Green Tribology： Influence of New DLC Coatings-Orientants and Amorphous on Antifriction Properties of Lubricants

Tribological properties of two new DLC--monocrystalline and amorphous nanostructural coating--are studied under conditions of boundary lubrication in inactive oil, as green tribology aspect. The friction tests were carried out by using two test configurations： ＂ball-on-disc＂ and ＂ring-to-ring＂. Friction surfaces were coated by carbon of two types： monocrystalline and amorphous ones. As lubricants some model and commercial oils were used. It is found that the friction coefficient and its temperature dependence differ significantly for carbon films under study. The obtained results were attributed to different orientating effect of these coatings on structural ordering in boundary layers, which structure is considered as a mesophase of liquid crystals. The findings suggest that the carbon coatings with orientating effect on boundary layers are advantageous for improving antifriction characteristics and for governing processes of boundary lubrication.

Microstructure and properties of Al_2O_3-13%TiO_2 coatings sprayed using nanostructured powders

The microstructure and wear performance of M203-13% TiO2 coatings prepared by plasma spraying of agglom- erated nanoparticle powders were investigated. SEM analysis showed that the as-sprayed Al2O3-TiO2 coatings comprise of two kinds of typical region： fully melted region and unmelted/partially melted nanostructured region, which is different than the conventional coating with lamellar structure. It is shown that the microhardness of the nanostructured coatings was about 15%-30% higher than that of the conventional coating and the wear resistance is significantly improved, especially under a high wear load. The nanostructured coating sprayed at a lower power shows a lower wear resistance than the coatings produced at a higher power, because of the presence of pores and microstructural defects which are detrimental to the fracture toughness of the coatings.

Plasma Spray Forming of Nanostructured Composite Coatings

The nanostructure composite coating is obtained via plasma spraying of Al2O3-13 wt pct TiO2 powder. Brittle and hard lamella results from melted nanostructured powder. Ductile nanostructured matrix forms from unmelted nanostructured particles. Through the adjustment of constituent and nanostructure, hardness/strength and toughness/ductility are balanced and overall properties of the structure composite are achieved.

Preparation and characterization of nanostructured Al_2O_3-13wt.%TiO_2 ceramic coatings by plasma spraying

Nanostructured and conventional Al2O3-13wt.%TiO2 ceramic coatings were prepared by plasma spraying with nanostructured agglomerated and conventional powders, respectively. The microstructure and microhardness of the coatings were investigated using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）, and microhardness measurement. Meanwhile, the friction and wear behaviors were analyzed and compared using a ball-on-disk tribometer. The results show that the conventional coating has lamellar stacking characteristic and has some pores. However, the nanostructured coating shows a bimodal microstructure, which is composed of both fully melted regions and partially melted regions. According to the microstructural difference, the partially melted regions can be divided into liquid-phase sintered regions （a three-dimensional net or skeleton-like structure： Al2O3-rich submicron particles embedded in the TiO2-rich matrix） and solid-phase sintered regions （remained nanoparticles）. The microstructural characteristics of the liquid-phase sintered region are formed due to the selective melting of TiO2 nanoparticles during plasma spraying. On the other hand, the TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles of the solid-phase sintered regions are all unmelted during plasma spraying. Due to the existence of nanostructured microstructures, the nanostructured coating has a higher microhardness, a lower friction coefficient, and a better wear resistance than the conventional coating.

Thermal stability of nanostructured NiCrC coating prepared by HVAF spraying of cryomilled powders

Thermal stability of nanostructured NiCrC coating prepared by high velocity air-fuel （HVAF） spraying of cryomilled feedstock powders was investigated. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, and X-ray diffraction （XRD） were utilized for characteristic analysis. Recrystallization and normal grain growth occur when isothermal treatment is performed at 923 K （0.55 TM） for up to 100 h, and the average grain size increases from initial 41 nm for as-deposited state to around 100 nm for nearly equilibrium state. Isochronal treatment at 823 K and 1023 K was also conducted for comparison. Accordingly, for 0.49 to 0.61 T/TM, the time exponent n deduced from D^1/n - D0^1/n = kt increases from 0.15 to 0.30. The observed high thermal stability is attributed primarily to a Zener pinning mechanism arising from the fine Cr2O3 dispersions and the solute drag effect as well.

Study of Multi-Function Micro-Plasma Spraying Technology

A multi-functional micro-arc plasma spraying system was developed according to aerodynamics and plasma spray theory. The soft switch IGBT （Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor） invert technique, micro-computer control technique, convergent-divergent nozzle structure and axial powder feeding techniques have been adopted in the design of the micro-arc plasma spraying system. It is not only characterized by a small volume, a light weight, highly accurate control, high deposition efficiency and high reliability, but also has multi-functions in plasma spraying, welding and quenching. The experimental results showed that the system can produce a supersonic flame at a low power, spray Al2O3 particles at an average speed up to 430 m/s, and make nanostructured AT13 coatings with an average bonding strength of 42.7 MPa. Compared to conventional 9M plasma spraying with a higher power, the coatings with almost the same properties as those by conventional plasma spray can be deposited by multi-functional micro-arc plasma spraying with a lower power plasma arc due to an improved power supply design, spray gun structure and powder feeding method. Moreover, this system is suitable for working with thin parts and undertaking on site repairs, and as a result, the application of plasma spraying will be greatly extended.

Ionized jet deposition of antimicrobial and stem cell friendly silver-substituted tricalcium phosphate nanocoatings on titanium alloy

Orthopedic infections pose severe societal and economic burden and interfere with the capability of the implanted devices to integrate in the host bone,thus significantly increasing implants failure rate.To address infection and promote integration,here nanostructured antibacterial and bioactive thin films are proposed,obtained,for the first time,by Ionized Jet Deposition(IJD)of silver-substituted tricalcium phosphate(Ag-TCP)targets on titanium.Coatings morphology,composition and mechanical properties are characterized and proof-of-concept of biocompatibility is shown.Antimicrobial efficacy is investigated against four Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains and against C.albicans fungus,by investigating the modifications in planktonic bacterial growth in the absence and presence of silver.Then,for all bacterial strains,the capability of the film to inhibit bacterial adhesion is also tested.Results indicate that IJD permits a fine control over films composition and morphology and deposition of films with suitable mechanical properties.Biological studies show a good efficacy against Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Enterococcus faecalis and against fungus Candida albicans,with evidences of efficacy against planktonic growth and significant reduction of bacterial cell adhesion.No cytotoxic effects are evidenced for equine adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells(ADMSCs),as no reductions are caused to cells viability and no interference is assessed in cells differentiation towards osteogenic lineage,in the presence of silver.Instead,thanks to nanostructuration and biomimetic composition,tricalcium phosphate(TCP)coatings favor cells viability,also when silver-substituted.These findings show that silver-substituted nanostructured coatings are promising for orthopedic implant applications.