The Prevalence Outcome and Associated Factors of Teenage Pregnancy in the Bamenda Health District

Teenage pregnancy is a common public health problem worldwide because teenagers in general are ill-prepared to deal with the burden of pregnancy. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest burden of teenage pregnancy precisely in the west and central Africa;in Cameroon, about 12% of all births are to teenage mothers. Complications from pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death among girls aged 15 to 19. Though the trend of teenage pregnancy tends to decrease in most parts of the world, this is not the case in our setting. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, outcomes and the associated factors of teenage pregnancy in the Bamenda Health District (BHD). Materials and Method: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive and analytic study carried out at the maternity and postnatal units of the Bamenda Regional Hospital and the Nkwen Medicalised Health Center. A consecutive non-probabilistic sampling technique was used to recruit participants. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect information from the participant. Data was analysed using the software SPSS version 23. Bivariate logistic regression was used to test for associations. Statistical significance was set at p-value less than 0.05. Result: A total of 325 participants were recruited of which 44 were teenagers. The mean age of the participants was 25.02 ± 0.257 years. The mean age of teenagers was 17.49 ± 0.63 years, and mean adult age was 28.43 ± 5.64 years. The youngest participant was 15 years. Teenagers were significantly more likely to prematurity (OR = 0.14;95% CI = 0.06 - 0.31;PV = 0.001), Low birth weight among teenagers (OR = 0.077;95% CI = 0.03 - 0.21;PV = 0.001), Still birth;OR = 0.07;95% CI = 0.01 - 0.86;PV = 0.03) Neonatal admission also high among teenagers (OR = 0.172, 95% CI = 0.08 - 0.39, PV = 0.001) compared to the babies of their adult counterpart. The rate of caesarean section and episiotomy was high among adult deliveries (21.7%). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of teenage pregnancy (13.54%) in the Bamenda Health District. prematurity was independently associated with teenage pregnancy. perineal tears were the most common maternal outcome of teenage pregnancy. Adolescents/teenagers in rural areas, having a low level of income, and low level of education were associated with high level of teenage pregnancy.

Identifying the Hydrochemical Characteristics,Genetic Mechanisms and Potential Human Health Risks of Fluoride and Nitrate Enriched Groundwater in the Tongzhou District,Beijing,North China

Fluoride and nitrate enriched groundwater are potential threats to the safety of the groundwater supply that may cause significant effects on human health and public safety,especially in aggregated population areas and economic hubs.This study focuses on the high F^(−)and NO_(3)^(−)concentration groundwater in Tongzhou District,Beijing,North China.A total of 36 groundwater samples were collected to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics,elucidate genetic mechanisms and evaluate the potential human health risks.The results of the analysis indicate:Firstly,most of the groundwater samples are characterized by Mg-HCO_(3) and Na-HCO_(3) with the pH ranging from 7.19 to 8.28 and TDS with a large variation across the range 471-2337 mg/L.The NO_(3)^(−)concentration in 38.89%groundwater samples and the F^(−)concentration in 66.67%groundwater samples exceed the permissible limited value.Secondly,F^(−)in groundwater originates predominantly from water-rock interactions and the fluorite dissolution,which is also regulated by cation exchange,competitive adsorption of HCO_(3)−and an alkaline environment.Thirdly,the effect of sewage disposal and agricultural activities have a significant effect on high NO3-concentration,while the high F^(−)concentration is less influenced by anthropogenic activity.The alkaline environment favors nitrification,thus being conducive to the production of NO_(3)^(−).Finally,the health risk assessment is evaluated for different population groups.The results indicate that high NO_(3)^(−)and F^(−)concentration in groundwater would have the largest threat to children’s health.The findings of this study could contribute to the provision of a scientific basis for groundwater supply policy formulation relating to public health in Tongzhou District.

Considering Regional Connectivity and Policy Factors in the Simulation of Land Use Change in New Areas:A Case Study of Nansha New District,China

Numerous emerging development areas worldwide are receiving attention;however,current research on land use change simulation primarily concentrates on cities,urban clusters,or larger scales.Moreover,there is a limited focus on understanding the impact of regional connectivity with surrounding cities and policy factors on land use change in these new areas.In this context,the present study utilizes a cellular automata(CA)model to investigate land use changes in the case of Nansha New District in Guangzhou,China.Three scenarios are examined,emphasizing conventional locational factors,policy considerations,and the influence of regional connectivity with surrounding cities.The results reveal several key findings:(1)Between 2015 and 2021,Nansha New District experienced significant land use changes,with the most notable shifts observed in cultivated land,water area,and construction land.(2)The comprehensive scenario exhibited the highest simulation accuracy,indicating that Nansha New District,as an emerging area,is notably influenced by policy factors and regional connectivity with surrounding cities.(3)Predictions for land use changes in Nansha by 2030,based on the scenario with the highest level of simulation accuracy,suggest an increase in the proportion of cultivated and forest land areas,alongside a decrease in the proportion of construction land and water area.This study contributes valuable insights to relevant studies and policymakers alike.

Effects of drip and flood irrigation on carbon dioxide exchange and crop growth in the maize ecosystem in the Hetao Irrigation District,China

Drip irrigation and flood irrigation are major irrigation methods for maize crops in the Hetao Irrigation District,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China.This research delves into the effects of these irrigation methods on carbon dioxide(CO_(2))exchange and crop growth in this region.The experimental site was divided into drip and flood irrigation zones.The irrigation schedules of this study aligned with the local commonly used irrigation schedule.We employed a developed chamber system to measure the diurnal CO_(2)exchange of maize plants during various growth stages under both drip and flood irrigation methods.From May to September in 2020 and 2021,two sets of repeated experiments were conducted.In each experiment,a total of nine measurements of CO_(2)exchange were performed to obtain carbon exchange data at different growth stages of maize crop.During each CO_(2)exchange measurement event,CO_(2)flux data were collected every two hours over a day-long period to capture the diurnal variations in CO_(2)exchange.During each CO_(2)exchange measurement event,the biological parameters(aboveground biomass and crop growth rate)of maize and environmental parameters(including air humidity,air temperature,precipitation,soil water content,and photosynthetically active radiation)were measured.The results indicated a V-shaped trend in net ecosystem CO_(2)exchange in daytime,reducing slowly at night,while the net assimilation rate(net primary productivity)exhibited a contrasting trend.Notably,compared with flood irrigation,drip irrigation demonstrated significantly higher average daily soil CO_(2)emission and greater average daily CO_(2)absorption by maize plants.Consequently,within the maize ecosystem,drip irrigation appeared more conducive to absorbing atmospheric CO_(2).Furthermore,drip irrigation demonstrated a faster crop growth rate and increased aboveground biomass compared with flood irrigation.A strong linear relationship existed between leaf area index and light utilization efficiency,irrespective of the irrigation method.Notably,drip irrigation displayed superior light use efficiency compared with flood irrigation.The final yield results corroborated these findings,indicating that drip irrigation yielded higher harvest index and overall yield than flood irrigation.The results of this study provide a basis for the selection of optimal irrigation methods commonly used in the Hetao Irrigation District.This research also serves as a reference for future irrigation studies that consider measurements of both carbon emissions and yield simultaneously.

The Ancient Town of Nanxun

Built in 1252 during the Southern Song Dynasty(1127-1279),Nanxun boasts a rich cultural legacy that has accumulated throughout 700 years.THE ancient town of Nanxun is located in Nanxun District of Huzhou City,east China’s Zhejiang Province,nestled in the prosperous heart of the Yangtze River Delta region.

Optimization of Agricultural Industrial Structure in Changping District of Beijing Based on Grey Relational Analysis

In the economic development of Beijing,although the share of the total amount of agricultural industry in the overall economy is relatively low,it has an important impact on the daily life of residents,social stability and the development of other industries.Changping District,as an important agricultural production base of Beijing,its agricultural development has an indispensable strategic significance for the stability and growth of the entire regional economy.Therefore,it is very important to study the structure of agricultural industry in Changping District.Based on the detailed analysis of the agricultural industrial structure of Changping District,this paper uses the grey relation theory to analyze the different industries in the agricultural industrial structure of Changping District,including planting,forestry,animal husbandry,fishery and agricultural,forestry,service industries,in order to reveal the impact of these industries on the agricultural industrial structure of Changping District.Through this study,it comes up with specific and feasible suggestions for the optimization of agricultural industrial structure in Changping District,and provides valuable reference for the agricultural development of other areas in Beijing.

Fluid Inclusions of Calcite and Sources of Ore-forming Fluids in the Huize Zn-Pb-(Ag-Ge) District, Yunnan, China

The Huize Zn-Pb- (Ag-Ge) district is a typical representative of the well-known medium-to large-sized carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb- (Ag-Ge) deposits, occurring in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn Ore-forming Zone. Generally, fluid inclusions within calcite, one of the major gangue minerals, are dominated by two kinds of small (1-10 um) inclusions including pure-liquid and liquid. The inclusions exist in concentrated groups along the crystal planes of the calcite. The ore-forming fluids containing Pb and Zn, which belong to the Na+-K+-Ca2+-Cl--F--SO42- type, are characterized by temperatures of 164-221℃, medium salinity in 5-10.8 wt% NaCl, and medium pressure at 410×105 to 661×105 Pa. The contents of Na+-K+ and C1--F-, and ratios of Na+/K+-Cl-/F- in fluid inclusions present good linearity. The ratios of Na+/K+ (4.66-6.71) and Cl-/F- (18.21-31.04) in the fluid inclusions of calcite are relatively high, while those of Na+/K+ (0.29-5.69) and Cl-/F- (5.00-26.0) in the inclusions of sphalerite and pyrite are relatively low. The ratio of Na+/K+ increases in accord with those of Cl-/F-, which indicates that ore-forming fluid of deep source participates in the mineralization. The waters of fluid inclusions have δD values from -43.5‰ to -55.4‰ of calcite. The δ18OV-SMOW values of the ore-forming fluids, calculated values, range from 17.09‰ to 18.56‰ of calcite and 17.80‰ to 23.14‰ for dolomite. δ13CV-PDB values range from -1.94‰ to -3.31‰ for calcite and -3.35‰ to 0.85‰ for the ore-bearing dolomite. These data better demonstrate that the ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from metamorphic water and magmatic hot fluid, in relation to the metamorphism of the Kunyang Group in the basement and magmatic hydrothermalism. The deposit itself might have resulted from ascending cycles of ore-forming fluid, enriched in Pb and Zn. The Huize Zn-Pb- (Ag-Ge) deposits related to carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb sulphides.

Evaluation and Improvement Measures of Rural Human Settlements in Licheng District of Jinan City

Based on the data of rural human settlements in Licheng District of Jinan City in 2016,the evaluation system of rural human settlements composed of four subsystems（ social economy,infrastructure,public environment,and construction management） was constructed. According to the comprehensive scores of various administrative villages calculated by means of multi-index comprehensive evaluation method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method,the human settlements of 521 administrative villages in Licheng District were divided into four types： excellent,good,average,and poor. Moreover,the spatial differences in the evaluation results of rural human settlements were analyzed using GIS spatial analysis technology. Finally,based on the evaluation results of rural human settlements in Licheng District,some measures to improve and control rural human settlements in different types of villages at various development stages were proposed to fully improve the quality of rural human settlements.

Analysis of the Current Water Environment Quality of Xiaoquan Tributary in Ba'nan District

With the class V water standards of Surface Water Quality Standards( GB3838-2002) as a basis for evaluation,this paper monitors the water quality of Hongqi Village and Hongxing Village monitoring sections in Xiaoquan tributary of Huaxi River,and uses the single factor index method for evaluation.The monitoring results show that the water quality of the two sections falls within inferior class V,and Xiaoquan tributary can not meet the water functional requirements.The main reason for pollution lies in the pollution from the upstream sewage,and it is recommended to strengthen inter-regional water pollution control coordination mechanism and effectively address river pollution problems.

Construction of a Beautiful Village under the Concept of “the Integration of Scenic Spots and Villages”:A Case Study of Nanmen Branch in Wanli District,Nanchang City

Under the background of building a beautiful China,the integration of beautiful rural construction and rural tourism is one of the effective ways to build a sustainable village that is livable,suitable for industry and suitable for tourism.Nanmen branch in Wanli District,Nanchang City is based on the development concept of "the integration of scenic spots and villages",and carries out comprehensive regulation and develops complex tourism in six aspects:defining functional orientation,optimizing spatial distribution,deepening the theme image,innovating tourism products,creating advantageous industries,and improving service packages,so as to promote the beautiful rural construction.

Study on the Consolidation Potential of Construction Land in Bagongshan District of Huainan City

Based on grading of consolidation potential of rural construction land,coal mining subsidence areas,old towns and " villages within the city" in Bagongshan District,this article put forwards the following recommendations to fully tap the consolidation potential of construction land in Bagongshan District:strengthening the planning guidance;combining the construction land consolidation with beautiful countryside construction;focusing on the ecological civilization construction.

The Application of Old City Planning Based on the Concept of Smart Cities: A Case Study of Wanli District, Nanchang

The impact of a smart city as one of the new urban forms on the city is still in the exploratory stage. Therefore, it is necessary to fully analyze the impact of a smart city in the urban planning field, and actively explore the planning ideas and methods that are compatible with the planning and renovation of the old city. On the basis of applying the concept of smart cities, Wanli District of Nanchang City has paid attention to the optimization of urban spatial structure, focused on the development of tourism industry, built an intelligent transportation system with priority to public transport, and improved infrastructure construction, in order to provide guidance for the wisdom update of the old city.

Ecological Compensation-assisted Relocation in Extreme Poverty-stricken Counties in China’s Ecologically Vulnerable Areas: Taking Dongchuan District of Yunnan Province as an Example

Ecology-oriented poverty alleviation is not only a livelihood project that affects the vast majority of rural people but also a major project to win the fight against poverty. It is also an indispensable income component for the relocation of poor farmers. Dongchuan District,located at the intersection of Jinsha River and Xiaojiang River,is one of the key counties for poverty alleviation and development in China with a wide range of poverty and extreme poverty. The incidence of poverty reached 24. 36%. The ecology is fragile,and earthquake outbreaks frequently. Dongchuan District is a national key monitoring and defense area for earthquakes. A large number of goafs,subsidence areas and geological hazard areas have been formed in the mining area. The number of dangerous houses is large,and ' it has no way of supporting its own inhabitants' is the key point,difficulty and focus of the county’s poverty alleviation. Relocation is a must-have measure to move away from poverty. It is also complex system engineering,which is policy-oriented and difficult. Since 2017,Dongchuan District has regarded relocation has the top priority for poverty alleviation. It has strictly implemented national,provincial and municipal policies,focused on the overall goal of ' moving,securing and getting rich',and strongly promoted the relocation work for poverty alleviation. Obvious social,economic and ecological benefits have been achieved. Successful relocation,combined with ecology-oriented poverty alleviation and other targeted poverty alleviation measures,Dongchuan District’s fight against poverty has achieved a decisive victory. At the end of December 2018,the incidence of poverty in the region fell to 1. 09%,and 129 poor villages( including 86 extremely poor villages) had been successfully lifted out of poverty. This paper analyzes and condenses the specific practices,main achievements,benefits,successful experiences and implications of the region’s relocation combined with ecology-oriented poverty alleviation model,so as to provide necessary reference for the innovation of relocation in poverty-stricken counties of Yunnan Province and similar provinces( cities,districts).

Factors Affecting Adherence to National Malaria Treatment Guidelines in the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Malaria in Pregnancy among Healthcare Workers in Public Health Facilities in Jowhar District, Somalia

Introduction: Early diagnosis and effective treatment remain critical elements of a malaria control strategy in preventing mortality and reducing the incidence of severe malaria illness in Somalia. In Sub-Saharan African countries showed different levels of adherence to their national malaria guidelines for malaria treatment and prevention in pregnancy, while experiences from many countries indicated several challenges and constraints that may make the implementation of the guidelines difficult. Objective: The study aimed to assess factors affecting adherence to revised national malaria treatment guidelines in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnancy among health care workers in public health facilities in Jowhar District, Somalia. Methodology: A cross-sectional health facility-based study conducted in Jowhar district. A structured interview questionnaire was used for data collection from (n = 150). Healthcare workers selected from ten public health facilities using proportional to size sampling and an observational checklist was used to assess patient’s medical prescriptions to review their conformity to the guidelines and the availability of antimalarial drug, malaria diagnostic tests (mRDTs and microscopy) and job aids, such as the national malaria treatment guidelines, clinical algorithm (flow chart), malaria rapid diagnosis tests mRDTs’ use of wall charts, and drug dose wall charts at the facilities. Data was analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis that includes frequency, and percentages by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25. Results: Healthcare workers interviewed were 89 (59.3%) aware of the existence of the revised national malaria treatment guidelines. However, 61 (40.7%) were not aware of the guidelines and only 46 (30.7%) had been trained for the national malaria guidelines in the treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnancy. Overall, 33 (22%) of the workers reported to adhere to guidelines, with 117 (78.0%) reported non-adherence. A significant difference was observed in the training status among different categories of health workers with (p-value of 0.022). Conclusion and Recommendation: In conclusion, the study showed that adherence to the national malaria guidelines for Malaria diagnosis, treatment and prevention in pregnancy among health care workers are associated with inadequate awareness of the revised national malaria guidelines among healthcare workers, inadequate supply of diagnostic tests (mRDTs and microscopy) at the health facilities and lack of access to revised national guidelines for malaria diagnosis and treatment, a lack of regular supervision and monitoring and lack of in-service training respectively. The national malaria control program should intensify efforts to strengthen the readiness of the public health facilities in the district to handle malaria in pregnancy cases, diagnosis, treatment and prevention, improve the availability of antimalarial drugs and malaria diagnostic tests (mRDTs and microscopy), job-aids at the health facilities and undertake regular monitoring and on job training to ensure the proper use of the guidelines at all levels of health care service delivery points across the country.

Empirical Analysis on Dominant Agriculture in Agricultural Districts and Counties of Tianjin

At present,developing the dominant agriculture plays an essential role in promoting the agricultural modernization of Tianjin. Based on the theory of location quotient,this paper made a quantitative analysis of the dominant agriculture in the agricultural districts and counties of Tianjin. According to the analysis,it made a qualitative analysis of the factors. Finally,it determined the dominant agriculture of each agricultural district and county of Tianjin.

Effect of In-Service Training Program on the Practice of Healthcare Workers toward Malaria Prevention and Treatment Guidelines during Pregnancy in Health Facilities in Jowhar District, Somalia

Malaria is generally considered a major public health problem in Somalia. Providing early diagnosis and effective treatment is the key element of malaria control strategies in malaria-endemic countries, including Somalia. This required to advocate and ensure health worker’s adherence to the national malaria guidelines at all levels of health care service. A well-designed in-service training program may improve the level of health worker’s adherence to national malaria treatment guidelines, although results have been inconsistent. This is an interventional health facility-based pre and post comparative study aimed to assess the effect of an in-service training program on the practice of healthcare workers toward malaria prevention and treatment guidelines, during in pregnancy in health facilities in Jowhar district, Middle Shabelle region of Somalia. The study was implemented in three phases: pre-intervention phase, intervention phase and post-intervention phase. The sample size consisted of (n = 150) health workers who were selected from ten public health facilities using proportional to size sampling;the data collection adopted in this research is composed of a structured interview questionnaire and observational checklist. Data was analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis that includes frequency and percentage and the Chi-square (x2) test was used to test the associations among variables using SPSS software version 25. The study showed that the level of health workers’ awareness of the national malaria guidelines in the treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnancy was found to be good before the intervention 89 (59.3%) and this proportion increased to 150 (100%) post-intervention of the training program. A significance difference has been observed between health workers’ awareness and their adherence to the malarial guidelines at pre-test and post-test with a p-value 0.000. The proportion of health workers who attended previous training on national malaria guidelines in the treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnancy increased from 46 (30.7%) at the pre-test to 150 (100%) after the post-test. A significant difference was observed in the training status among different categories of health worker and their adherence to the guidelines during the pre- and post-intervention of the training program, with a p-value of 0.000. The result showed that health workers were adhering to the guidelines at the pre-test 33 (22%), this increased after the post-test to 87 (58%). The knowledge of the need to adhere led to an increase in the adherence rate after the training program intervention. The study reveals that inadequate awareness was most reason for the non-adherence in the majority of the health workers as indicated by 89 (59.3%) at the pre-test and 56 (37.3%) in the post-test. However, difference was not significant between the availability of anti-malaria drugs in the facilities and the health workers’ adherence to the guidelines p-value 0.355 at the pretest and p-value 0.258 at post-test. The study concluded that the in-service training program significantly improved health workers’ knowledge and practice to the national malaria guidelines in the treatment, and prevention of malaria in pregnancy. The researcher recommends that the national malaria control programme (NMCP) of the Federal Ministry of Health should provide continuous regular in-service training to frontline healthcare workers at (facility and Community-based) to upgrade their skills and knowledge towards the malaria guidelines, disseminate job aids to the health facilities and undertake regular monitoring to ensure effective implementation of the national malaria treatment guidelines in the treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnancy in achieving desired proper case-management practices of malaria in pregnancy at all levels of health care service.

Trace Element Geochemistry of Devonian Strata in the Shizhuyuan Ore District, Hunan Province

1 Introduction Both the Qiziqiao Formation and Shetianqiao Formation,which controls the occurrence and distribution of a great deal of metal mineral resources,are extensively developed in southern Hunan province(Liu et al.,1998),showing quite important indicative significance to deep concealed metal mineral resources(Yu et al.,2003).The geochemistry characteristics of Devonian strata could not affect the spatial occurrence shape of orebody

Quantitative Analysis of Mineralization-Alteration Index about the Huize Lead-zinc district in Northeast Yunnan, China

1 Introduction The super-large Huize lead-zinc ore district is one of the most representative lead-zinc deposits in Northeastern Yunnan poly-metallic deposit concentration district.So far,studies(Liu and Lin,1999;Han et al.,2007)on the type of deposits like the Huize lead-zinc deposit,focused on deposit genesis,the sources of metallogenic materials,

Research on Influencing Factors of Residential Rental Price Based on Hedonic Price Model:A Case Study of Nanshan District,Shenzhen

Taking Nanshan District,Shenzhen as an example,the paper studies the influencing factors of residential rental price via hedonic price model.The hedonic price index system is constructed and relevant characteristic variables are selected from the perspectives of building characteristics,location characteristics,neighborhood characteristics and rental characteristics.The residential rental data in the second half of 2020 are analyzed by multi-factors linear regression,and hedonic price model of house lease in Nanshan District is obtained to analyze the inherent law of residential rental price structure in this area.

Mineral Geochemical Characteristics and Indication Significance of Biotite-Rutile in the Gabbro Intrusions in the Yinmin Iron-Copper District, Yunnan

1 Introduction After the Dongchuan Orogenic movement(Hudsonian Orogeny,ca.1800 Ma±),the tectonic basement layer of the continental crust on the Yangtze massif could have been formed.And then tectonic-magmatic emplacement