The circadian system plays an immense role in controlling physiological processes in our body.The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) supervises this system,regulating and harmonising the circadian rhythms in our body.Most ...The circadian system plays an immense role in controlling physiological processes in our body.The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) supervises this system,regulating and harmonising the circadian rhythms in our body.Most neurons present in the SCN are GABAergic neurons.Although GABA is considered the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS,recent studies have shown that excitatory responses were recorded in this area.These responses are enabled by an increase in intracellular chloride ions[Cl;];levels.The chloride (Cl;) levels in GABAergic neurons are controlled by two solute carrier 12 (SLC12)cation-chloride-cotransporters (CCCs):Na^(+)/K^(+)/Cl^(-)co-transporter (NKCC1) and K^(+)/Cl^(-)cotransporter (KCC2),that respectively cause an influx and efflux of Cl^(-).Recent works have found altered expression and/or activity of either of these co-transporters in SCN neurons and have been associated with circadian rhythms.In this review,we summarize and discuss the role of CCCs in circadian rhythms,and highlight these recent advances which attest to CCC’s growing potential as strong research and therapeutic targets.展开更多
Arsenic-contaminated drinking water is a public health problem in countries such as Taiwan, Bangladesh, United States, Mexico, Argentina, and Chile. The chronic ingestion of arsenic-contaminated drinking water increas...Arsenic-contaminated drinking water is a public health problem in countries such as Taiwan, Bangladesh, United States, Mexico, Argentina, and Chile. The chronic ingestion of arsenic-contaminated drinking water increases the risk for ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and prevalence of hypertension. Although toxic arsenic effects are controversial, there is evidence that a high concentration of arsenic may induce hypertension through increase in vascular tone and resistance. Vascular tone is regulated by the rhythmic contractions of the blood vessels, generated by calcium oscillations in the cytosol of vascular smooth muscle cells. To regulate the cytosolic calcium oscillations, the membrane oscillator model involves the participation of Ca2+ channels, calcium-activated K+ channels, Na+/Ca2+exchange, plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase, and the Na+/K+-ATPase. However, little is known about the role of K+ uptake by sodium transporters [Na+/K+-ATPase or Na+-K+-2Cl-(NKCC1)] on the rhythmic contractions.Vascular rhythmic contractions, or vasomotion are a local mechanism to regulate vascular resistance andblood flow. Since vascular rhythmic contractions of blood vessels are involved in modulating the vascular resistance, the blood flow, and the systemic pressure,we suggest a model explaining the participation of the sodium pump and NKCC1 co-transporter in low dose arsenic exposure effects on vasomotion and vascular dysfunction.展开更多
基金supported by a Commonwealth Ph D Scholarship(S.S.J.)NSFC grants to Y.W.(31771188,31471027)+1 种基金the University of Exeter Medical School start-up fund(J.Z.)NIH Grants R01 NS109358(J.Z.)。
文摘The circadian system plays an immense role in controlling physiological processes in our body.The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) supervises this system,regulating and harmonising the circadian rhythms in our body.Most neurons present in the SCN are GABAergic neurons.Although GABA is considered the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS,recent studies have shown that excitatory responses were recorded in this area.These responses are enabled by an increase in intracellular chloride ions[Cl;];levels.The chloride (Cl;) levels in GABAergic neurons are controlled by two solute carrier 12 (SLC12)cation-chloride-cotransporters (CCCs):Na^(+)/K^(+)/Cl^(-)co-transporter (NKCC1) and K^(+)/Cl^(-)cotransporter (KCC2),that respectively cause an influx and efflux of Cl^(-).Recent works have found altered expression and/or activity of either of these co-transporters in SCN neurons and have been associated with circadian rhythms.In this review,we summarize and discuss the role of CCCs in circadian rhythms,and highlight these recent advances which attest to CCC’s growing potential as strong research and therapeutic targets.
文摘Arsenic-contaminated drinking water is a public health problem in countries such as Taiwan, Bangladesh, United States, Mexico, Argentina, and Chile. The chronic ingestion of arsenic-contaminated drinking water increases the risk for ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and prevalence of hypertension. Although toxic arsenic effects are controversial, there is evidence that a high concentration of arsenic may induce hypertension through increase in vascular tone and resistance. Vascular tone is regulated by the rhythmic contractions of the blood vessels, generated by calcium oscillations in the cytosol of vascular smooth muscle cells. To regulate the cytosolic calcium oscillations, the membrane oscillator model involves the participation of Ca2+ channels, calcium-activated K+ channels, Na+/Ca2+exchange, plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase, and the Na+/K+-ATPase. However, little is known about the role of K+ uptake by sodium transporters [Na+/K+-ATPase or Na+-K+-2Cl-(NKCC1)] on the rhythmic contractions.Vascular rhythmic contractions, or vasomotion are a local mechanism to regulate vascular resistance andblood flow. Since vascular rhythmic contractions of blood vessels are involved in modulating the vascular resistance, the blood flow, and the systemic pressure,we suggest a model explaining the participation of the sodium pump and NKCC1 co-transporter in low dose arsenic exposure effects on vasomotion and vascular dysfunction.
