The liver has many significant functions,such as detoxification,the urea cycle,gluconeogenesis,and protein synthesis.Systemic diseases,hypoxia,infections,drugs,and toxins can easily affect the liver,which is extremely...The liver has many significant functions,such as detoxification,the urea cycle,gluconeogenesis,and protein synthesis.Systemic diseases,hypoxia,infections,drugs,and toxins can easily affect the liver,which is extremely sensitive to injury.Systemic infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can cause liver damage.The primary regulator of intracellular pH in the liver is the Na+/H+exchanger(NHE).Physiologically,NHE protects hepatocytes from apoptosis by making the intracellular pH alkaline.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 increases local angiotensin II levels by binding to angiotensinconverting enzyme 2.In severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019,high angiotensin II levels may cause NHE overstimulation and lipid accumulation in the liver.NHE overstimulation can lead to hepatocyte death.NHE overstimulation may trigger a cytokine storm by increasing proinflammatory cytokines in the liver.Since the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 increases with NHE activation,the virus may indirectly cause an increase in fibrinogen and D-dimer levels.NHE overstimulation may cause thrombotic events and systemic damage by increasing fibrinogen levels and cytokine release.Also,NHE overstimulation causes an increase in the urea cycle while inhibiting vitamin D synthesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.Increasing NHE3 activity leads to Na+loading,which impairs the containment and fluidity of bile acid.NHE overstimulation can change the gut microbiota composition by disrupting the structure and fluidity of bile acid,thus triggering systemic damage.Unlike other tissues,tumor necrosis factor-alpha and angiotensin II decrease NHE3 activity in the intestine.Thus,increased luminal Na+leads to diarrhea and cytokine release.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-induced local and systemic damage can be improved by preventing virus-induced NHE overstimulation in the liver.展开更多
Background Recent studies showed the central Na＋/H＋ exchanger type 3 （NHE3） has a close relationship with ventilation control.The objective of the study is to investigate the role of NHE3 in sleep apnea in Sprague...Background Recent studies showed the central Na＋/H＋ exchanger type 3 （NHE3） has a close relationship with ventilation control.The objective of the study is to investigate the role of NHE3 in sleep apnea in Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats.Methods A sleep study was performed on 20 male SD rats to analyze the correlation between the sleep apneic events and total NHE3 protein content and inactive NHE3（pS552） in the brainstem measured by Western blotting.Another 20 adult male SD rats received 3 days of sleep and respiration monitoring for 6 hours a day,with adaption on the first day,0.5％ DMSO microinjection into the fourth ventricle on the second day,and AVE0657 （specific inhibitor of NHE3） microinjection on the third day.Rats were divided into two groups with injection of 5 μmol/L or 8 μmol/L AVE0657 before the sleep study.The effects of AVE0657 on sleep apnea and sleep structure of rats were analyzed through self-control.Results The total post-sigh apnea index （TPSAI） and post-sigh apnea index in non-rapid eye movement （NREM） sleep （NPSAI） and total apnea index （AI） in NREM sleep （NAI） were negatively correlated with NHE3（pS552） protein contents in the brainstem （r=-0.534,-0.547 and-0.505,respectively,P＜0.05）.The spontaneous apnea index in REM sleep （RSPAI） was positively correlated with the level of NHE3（pS552） protein expression in the brainstem （r=0.556,P＜0.05）.However,the sleep AI had no relationship with total NHE3 protein.Compared with the blank control and microinjection of 0.5％ DMSO,5 μmol/L AVE0657 significantly reduced the total AI and NPSAI （both P＜0.05） without a significant effect on sleep architecture.In contrast to blank control and microinjection of 0.5％ DMSO,injection of 8 μmol/L AVE0657 significantly reduced the AI and PSAI in NREM and REM sleep （all P＜0.05）.Conclusions The severity of sleep apnea was negatively correlated with central inactive NHE3.A specific inhibitor of NHE3 decreased the sleep AI.Thus,our results indicate that central NHE3 might be a molecular target for sleep apnea treatment,whose inhibitors may be potential therapeutic drugs for sleep apnea.展开更多
The Na^+/Ca^(2+) exchanger(NCX) protein family is a part of the cation/Ca^(2+) exchanger superfamily and participates in the regulation of cellular Ca^(2+) homeostasis. NCX1, the most important subtype in the NCX fami...The Na^+/Ca^(2+) exchanger(NCX) protein family is a part of the cation/Ca^(2+) exchanger superfamily and participates in the regulation of cellular Ca^(2+) homeostasis. NCX1, the most important subtype in the NCX family, is expressed widely in various organs and tissues in mammals and plays an especially important role in the physiological and pathological processes of nerves and the cardiovascular system. In the past few years, the function of NCX1 in the digestive system has received increasing attention; NCX1 not only participates in the healing process of gastric ulcer and gastric mucosal injury but also mediates the development of digestive cancer, acute pancreatitis, and intestinal absorption.This review aims to explore the roles of NCX1 in digestive system physiology and pathophysiology in order to guide clinical treatments.展开更多
Adsorption isotherms of carbon dioxide （CO2）, methane （CH4）, and nitrogen （N2） on Hβand sodium exchanged β-zeolite （Naβ） were volumetrically measured at 273 and 303 K. The results show that all isotherms we...Adsorption isotherms of carbon dioxide （CO2）, methane （CH4）, and nitrogen （N2） on Hβand sodium exchanged β-zeolite （Naβ） were volumetrically measured at 273 and 303 K. The results show that all isotherms were of Brunauer type I and well correlated with Langmuir-Freundlich model. After sodium ions exchange, the adsorption amounts of three adsorbates increased, while the increase magnitude of CO2 adsorption capacity was much higher than that of CH4 and N2. The selectivities of CO2 over CH4 and CO2 over N2 enhanced after sodium exchange. Also, the initial heat of adsorption data implied a stronger interaction of CO2 molecules with Na＋ ions in Naβ . These results can be attributed to the larger electrostatic interaction of CO2 with extraframework cations in zeolites. However, Naβ showed a decrease in the selectivity of CH4 over N2, which can be ascribed to the moderate affinity of N2 with Naβ. The variation of isosteric heats of adsorption as a function of loading indicates that the adsorption of CO2 in Naβ presents an energetically heterogeneous profile. On the contrary, the adsorption of CH4 was found to be essentially homogeneous, which suggests the dispersion interaction between CH4 and lattice oxygen atoms, and such interaction does not depend on the exchangeable cations of zeolite.展开更多
Aim: To explore the possible mechanisms of male infertility caused by antisperm antibody (AsAb). Methods: Thesoluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) level in serum was analyzed by ELISA and Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPas...Aim: To explore the possible mechanisms of male infertility caused by antisperm antibody (AsAb). Methods: Thesoluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) level in serum was analyzed by ELISA and Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activi-ty in semen by phosphorus (Pi) assay. Results: The slL-2R level in serum was significantly higher and the Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activity in semen significantly lower in AsAb positive infertile men when compared with thecontrols. Conclusion: The AsAb titer varies with the slL-2R level in serum. A decrease in Na^+ -K^+ -exchangingATPase activity in semen may play a role in male infertility caused by AsAb.展开更多
We determined whether La3+ enter human peripheral blood lymphocytes via Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (measured with fura-2). We first compared the sensitivity of fura-2 with La3+ and Ca2+, the result indicates that the sensitiv...We determined whether La3+ enter human peripheral blood lymphocytes via Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (measured with fura-2). We first compared the sensitivity of fura-2 with La3+ and Ca2+, the result indicates that the sensitivity of fura-2 for La3+ is much greater than for Ca2+. La3+ forms a 1:1 La3+-fura-2 complex (apparent dissociation constant = 1.7x10(-12) mol/L, pH 7.05). Ouabain-pretreated cells, suspended in Na+-free medium, showed that La3+ can enter human lymphocytes via the Na-i(+)/Ca2+ (La3+)(o) exchanger and is found to be about 10(-12) mol/L in cells exposed to 0.4 mmol/L La3+. Otherwise, the higher concentration (0.1 mmol/L) blocks the Na-i(+)/Ca2+(La3+)(o) exchange-mediated influx of Ca2+, but the lower concentration (0.01 mmol/L) appears to increase Ca2+ entry.展开更多
文摘The liver has many significant functions,such as detoxification,the urea cycle,gluconeogenesis,and protein synthesis.Systemic diseases,hypoxia,infections,drugs,and toxins can easily affect the liver,which is extremely sensitive to injury.Systemic infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can cause liver damage.The primary regulator of intracellular pH in the liver is the Na+/H+exchanger(NHE).Physiologically,NHE protects hepatocytes from apoptosis by making the intracellular pH alkaline.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 increases local angiotensin II levels by binding to angiotensinconverting enzyme 2.In severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019,high angiotensin II levels may cause NHE overstimulation and lipid accumulation in the liver.NHE overstimulation can lead to hepatocyte death.NHE overstimulation may trigger a cytokine storm by increasing proinflammatory cytokines in the liver.Since the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 increases with NHE activation,the virus may indirectly cause an increase in fibrinogen and D-dimer levels.NHE overstimulation may cause thrombotic events and systemic damage by increasing fibrinogen levels and cytokine release.Also,NHE overstimulation causes an increase in the urea cycle while inhibiting vitamin D synthesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.Increasing NHE3 activity leads to Na+loading,which impairs the containment and fluidity of bile acid.NHE overstimulation can change the gut microbiota composition by disrupting the structure and fluidity of bile acid,thus triggering systemic damage.Unlike other tissues,tumor necrosis factor-alpha and angiotensin II decrease NHE3 activity in the intestine.Thus,increased luminal Na+leads to diarrhea and cytokine release.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-induced local and systemic damage can be improved by preventing virus-induced NHE overstimulation in the liver.
基金This work was supported bygrants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30900646） and the National Science Foundation of China （No. 81241004）. Conflict of interest： None.
文摘Background Recent studies showed the central Na＋/H＋ exchanger type 3 （NHE3） has a close relationship with ventilation control.The objective of the study is to investigate the role of NHE3 in sleep apnea in Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats.Methods A sleep study was performed on 20 male SD rats to analyze the correlation between the sleep apneic events and total NHE3 protein content and inactive NHE3（pS552） in the brainstem measured by Western blotting.Another 20 adult male SD rats received 3 days of sleep and respiration monitoring for 6 hours a day,with adaption on the first day,0.5％ DMSO microinjection into the fourth ventricle on the second day,and AVE0657 （specific inhibitor of NHE3） microinjection on the third day.Rats were divided into two groups with injection of 5 μmol/L or 8 μmol/L AVE0657 before the sleep study.The effects of AVE0657 on sleep apnea and sleep structure of rats were analyzed through self-control.Results The total post-sigh apnea index （TPSAI） and post-sigh apnea index in non-rapid eye movement （NREM） sleep （NPSAI） and total apnea index （AI） in NREM sleep （NAI） were negatively correlated with NHE3（pS552） protein contents in the brainstem （r=-0.534,-0.547 and-0.505,respectively,P＜0.05）.The spontaneous apnea index in REM sleep （RSPAI） was positively correlated with the level of NHE3（pS552） protein expression in the brainstem （r=0.556,P＜0.05）.However,the sleep AI had no relationship with total NHE3 protein.Compared with the blank control and microinjection of 0.5％ DMSO,5 μmol/L AVE0657 significantly reduced the total AI and NPSAI （both P＜0.05） without a significant effect on sleep architecture.In contrast to blank control and microinjection of 0.5％ DMSO,injection of 8 μmol/L AVE0657 significantly reduced the AI and PSAI in NREM and REM sleep （all P＜0.05）.Conclusions The severity of sleep apnea was negatively correlated with central inactive NHE3.A specific inhibitor of NHE3 decreased the sleep AI.Thus,our results indicate that central NHE3 might be a molecular target for sleep apnea treatment,whose inhibitors may be potential therapeutic drugs for sleep apnea.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.816660412 to Xie R and No.81160265 to Xu JY
文摘The Na^+/Ca^(2+) exchanger(NCX) protein family is a part of the cation/Ca^(2+) exchanger superfamily and participates in the regulation of cellular Ca^(2+) homeostasis. NCX1, the most important subtype in the NCX family, is expressed widely in various organs and tissues in mammals and plays an especially important role in the physiological and pathological processes of nerves and the cardiovascular system. In the past few years, the function of NCX1 in the digestive system has received increasing attention; NCX1 not only participates in the healing process of gastric ulcer and gastric mucosal injury but also mediates the development of digestive cancer, acute pancreatitis, and intestinal absorption.This review aims to explore the roles of NCX1 in digestive system physiology and pathophysiology in order to guide clinical treatments.
基金supported by the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(Project 200402910050)the Program for Changiiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(No.IRT0732)Major Basic Research Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province Colleges(No.08KJA530001)
文摘Adsorption isotherms of carbon dioxide （CO2）, methane （CH4）, and nitrogen （N2） on Hβand sodium exchanged β-zeolite （Naβ） were volumetrically measured at 273 and 303 K. The results show that all isotherms were of Brunauer type I and well correlated with Langmuir-Freundlich model. After sodium ions exchange, the adsorption amounts of three adsorbates increased, while the increase magnitude of CO2 adsorption capacity was much higher than that of CH4 and N2. The selectivities of CO2 over CH4 and CO2 over N2 enhanced after sodium exchange. Also, the initial heat of adsorption data implied a stronger interaction of CO2 molecules with Na＋ ions in Naβ . These results can be attributed to the larger electrostatic interaction of CO2 with extraframework cations in zeolites. However, Naβ showed a decrease in the selectivity of CH4 over N2, which can be ascribed to the moderate affinity of N2 with Naβ. The variation of isosteric heats of adsorption as a function of loading indicates that the adsorption of CO2 in Naβ presents an energetically heterogeneous profile. On the contrary, the adsorption of CH4 was found to be essentially homogeneous, which suggests the dispersion interaction between CH4 and lattice oxygen atoms, and such interaction does not depend on the exchangeable cations of zeolite.
文摘Aim: To explore the possible mechanisms of male infertility caused by antisperm antibody (AsAb). Methods: Thesoluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) level in serum was analyzed by ELISA and Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activi-ty in semen by phosphorus (Pi) assay. Results: The slL-2R level in serum was significantly higher and the Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activity in semen significantly lower in AsAb positive infertile men when compared with thecontrols. Conclusion: The AsAb titer varies with the slL-2R level in serum. A decrease in Na^+ -K^+ -exchangingATPase activity in semen may play a role in male infertility caused by AsAb.
基金The authors acknowledge the support of the National Natural Scicnce Foundation of ChinaProvincial Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi.
文摘We determined whether La3+ enter human peripheral blood lymphocytes via Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (measured with fura-2). We first compared the sensitivity of fura-2 with La3+ and Ca2+, the result indicates that the sensitivity of fura-2 for La3+ is much greater than for Ca2+. La3+ forms a 1:1 La3+-fura-2 complex (apparent dissociation constant = 1.7x10(-12) mol/L, pH 7.05). Ouabain-pretreated cells, suspended in Na+-free medium, showed that La3+ can enter human lymphocytes via the Na-i(+)/Ca2+ (La3+)(o) exchanger and is found to be about 10(-12) mol/L in cells exposed to 0.4 mmol/L La3+. Otherwise, the higher concentration (0.1 mmol/L) blocks the Na-i(+)/Ca2+(La3+)(o) exchange-mediated influx of Ca2+, but the lower concentration (0.01 mmol/L) appears to increase Ca2+ entry.
