采用的考试形式更多一些。
基金This work was supported by grant No.09JZD0006the State Education Ministry of China as a key project,No.09CGGL008YBBthe Social Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,and obtained financial support from the 211 Project of the State Education Ministry.
文摘Brand extension is one of the central issues in marketing research.The current study employs event-related potentials(ERPs)to investigate the electrophysiological process when subjects make a decision to accept or reject a brand extension composed of two words(W1W2).W1 is always a beverage brand name,and W2 a product name among three product categories:household appliance product(extension type BH),snack product(BS),and beverage product(BB).The behavior and ERPs data showed that subjects found it easy to accept the brand extension in the BB condition,medium in the BS and hard in the BH situation.The negative slow waves in different cortexes suggested that there are two cognitive conflict processes in evaluating a brand extension in the W1W2 paradigm:the conflict between W1 and W2,and the conflict between the whole information of W1W2 and the information retrieved from memory about the products under the brand name in W1.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.50835003, 51075149 and 10772067)the National High Technology Re- search and Development Program of China (Nos.2009AA04Z409 and 2009AA044803)the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (No.200802510003)
文摘In this study, the creep crack growth （CCG） properties and fracture mechanism of a Cr-Mo-V steel at 566 C in compact tension （CT） specimens were investigated, and the CCG rate was predicted by using the NSW model. The results show that the CCG rate measured by CT specimens is much lower than that predicted by the NSW model under plane-strain state. This means that the NSW model prediction for the CCG rate of the steel is over-conservative. In addition, the CCG rate da/dt versus C measured by the experiments shows the piecewise linear relation on log-log scale instead of a single linear relation predicted by the NSW model. The main reasons for these results are that the actual creep fracture mechanism of the steel and the actual creep crack tip stress field in the CT specimens have not been fully captured in the NSW model. The experimental observation shows that the creep crack propagates in a discontinuous way （step by step） at meso-scale, and the cracks at micro-scale are usually formed by the growth and coalescence of voids on grain boundaries. The NSW model based on the creep ductility exhaustion approach may not correctly describe this creep fracture process. In addition, the opening stress and triaxial stress ahead of crack tips calculated by three-dimensional finite element method is lower than those predicted by the HRR stress field which is used in the NSW model under plane-strain state. The use of the high HRR stress field will cause high CCG rates. The change in the creep fracture mechanism at micro-scale in different ranges of C may cause the piecewise linear relation between the da/dt and C . Therefore, it is necessary to study the actual CCG mechanism in a wide range of C and the actual creep crack tip stress field to establish accurate CCG prediction models.
