An inversion decomposition test based on Monte Carlo response matrix on the γ-ray spectra from NaI(Tl) scintillation detector

The Na I(Tl) scintillation detector has a number of unique advantages, including wide use, high light yield,and its low price. It is difficult to obtain the decomposition of instrument response spectrum because of limitations associated with the Na I(Tl) scintillation detector's energy resolution. This paper, based on the physical process of c photons released from decay nuclides, generating an instrument response spectrum, uses the Monte Carlo method to simulate c photons with Na I(Tl) scintillation detector interaction. The Monte Carlo response matrix is established by different single energy γ-rays with detector effects. The Gold and the improved Boosted-Gold iterative algorithms have also been used in this paper to solve the response matrix parameters through decomposing tests,such as simulating a multi-characteristic energy c-ray spectrum and simulating synthesized overlapping peaks cray spectrum. An inversion decomposition of the c instrument response spectrum for measured samples(U series, Th series and U–Th mixed sources, among others)can be achieved under the response matrix. The decomposing spectrum can be better distinguished between the similar energy characteristic peaks, which improve the error levels of activity analysis caused by the overlapping peak with significant effects.

Direct Analytical Method to Calculate Photopeak Efficiency and Photopeak Attenuation Coefficient of NaI(Tl) Well-Type Detector

In this paper full-energy peak (photopeak) efficiency and photopeak attenuation coefficient of 3'' × 3'' NaI(Tl) well-type scintillation detector were calculated using gamma-rayisotropic radiating point sources (with photon energy: 0.245, 0.344, 0.662, 0.779, 0.964, 1.1732, 1.333 and 1.408 MeV) placed outside the detector well. These energies were obtained from 152Eu, 137Cs and 60Co. The relations between the full energy peak efficiency and photopeak attenuation coefficients, were plotted vs. photon energy at different sources to detector distance, and it found that the full energy peak efficiency decreased by increasing the distance between the source and the detector.

基于NaI(TI)晶体的海水核辐射原位探测器可行性研究

研制了一种基于NaI(TI)晶体的海水核辐射原位探测器,并进行了系列性能测试工作以及环境影响因素研究。研究结果显示:虽然探测器检测精度不及传统实验室方法,但其现有性能已可以满足海水核辐射现场预警监测需要;试验结果表明,为最大限度消除环境本底辐射值的干扰,探测器工作时应至少位于水下3 m且不能离底过近;经实验室验证,海水中钾元素确实会影响137Cs的测定,但该影响可由γ能谱中获取的40K数据进行校正。上述结果表明,利用基于NaI(TI)晶体的原位探测器技术现场实时监测海水核辐射是可行的,但仍需在探测器低功耗设计、探测效率提高以及试验场所构建等方面开展深入研究。

GAGG:Ce探测器与NaI:TI探测器性能比较

研究了封装反射层材料对GAGG:Ce探测器光收集的影响,同时与Na I(TI)闪烁体探测器进行了详细的对比性实验,用137Cs、60Co标准源测量了γ能谱,对GAGG:Ce与Na I(TI)闪烁体探测器的温漂、能量线性及能量分辨率等性能指标重点进行了讨论。结果表明:GAGG:Ce探测器随温度漂移变化程度较大;能量线性好,线性相关度r为0.9999;对662 ke V的γ射线能量分辨率为7.8~8.0%。

NaI:TI与LaBr_3:Ce^(3+)闪烁体探测器能量分辨的GEANT4模拟

闪烁体探测器γ能谱测量中,闪烁光子的产生、传输及光电器件收集、倍增均对能谱的分辨有巨大影响。为了精确模拟闪烁体探测器的能量分辨,采用蒙特卡洛模拟软件GEANT4建立了一套模型,分别对Na I(TI),LaBr_3:0.5%Ce^(3+)闪烁体探测器测量能量为662 ke V的γ射线能谱进行模拟,获得的结果与实验测试结果能够很好的符合,验证了建立模型合理性与可靠性,为闪烁体的设计提供了一套更精确的开发工具。

NaI(TI)探测器晶体体积对主要性能影响研究

使用^(137)Cs、^(60)Co和^(22)Na三种点射线源,分别探讨了由不同体积闪烁晶体组成的探测器对不同能量γ射线的峰效率、能谱响应及有效中心的影响。实验结果表明:随着闪烁晶体体积的不同,不同能量γ能谱光电峰的峰位及其能量分辨率都发生了变化。还发现探测器有效中心点的位置依赖于闪烁晶体的体积,其峰效率的倒数与探测器有效距离平方成反比。此实验结果可为改善不同体积NaI(Tl)闪烁探测器的能谱响应和高精度测量提供参考。

辐射场中NaI(TI)闪烁体探测器响应全过程模拟

NaI(TI)探测器是典型的闪烁体辐射探测器,其探测过程涉及辐射能量沉积、可见光信号产生与输运、光电转换与信号处理等物理过程。首先利用蒙特卡罗方法、Birks公式及射线追迹程序,开展了射线粒子在晶体中转为可见光输出过程的计算分析,并结合光电倍增管和信号处理电路的指标参数进行模拟仿真,得出探测器最终输出的脉冲电压信号参数;然后,在^(137)Cs源辐射场中采用Φ50 mm×50 mm NaI(TI)晶体耦合光电倍增管开展实验验证,实验测得探测器输出脉冲信号的上升/下降时间比为0.39,与模拟计算数值0.36相比,相差约7.69%,表明模拟计算模型的输出结果与实测数据基本符合,初步证明了论文的模拟计算模型及计算分析过程的正确性。论文提出的方法,对于深入理解辐射粒子激发的荧光可见光在晶体闪烁体中的传输规律和闪烁体辐射探测器系统的优化设计,具有一定参考意义。

Monte Carlo Simulation of in situ Gamma-Spectra Recorded by Na I(Tl) Detector in the Marine Environment

To develop a NaI （T1） detector for in situ radioactivity monitoring in the marine environment and enhance the confidence of the probability of the gamma-spectrum analysis, Monte Carlo simulations using the Monte Carlo N-Particle （ MNCP ） code were performed to provide the response spectra of some interested radionuclides and the background spectra originating from the natural radionuclides in seawater recorded by a NaI （T1） detector. A newly developed 75 mm × 75 mm NaI （T1） detector was calibrated using four reference radioactive sources 137Cs, 60Co, 40K and 54Mn in the laboratory before the field measurements in seawater. A simulation model was established for the detector immersed in seawater. The simulated spectra were all broadened with Gaussian pulses to reflect the statistical fluctuations and electrical noise in the real measurement. The simulated spectra show that the single-energy photons into the detector are mostly scattering low-energy photons and the high background in the low energy region mainly originates from the Compton effect of the high energy y-rays of natural radionuclides in seawater. The simulated background spectrum was compared with the experimental one recorded in field measurement and they seem to be in good agreement. The simulation method and spectra can be used for the accurate analysis of the filed measurement results of low concentration radioactivity in seawater.

Design of CsI(TI) detector system to search for lost radioactive source

This report presents a design system based on the use of CsI(TI) detectors to search for lost radioactive sources that are dangerous and harmful to individuals, including searching persons. For this purpose, the GEANT4 simulation toolkit was utilized to develop a system based on three detectors. Various simulated analyses were performed on the dose rates of the three detectors using different source–detector distances and detector separation. There were good agreement between the simulated results and the experimentally measured data. A new method was discussed to detect and search for radioactive sources based only on the dose rates in detectors with source activity. Numerical analyses were performed based on the measured dose rates and the difference of distances to determine the actual location of the lost single or multiple γ-ray sources at a specific angle. The detection limit was calculated from the background radiation to establish the sensitivity and capability of the proposed detector system. This system can be applied in fields in which it is necessary to locate unknown radioactive sources.

Extraction of full energy peak of ^(137)Cs from in situ NaI(Tl)gamma-ray spectrum

A Levenberg–Marquardt Gaussian fitting algorithm has been used for analyzing the overlap of three peaks(the 583-ke V peak of^(208)Tl, the 609-ke V peak of214 Bi, and the 662-ke V peak of^(137)Cs) using an in situ Na I(Tl) scintillation spectrometer. The algorithm, in addition,was compared with a genetic algorithm used for multiple deconvolution. The three fitted peak areas(583, 609, and662 ke V) were calculated from the measured gamma-ray spectra obtained from a simulation experiment in which a^(137) Cs source was buried at different soil depths(from 18 to38 cm). The application of the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm yielded similar results compared to the genetic algorithm. A lack-of-fit test showed that the fitting is good when the instrumental noise levels were estimated from replicated analyses. The relative fitting error of the total net area and the residual standard deviation were within 5 %and 0.04, respectively, and the goodness of the fitting was better than 0.98. While the methods used in this paper give high performance, the results may lead to incorrect estimation when the signal-to-noise ratio is smaller than-30 d B. This study is useful for the determination of radioactive specific activity of^(137) Cs by in situ spectrometry.

The energy response of LaBr_(3)(Ce),LaBr_(3)(Ce,Sr),and NaI(Tl)crystals for GECAM

The GECAM series of satellites utilizes LaBr_(3)(Ce),LaBr_(3)(Ce,Sr),and NaI(Tl)crystals as sensitive materials for gamma-ray detectors(GRDs).To investigate the nonlinearity in the detection of low-energy gamma rays and address the errors in the calibration of the E-C relationship,comprehensive tests and comparative studies of the three aforementioned crystals were conducted using Compton electrons,radioactive sources,and mono-energetic X-rays.The nonlinearity test results of the Compton electrons and X-rays demonstrated substantial differences,with all three crystals presenting a higher nonlinearity for X/-rays than for Compton electrons.Despite the LaBr_(3)(Ce)and LaBr_(3)(Ce,Sr)crystals having higher absolute light yields,they exhibited a noticeable nonlinear decrease in the light yield,especially at energies below 400 keV.The NaI(Tl)crystal demonstrated an"excess"light output in the 6-200 keV range,reaching a maximum"excess"of 9.2%at 30 keV in the X-ray testing and up to 15.5%at 14 keV during Compton electron testing,indicating a significant advantage in the detection of low-energy gamma rays.Furthermore,we explored the underlying causes of the observed nonlinearity in these crystals.This study not only elucidates the detector responses of GECAM,but also initiates a comprehensive investigation of the nonlinearity of domestically produced lanthanum bromide and sodium iodide crystals.

NaI(Tl)就地探测器测量海水中^(137)Cs与^(131)I的蒙特卡罗模拟研究

利用蒙特卡罗模拟程序MCNP研究了NaI(Tl)探测器对海水中137Cs、131I的比计数率响应情况;计算了NaI(Tl)探测器对不同半径海水球体源中137 Cs与131I的比计数率响应曲线;分析了探测器防水套筒、NaI(Tl)晶体尺寸与结构、射线能量等因素对比计数率响应的影响;拟合了3R3型、5R5型NaI(Tl)探测器最大比计数率ymax及有效探测距离D。防水套筒模型与裸晶体简化模型的计算结果对比表明,裸晶体模型会给计算带来明显的偏差,应在模型设计时,考虑探测器结构,构建更精确的模型。

大体积阱式NaI(Tl)探测器的效率计算与测量

使用蒙特卡罗方法模拟计算了一个用于4πγ计数的大体积阱式NaI(Tl)探测器的效率和能谱。采用一系列单能γ源标定探测器,对计算结果进行检验,其结果基本一致,两者间的最大偏差不超过±8%,证明计算结果是可靠的。

用NaI(Tl)探测器测量γ辐射场剂量特性的加权积分法研究

辐射场剂量特性的测量可以通过剂量率仪或谱 剂量转换的方法来实现。其中一种谱 剂量转换的方法是通过一个G(E)函数 ,把测得的结果直接换算成剂量而不需解谱。本文采用这种方法 ,对一个75mm× 75mm的NaI(Tl)探测器的能谱特性进行测量与分析 ,算出了该晶体的G(E)函数值及估计的误差 。

LaBr_3(Ce)与NaI(Tl)闪烁探测器的性能研究与比较

以铈离子激活的溴化澜晶体(La Br3:Ce3+)是近年来发现的一种新型无机闪烁体材料,因其具有较高的光产额、较好的能量分辨率、较快的衰减时间等优良性质,对溴化镧和碘化钠闪烁晶体进行了对比性实验研究,用137Cs、60Co等标准源在低本底铅室中测量了γ能谱。通过对比,重点讨论了La Br3(Ce)与Na I(Tl)闪烁探测器的能量分辨率和能量线性等性能指标。

基于三角圆筒铅屏蔽NaI探测器的放射源定位研究

随着放射源和放射装置的广泛应用,放射源事故的发生概率不断增大。因此,一旦发现放射源丢失,如何尽快将其定位并安全找回尤为重要。本文设计了一种三角圆筒铅屏蔽的NaI探测器,用于放射源的定位探测。实验研究了测量时间、铅屏蔽厚度、源与探测器间距、伽马射线能量等因素对放射源定位的影响。结果表明:对于137 Cs源,在空气吸收剂量率≥0.028μGy/h处,定位平均角度偏差≤1.24°;对于60 Co源,在空气吸收剂量率0.4μGy/h处,测量的平均角度偏差为1.16°;对于距离约1.5 m的9.25×105 Bq 137 Cs源,定位偏差约为0.097m。

基于14 MeVμs脉冲中子发生器与NaI(Tl)和BGO闪烁探测器的爆炸物检测系统的研制

介绍了利用14MeVμs脉冲中子发生器、NaI(Tl)和BGO闪烁探测器建立的爆炸物检测实验系统。研究了中子感生瞬发γ能谱的时间特性,分别测量了快中子的非弹性散射γ能谱和热中子辐射俘获γ能谱。使用了NaI(Tl)和BGO两种探测器测量γ能谱;NaI(Tl)探测器在测量14N的热中子辐射俘获γ10.835MeV时表现出了很好的性能,而BGO探测器则在测量12C和16O的快中子非弹性散射γ时得到了较好的结果。利用这两种探测器测量了22种样品,其中包括RDX、TNT、NQ3种炸药。根据NaI(Tl)和BGO测量到的中子感生瞬发γ能谱,在分析了1H、12C、14N、16O的元素含量之后,有效地实现了对炸药与普通物品的分辨。

基于极大似然估计的NaI(Tl)晶体仪器谱解析方法研究

若能量分辨率不足、对核素的识别能力较差,就需解析仪器谱。本文采用极大似然估计法,对NaI(Tl)探测的仪器谱进行解析。通过对合成谱线的解析,结果表明,该方法可以有效地分解能量差2/3 FHWM重叠峰。将该方法应用到野外γ能谱仪的标定中,在混合模型上的检验结果表明,采用极大似然估计法进行能谱解析,建立含量和净峰面积之间的正比关系,可有效提高野外γ能谱仪对U、Th、K测量精度。

蒙特卡罗模拟NaI探测天然γ能谱的软件设计方法及应用

由单个光子在地表介质和NaI探头中的反应轨迹与作用机理以及天然放射性γ能谱的分布规律,建立基于蒙特卡罗方法的随机抽样模拟模型,编制γ能谱探测模拟软件模拟在地空界面上及NaI(Tl)探测器中天然放射性γ射线响应谱线。结果显示,模拟谱线能较好拟合测量谱线。

应用蒙特卡罗方法确定NaI探测器的点源效率函数及其参数

为了探讨NaIγ探测器对点状γ射线源(以下简称“点源”)的探测效率与点源空间位置之间的关系,采用蒙特卡罗方法通用程序模拟计算了NaIγ探测器对空间不同位置处137Cs、60Co点源的探测效率。根据模拟计算结果,通过数值拟合方法,确定了NaI探测器对点源的探测效率函数及其参数。研究表明,应用蒙特卡罗模拟方法确定NaIγ探测器对于点源的探测效率函数及其参数是一种简便、有效的方法。