Typical Application Scenarios and Economic Benefit Evaluation Methods of Battery Energy Storage System

Energy storage system is an important means to improve the flexibility and safety of traditional power system,but it has the problem of high cost and unclear value recovery path.In this paper,the typical application scenarios of energy storage system are summarized and analyzed from the perspectives of user side,power grid side and power generation side.Based on the typical application scenarios,the economic benefit assessment framework of energy storage system including value,time and efficiency indicators is proposed.Typical battery energy storage projects are selected for economic benefit calculation according to different scenarios,and key factors are selected for sensitivity analysis.Finally,the key factors affecting economic benefit of the energy storage system are analyzed.

Progress and prospect for NASICON-type Na3V2(PO4)3 forelectrochemical energy storage

Sodium-ion batteries （SIBs） have attracted increasing attention in the past decades, because of high over-all abundance of precursors, their even geographical distribution, and low cost. Na3V2（PO4）3 （NVP）, atypical sodium super ion conductor （NASlCON）-based electrode material, exhibits pronounced structuralstability, exceptionally high ion conductivity, rendering it a most promising electrode for sodium storage.However. the comparatively low electronic conductivity makes the theoretical capacity of NVP cannot befully accessible even at comparatively low rates, presenting a major drawback for further practical ap-plications, especially when high rate capability is especially important. Thus, many endeavors have beenconformed to increase the surface and intrinsic electrical conductivity of NVP by coating the active mate-rials with a conductive carbon layer, downsizing the NVP particles, combining the NVP particle with vari-ous carbon materials and ion doping strategy. In this review, to get a better understanding on the sodiumstorage in NVP, we firstly present 4 distinct crystal structures in the temperature range of-30℃-225℃ namely α-NVP, β-NVP, β′-NVP and γ-NVP. Moreover, we give an overview of recent approaches to en-hance the surface electrical conductivity and intrinsic electrical conductivity of NVP. Finally, some poten-tial applications of NVP such as in all-climate environment and PHEV, EV fields have been prospected.

Exploration and Practice of Energy Storage Technology in SMEPC

Energy storage system plays an important role in smart grid. Analyzing from the view of existing status and problems facing Shanghai grid, the article puts forward the necessity of applying energy storage technology in a large urban grid and the achievements in the key technologies in Shanghai grid. As a comprehensive demonstration base for the pilot project of smart grid in Expo 2010 by the State Grid, the Shanghai Caoxi Energy Conversion Comprehensive Exhibit Station is also introduced in detail.

Energy Storage and Multi-Source System for Reduction Energy Costs in the Consumer-Side

The objective of this work is to reduce energy costs for a consumer with multiple available energy resources and with an energy storage system. To achieve this, it is developed a methodology with a multi-criterion analysis that considers the demand side, the real-time prices, and the availability of the energy resources. In other words, the developed methodology manages the multi-source system, allowing savings for a consumer. In addition to the presentation of the methodology, it is made an application in a case study. It is considered and modeled a real consumer that has three different energy resources, including energy storage by battery. The situation comprehends solar generation, diesel generator and the electrical power grid. There are simulations and the results comprehend the savings for this consumer, considering the methodology application. The main result is a reduction in energy costs by 33.3%, considering the situation without this methodology. For the purpose of indicating the use of the storage system, it is presented the battery’s state of charge along the simulation. Also, there is a verification of the methodology’s robustness, through another simulation, using theoretical data for the consumer. In this case, the consumer has energy storage system, solar generation, biogas generator and the electrical power grid. In this situation, there is a reduction in energy costs by 30.2%, considering the situation without this methodology. In conclusion, the results show that the developed methodology is effective. In the two case studies presented there are significant savings for the consumer.

Hard carbon derived from rice husk as low cost negative electrodes in Na-ion batteries

Here,we report the synthesis of hard carbon materials(RH) made from natural rice husk through a single pyrolysis process and their application as an anode in sodium-ion batteries.The studies show that the electrochemical properties of RHs are affected by the treatment temperatures,which determine the materials morphology,in particular,their degree of graphitization and extent of continuous channels(nanovoids).The latter are accessible to sodium ions and significantly contribute to charge storage capacity of the produced anodes.The RHs obtained at 1600 °C deliver the highest reversible capacity of276 mAh g^(-1) mainly due to insertion of sodium ions into the nanovoids.This work deepens the basic understanding of the influence of the carbonization temperature on the sodium storage mechanism.

Recent advances on flexible electrodes for Na-ion batteries and Li–S batteries

Flexible energy storage devices are essential for emerging flexible electronics. The existing state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries are slowly reaching their limitation in terms of cost and energy density. Hence, flexible Na-ion batteries (SIBs) with abundanee Na resources and Li-S batteries with high energy density become the alternative for the Li-ion batteries in future. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of flexible electrode materials for SIBs with metallic matrix and carb on aceous matrix such as carb on nano-tubes, carbon nano-fiber, graphene, carbon cloth, carbon fiber cloth, and cotton textiles. Then, the potential prototype flexible full SIBs are discussed. Further, the recent progress in the development of flexible electrode materials for Li-S batteries based on carb on nano-fiber, carb on nano-tubes, graphene, and cotton textiles is reviewed. Moreover, the design strategies of suitable interlayer, separator, electrolyte, and electrodes to prevent the dissolution and shuttle effect of polysulfides in flexible Li-S batteries are provided. Finally some prospective investigation trends towards future research of flexible SIBs and Li-S batteries are also proposed and discussed. The scientific and engineering knowledge gained on flexible SIBs and Li-S batteries provides conceivable development for practical application in near future.

Scheduling Framework Using Dynamic Optimal Power Flow for Battery Energy Storage Systems

Battery energy storage systems(BESS)are instrumental in the transition to a low carbon electrical network with enhanced flexibility,however,the set objective can be accomplished only through suitable scheduling of their operation.This paper develops a dynamic optimal power flow(DOPF)-based scheduling framework to optimize the day(s)-ahead operation of a grid-scale BESS aiming to mitigate the predicted limits on the renewable energy generation as well as smooth out the network demand to be supplied by conventional generators.In DOPF,all the generating units,including the ones that model the exports and imports of the BESS,across the entire network and the complete time horizon are integrated on to a single network.Subsequently,an AC-OPF is applied to dispatch their power outputs to minimize the total generation cost,while satisfying the power balance equations,and handling the unit and network constraints at each time step coupled with intertemporal constraints associated with the state of charge(SOC).Furthermore,the DOPF developed here entails the frequently applied constant current-constant voltage charging profile,which is represented in the SOC domain.Considering the practical application of a 1 MW BESS on a particular 33 kV network,the scheduling framework is designed to meet the pragmatic requirements of the optimum utilization of the available energy capacity of BESS in each cycle,while completing up to one cycle per day.

Highly stable side-chain-type cardo poly(aryl ether ketone)s membranes for vanadium flow battery

Vanadium flow batteries(VFBs)have drawn considerable attention as an emerging technology for largescale energy storage systems(ESSs).One of the pivotal challenges is the availability of eligible ion exchange membranes(ICMs)that provide high ion selectivity,proton conductivity,and stability under rigorous condition.Herein,a‘side-chain-type’strategy has been employed to fabricate highly stable phenolphthalein-based cardo poly(arylene ether ketone)s(PAEKs)membrane with low area resistance(0.058Ωcm^(2)),in which flexible alkyl spacers effectively alleviated inductive withdrawing effect from terminal ion exchange groups thus enabling a stable backbone.The assembled VFBs based on PAEKs bearing pendent alkyl chain terminated with quaternary ammonium(Q-PPhEK)demonstrated an energy efficiency above 80%over 700 cycles at 160 mA/cm^(2).Such a remarkable results revealed that the side-chain-type strategy contributed to enhancing the ICMs stability in strong oxidizing environment,meanwhile,more interesting backbones would be woken with this design engaging in stable ICMs for VFBs.

2D Materials Boost Advanced Zn Anodes:Principles,Advances,and Challenges

Aqueous zinc-ion battery(ZIB)featuring with high safety,low cost,environmentally friendly,and high energy density is one of the most promising systems for large-scale energy storage application.Despite extensive research progress made in developing high-performance cathodes,the Zn anode issues,such as Zn dendrites,corrosion,and hydrogen evolution,have been observed to shorten ZIB’s lifespan seriously,thus restricting their practical application.Engineering advanced Zn anodes based on two-dimensional(2D)materials are widely investigated to address these issues.With atomic thickness,2D materials possess ultrahigh specific surface area,much exposed active sites,superior mechanical strength and flexibility,and unique electrical properties,which confirm to be a promising alternative anode material for ZIBs.This review aims to boost rational design strategies of 2D materials for practical application of ZIB by combining the fundamental principle and research progress.Firstly,the fundamental principles of 2D materials against the drawbacks of Zn anode are introduced.Then,the designed strategies of several typical 2D materials for stable Zn anodes are comprehensively summarized.Finally,perspectives on the future development of advanced Zn anodes by taking advantage of these unique properties of 2D materials are proposed.

基于改进VIKOR算法的梯次利用电池电网储能场景适用性评价方法

快速发展的电动汽车带来了巨量的退役动力电池,但其梯次利用场景缺乏科学的甄选方法。研究了梯次利用电池电网储能场景适用性评价方法。首先,从技术性能、经济性能和安全性能3个维度,构建了综合考虑电池运行状态、储能配置经济效益和梯次利用安全风险的梯次利用电池电网储能场景适用性评价指标体系。其次,采用多属性群决策方法优化设定评价维度权重,采用CRITIC法和熵权法形成组合赋权法对评价指标进行权重设置,设计了基于改进VIKOR算法的应用场景适用性评价算法。最后,针对峰谷套利、平抑可再生能源出力波动和调频辅助服务3种典型电网储能应用场景,量化计算了给定退役动力电池状态下电网储能应用场景的适用度。提出的梯次利用电池电网储能场景适用性评价方法可为给定状态的退役动力电池甄选出适用场景,为实际工程相关决策人员提供决策依据。

Realizing excellent cycle stability of Zn/Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)batteries by suppressing dissolution and structural degradation in non-aqueous Na/Zn dual-salt electrolytes

The low-cost and high-safety rechargeable zincion batteries(ZIBs)show promising applications for largescale energy storage.However,the(de)intercalation of divalent zinc ions with high charge density restricts cathode materials’choice.Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NVP)is one of the sodium(Na)super-ionic conductor materials that shows feasible utilization in aqueous ZIBs but universally has poor cycle life,commonly limited to 200 cycles or less.In this study,we investigate the capacity degradation mechanism of NVP systematically and then propose a novel organic dual-salt electrolyte to realize excellent cycling stability.We find a spontaneous dissolution of NVP when immersed in the static aqueous electrolyte,and there is an irreversible phase change during the first discharge process,leading to a fast capacity fading in aqueous electrolytes.The dissolution problem can be effectively suppressed by non-aqueous Zn^(2+)-containing electrolytes.However,the sluggish reaction of Zn^(2+)intercalation into NVP causes poor reversibility.We develop a non-aqueous Na/Zn hybrid system by adding Na^(+)ions as charge carriers to address this issue.Highly reversible co-insertion of Na/Zn ions into the NVP enables a high capacity of 84 mA h^(−1)and an outstanding lifetime of 600 cycles at 500 mA g^(−1)without capacity loss.This work provides valuable views on the NVP’s failure mechanisms that will be helpful for ZIB development.

Design and Construction of 3D Porous Na3V2(PO4)3/C as High Performance Cathode for Sodium Ion Batteries

An easy and delicate approach using cheap carbon source as conductive materials to construct 3D sequential porous structural Na3V2(PO4)3/C(NVP/C)with high performance for cathode materials of sodium ion battery is highly desired.In this paper,the NVP/C with 3D sequential porous structure is constructed by a delicate approach named as“cooking porridge”including evaporation and calcination stages.Especially,during evaporation,the viscosity of NVP/C precursor is optimized by controlling the adding quantity of citric acid,thus leading to a 3D sequential porous structure with a high specific surface area.Furthermore,the NVP/C with a 3D sequential porous structure enables the electrolyte to interior easily,providing more active sites for redox reaction and shortening the diffusion path of electron and sodium ion.Therefore,benefited from its unique structure,as cathode material of sodium ion batteries,the 3D sequential porous structural NVP/C exhibits high specific capacities(115.7,88.9 and 74.4 mA·h/g at current rates of 1,20 and 50 C,respectively)and excellent cycling stability(107.5 and 80.4 mA·h/g are remained at a current density of 1 C after 500 cycles and at a current density of 20 C after 2200 cycles,respectively).

蓄电池混合储能系统研究

锂离子电池系统成本高昂是阻碍其在电动设备中广泛使用的最大挑战之一。对某船采用的电池混合储能系统(Hybrid Energy Storage System,HESS)进行研究,分析电池混合对成本、系统效率和电池重量等3个关键指标的影响。该HESS的使用寿命设计为10 a,采用镍钴锰酸锂和钛酸锂作为高能(High-Energy,HE)和高功率(High-Power,HP)电池单体。研究表明,与采用HP电池和HE电池的单一型电池储能系统相比,HESS的效率没有下降,成本能分别下降约28%和14%,总重量能减少30%以上。

包含钠硫电池储能的微网系统经济运行优化

微网有利于充分发挥可再生能源发电等分布式能源系统的效益,实现需求侧管理及现有能源的最大化利用,但与此同时,可再生能源发电所具有的间歇性使得微网系统承受扰动的能力相对较弱。储能技术的应用将对微网系统的稳定运行控制发挥重要作用。以钠硫电池为储能研究对象,建立了包含钠硫电池储能的微网系统经济运行优化模型,并以一个微网系统为例,分析讨论了多种因素对系统经济运行优化结果的影响,验证了所建立模型的合理性。

钠硫电池储能应用现状研究

介绍了钠硫电池的结构组成、工作原理和参数特性,分析了钠硫电池的应用类型和应用现状;针对负荷平定、不间断电源和应急电源的应用情况给出了统计分析;以美国第一个兆瓦级储能项目为例说明了其成本构成和经济效益;对典型钠硫储能系统给出了设计方案和关键技术分析,对电池管理系统、功率转换系统以及监控系统给出了详细介绍;依据2010年国家电网对清洁能源做出的预计对于国内电力储能需求和钠硫电池国产化后的应用前景给出了预测。

电池储能系统的非线性控制器

电池储能系统具有快速、独立地输出有功/无功的潜在能力,在负荷平定、不间断电源、电能质量治理等方面具有很高的应用价值。文中以NaS(钠硫)电池为例,根据其在充/放电周期中端电压变化较大的特点,设计了包括DC-DC斩波调压电路和DC-AC整流/逆变电路在内的电网接入系统,建立了包括电池在内的装置数学模型并提出适用于该装置的控制策略。充分考虑了控制对象的非线性特点,采用反馈精确线性化的方法进行分析和控制器设计。仿真结果证明该控制策略具有良好的稳定性和动态响应,在电池参数存在差异的情况下能保持各组电池电流均衡。

钠硫电池储能系统的电价机制研究

采用成本收益模型研究了钠硫电池储能系统在电网削峰填谷作用中的电价机制。从单一容量电价、单一电度电价、两部制电价3种电价机制讨论了固定投资回报期下的储能电价策略。研究结果表明,对于能量型的钠硫电池储能系统,采用单一容量电价机制来制定储能电价不太合适,而采用单一电度电价和两部制电价机制则更为合适。随着钠硫电池储能系统单位能量建设成本从3 000元/kW·h降至1 000元/kW·h,采用单一电度电价和两部制电价机制制定的放电电价可控制在1元/kW·h左右,初步具备了与上海工商业高峰时段电度电价竞争的优势。

钠离子电池:从基础研究到工程化探索

近年来,对低成本储能技术日益增长的需求促使越来越多的科研人员和工程师加入到钠离子电池基础研究和工程化探索的事业中来,钠离子电池以可观的速度在近10年内快速成长。本文首先分析了全球锂资源形势,尤其是我国锂资源存在的潜在风险;随后回顾了钠离子电池的前世今生,并着重介绍了近些年全球钠离子电池的产业化现状。根据本领域最新的研究进展,提炼出了钠离子电池在成本、性能等方面的7大优势,这些优势使钠离子电池具有巨大的发展潜力。最后重点介绍了本研究团队在铜基层状氧化物正极和无定形碳负极等低成本电极材料研发及其工程化放大,以及钠离子电池研制和示范应用方面的工作。钠离子电池的成功示范证明了其实际应用的可行性。通过对电极材料、电解液、制造和成组工艺以及电池管理等方面进行优化,有望进一步提升钠离子电池的综合性能,尽快实现在低速电动车、数据中心后备电源、通讯基站、家庭/工业储能、大规模储能等领域的应用。

面向大规模电网储能的钠基电池研究进展

讨论了钠基储能电池体系,包括钠硫电池、Na-Ni Cl2电池和钠离子电池的发展历史、研发现状,以及不同电池应用到电网储能中的优势和存在的问题,展望了钠电池储能技术的未来发展方向,在后续研究中必须进一步提高现有钠电池的性能、降低储能价格。

电化学储能技术的研究进展

储能技术是一项可能对未来能源系统发展及运行带来革命性变化的技术。在众多储能技术中,技术进步最快的是电化学储能技术。以锂离子电池、钠硫电池、液流电池为主导的电化学储能技术在安全性、能量转换效率和经济性等方面均取得了重大突破,极具产业化应用前景。介绍了铅酸电池、锂离子电池、钠硫电池以及液流电池的电化学反应原理、体系特点和各材料的发展现状。