Study on Water Pollution Control of Huaihe River and Countermeasures

Huaihe River is one of three major rivers in China with a large population and developed economy. By the 1970s, the water quality of Huaihe River was deteriorating daily and more than a hundred serious pollution accidents of water quality happened and caused the inestimable losses in the production, life and health of residents along the river and terribly damaged the ecological system of the river. Through the continuous large-scale treatment for more than 10 years, the deterioration of water quality in Huaihe River has been basically inhibited. Nevertheless, the water pollution in Huaihe River is, on the whole, still very serious for many reasons, including special climatic conditions, terrible lack of water resource, obsolete industrial structure and unsound management system for the river, etc. This essay deeply analyzes the rea- sons why the water pollution of Huaihe River is ＂chronic＂ and puts forward the corresponding countermeasures for how to continuously improve the water quality of the river. In the end, this essay argues that it still takes 30-50 years or even a longer period, even if every measures are implemented smoothly and strictly, to actually make the water of Huaihe River clean and gradually restore its normal ecological and environmental functions.

Soil and water loss in the Lancang River-Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) and its control measures

According to a lot of hydrological and environmental monitoring data, the condition of soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) is described. The occurrence and development of soil and water loss is analyzed. The conclusion is that: (1) generally, the situation of soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) is light, however, soil and water loss in some regions is serious, especially in the middle reach area of the river; (2) soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River (in Yunnan section, China) watershed presents developing tendency and it is mainly caused by human beings. In accordance with these results, the control measures for soil and water loss are discussed.

Numerical simulation of pollutant diffusion and decay process after a water pollution incident in the Three Gorges Reservoir

We established a hydrodynamic model to simulate the pollutant transport and decay process in the case of a pollution incident in the sections of the Yangtze and the Jialing passing through the city area of Chongqing. The Boussinesq assumptions and the Navier-Stokes equations of incompressible fluid were applied to setting up the pollutant diffusion equations and the equations for the decay process. E. colt was taken as the example pollutant, and chloride dosage, light, temperature and ultraviolet intensity were considered in the equations for bacterial decay process. The calculated values of the fluid velocities in the two rivers agree well with corresponding measured results, indicating an ideal accuracy of the model. In simulation, the concentration of E. colt in water was assumed to be zero before the accident. The and 1.75 m/s for the Yangtze flow, and the downriver boundary was upriver boundary velocity was -1.35 m/s for the Jialing flow water depth set at 0. Simulation results show that the bacteria are transported downstream along the riverbank. A long and narrow pollutant belt develops at 12 h after the start of the accident ascribed to the quick longitudinal transfer. After the pollution sources are cut off, the pollutant concentration decreases slowly, mostly by advection and diffusion, suggesting inadequate self-purification ability of the rivers and the necessity of effective decontaminating measures in the case of a pollution incident, The model can be a useful tool for understanding the polluting situations of an improper discharge incident and evaluating the effects of decontaminating measures for the water body of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

Impact of Forestry Interventions on Groundwater Recharge and Sediment Control in the Ganga River Basin

Water related services of natural infrastructure will help to combat the risk of water crisis, and nature-based solutions involve the management of ecosystems to mimic or optimize the natural processes for the provision and regulation of water. Forested areas provide environmental stability and supply a high proportion of the world’s accessible freshwater for domestic, agricultural, industrial and ecological needs. The present work on “Forestry Interventions for Ganga” to rejuvenate the river is one of the steps toward the Ganga River rejuvenation programme in the country. The consequences of forestry interventions for Ganga will be determined on the basis of water quantity and water quality in the Ganga River. The study conservatively estimated the water savings and sedimentation reduction of the riverscape management in the Ganga basin using the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) & GEC, 2015 and Trimble, 1999 & CWC, 2019 methodologies, respectively. Forestry plantations and soil and moisture conservation measures devised in the programme to rejuvenate the Ganga River are expected to increase water recharge and decrease sedimentation load by 231.011 MCM·yr-1 and 1119.6 cubic m·yr-1 or 395.20 tons·yr-1, respectively, in delineated riverscape area of 83,946 km2 in Ganga basin due to these interventions. The role of trees and forests in improving hydrologic cycles, soil infiltration and ground water recharge in Ganga basin seems to be the reason for this change. Forest plantations and other bioengineering techniques can help to keep rivers perennial, increase precipitation, prevent soil erosion and mitigate floods, drought & climate change. The bioengineering techniques could be a feasible tool to enhance rivers’ self-purification as well as to make river perennial. The results will give momentum to the National Mission of Clean Ganga (NMCG) and its Namami Gange programme including other important rivers in the country and provide inputs in understanding the linkages among forest structure, function, and streamflow.

Site Selection of Waste Slag Yard and Design of Protective Measures in Water Supply Project of Drawing from the Songhua River in Central Cities of Jilin

Water supply project of drawing from the Songhua River in central cities of Jilin is taken as research object.On the basis of analyzing project characteristics and natural conditions of the project area,site selection of waste slag yard of water diversion project and design of water and soil conservation measures are discussed.Rationality of site selection of waste slag yard and pertinence of prevention and control measures of water and soil loss in waste slag yard are analyzed,and comprehensive utilization of waste slag in large-scale production and construction projects is explored.

WATER POLLUTION IN CHINA:CURRENT STATUS, FUTURE TRENDS AND COUNTERMEASURES

Based on the statistical data related to water pollution in recent years, this paper firstly describes in detail the current status of water pollution and water quality in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, groundwater and coastal waters in China, then makes a comprehensive analysis on future trends of water pollution in China. The authors hold that the economic power, technology level and management level have determinative influences on the current status and future trends of water pollution. At last, this paper discusses briefly the policies and measures for preventing and controlling water pollution in the light of the national conditions.

Post-evaluation of a water pollution control plan： methodology and case study

China has developed more than 20 water pollution control plans for river basins （RBWPs） since 1996. However, the implementation has generally lagged. This paper proposes a three-step, post-evaluation methodology to analyze the implementation result of a RBWP and its influential factors. First, a multi-attribute evaluation method based on an index system is established to score the enforcement results of a RBWP. Indicators measure how well a RBWP has achieved its objectives, which include water quality compliance, pollution load control, project construction, financial inputs, and related management requirements. Second, an interpretive structural model is used to detect the significant factors that affect RBWP implementation. This model can effectively analyze the cause-effect chain and hierarchical relationship among variables. Five groups of factors were identified, namely, plan preparation, water resource endowment, policy, institution, and management. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed in the third step to evaluate the extent to which these factors have influenced the execution result of a RBWP, including pre-post contrast, scenario analysis, and correlation analysis. This research then post-evaluated the implementation of the Huai River Basin water pollution control plans （H-RBWPs） over a period of 10 years as a case study. Results showed that the implementation of the H-RBWPs was unsatisfactory during 2001–2005, although it improved during 2006–2010. The poor execution of these plans was partially caused by the underestimation of regional economic development in combination with ineffective industrial structure adjustment policies. Therefore, this case study demonstrates the feasibility and flexibility of the proposed post-evaluation methodology.

Analysis on the Status of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Xinan River Basin

Taking Xinan River basin as research object,the status of agricultural non-point source pollution was analyzed based on field survey,as well as the effect of fertilizer and pesticide leaching and runoff,livestock and poultry breeding and rural domestic pollution on non-point source TN and TP.At last,some technical countermeasures of controlling non-point source pollution were put forward according to the characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution in Xinan River basin.

江苏省平原水网区河湖生态水位确定探索与实践

保障河湖生态流量,事关江河湖泊健康。本文在分析江苏平原水网区域特点的基础上,选择生态水位作为河湖生态流量的表征指标,根据水利部确定的江苏省26条全国生态流量保障重点河湖名录,科学选定控制断面,采用1990—2020年水文序列资料,选用Qp法分析计算90%、95%、99%保证率下的水位,同步对比分析近10年最枯月水位、最低通航保证水位,最终确定了26条河湖的生态水位。通过制定保障措施方案、开展监测预警评估、强化统一调度管理等措施,全面保障区域河湖生态水位,为平原水网地区河湖生态水位的确定与保障提供了经验。

水资源污染综合治理措施及其防治效果评估研究

长期的水污染会破坏水环境,造成生态系统的破坏和失衡,影响人类的生产和生活。为此,研究水资源污染综合治理措施并评估防治效果。在分析了水资源污染物的4种主要类型后,从工业生产、市政管理以及工程保障3方面提出相应的治理措施,并使用模糊综合评价法对治理后的效果评价,将评价结果分为5个等级,利用加权平均原则对评价结果定量计算。将所提治理措施应用在某市生态公园调节塘内,经一段时间后检验该塘水质有了明显改善,防治效果评估结果为优秀,证明所提方法在水资源污染治理方面具有可行性。

宿迁市河流生态水位管控目标与预警机制分析

针对宿迁市近年水环境保护与水生态修复实践,阐述了宿迁市开展的第一批及相关重要河道生态水位制定情况与实施政策,分析了河道生态水位管理的工程调度原则与预警机制方案设计等技术内容,提出了河道生态水位管控目标保障措施。相关技术方法对构建完善的生态水位目标管控长效机制,提升宿迁市河湖水生态环境质量具有重要决策参考价值。

海河流域水土流失空间分布特征及防治对策

基于2020年海河流域水土流失动态监测成果,计算县级行政区土壤侵蚀严重指数,分析流域水土流失面积及分布特征等,提出水土流失综合防治对策。流域水土流失面积占土地总面积的20.84%,占山区土地面积的34.21%;土壤侵蚀严重的县级行政区有5个,较严重的有63个;水土流失分布主要集中在永定河上游黄土丘陵区、太行山土石山区、冀北燕山石质山区和燕山北部坝上风沙区等区域。水土流失发生重点地类以旱地、有林地、其他草地、灌木林地和天然牧草地为主,呈现面积不大但相对集中、危害大的特点;生产活动频繁导致水土流失仍然严重,土壤侵蚀强度不高,但治理难度大。当前,水土流失依然是海河流域主要生态问题之一,水土流失防治应结合区域水土流失特点科学布局,系统配置各类措施,推进流域水土流失治理高质量发展。

曹娥江流域水环境容量与污染负荷分配研究

以曹娥江流域为研究对象,计算水环境容量,将其分配至各控制单元并细化到污染源类型,提出各控制单元污染物的削减量,以期提升曹娥江水环境质量。结果表明:1)2016—2021年,曹娥江流域内的屠家埠、汤曹汇合口和曹娥江大闸闸前3个监测断面的COD、氨氮、TP均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类要求。2)COD、氨氮、TN、TP入河量分别为16013.20、959.10、3658.53、416.05 t/a,且主要以非点源为主。3)基于满足曹娥江流域水体监测断面和入海断面水质达标的约束条件下,COD、氨氮、TN、TP水环境容量分别为47945.18、2435.81、6863.19、474.98 t/a。流域内COD还有剩余水环境容量,不需削减,氨氮、TN、TP分别需削减6.91、501.52、128.34 t/a。

某县域地表水体氨氮污染控制策略及水质达标保障措施

某县域为离子型中重稀土发源地之一,原地浸矿稀土开采工艺造成一定程度的地表水体氨氮污染问题。概述了该区域地表水体氨氮污染状况,分别解析了水体氨氮污染对人体健康和生态环境的危害,提出了“控源—截污—清淤—修复”相结合的水体氨氮污染控制策略,提出了无氨浸矿、优化浸矿工艺等控源措施;通过超声波强化厌氧氨氧化工艺及太阳光强化氯氧化技术提高截污效果,大大提升截污效率,节省截污成本;列举了机械清淤、水力清淤、人工清淤以及生物疏浚等清淤措施;并采用原位与异位技术对水体进行修复。最后从组织管理、制度措施和经费保障3个角度阐述了水质达标保障措施,旨在为水体氨氮污染治理奠定基础。

寇河流域非点源总磷多情景减排措施效果分析

近年来寇河水质不能稳定达标,总磷为该水体的主要污染物之一,评估各面源污染控制措施的减排效果,对寇河流域水环境的后续治理具有重要意义。构建SWAT模型,使用实测径流水质数据对模型参数进行率定和验证,用校准后的模型模拟多种调控措施的减排效果。结果显示,测土配方施肥的总磷削减率为28.54%,设置缓冲带的总磷削减率为43.25%,残茬覆盖耕作的总磷削减率为41.76%,各措施均能有效减少面源总磷入河量。

环巢湖地区沙河流域污染负荷总量控制及削减措施

针对巢湖污染负荷总量控制的问题,以巢湖二级子流域沙河流域为研究对象,基于对沙河流域水文特征、河道水质受损情况、污染源分布及源强评估分析,建立了陆域污染物负荷与水质定量响应关系,识别了流域重点控制区域,通过水文模拟模型(HSPF)模拟了流域污染负荷总量控制目标值,并制定了污染负荷削减分配方案。结果表明:在工业点源污染、生产区径流污染、村镇生活污水处理严格执行巢湖流域地方排放标准,镇区截污纳管率提高到80%,村镇坑塘治理率达到85%以上等削减措施情景下,各管控区域出口断面水质可达到目标水质考核要求。

茫溪河流域乐山段污染成因识别及防治对策研究

为实现岷江一级支流茫溪河水质提升目标,利用单因子评价法对茫溪河干流8个监测断面31个月水质进行分析,根据污染源资料结合相关系数估算茫溪河排污负荷,并由此为茫溪河水环境改善提出对策建议。研究结果表明:茫溪河干流水质以Ⅳ类为主,个别时期为V类甚至劣V类,中上游区域在2~7月易发生氨氮突发性污染,总磷污染呈现较强的季节性规律,易在5~9月份出现,各断面高锰酸盐指数除1月、11月、12月外全年大部分时期超标。茫溪河以农业、生活源污染为主,各乡镇TP排污负荷以研城、马踏、茅桥、竹根等乡镇较大,COD排污负荷以研城、王村、马踏、竹根等乡镇较大,NH_(3)-N年排污负荷以研城、白马、马踏、竹根等乡镇较大。

基于MIKE 11的秦淮河流域控制断面水质达标模拟

选取外秦淮河控制断面作为研究对象,构建秦淮河一维水环境数学模型(MIKE 11),模拟不同水文气象条件下多种引水工况和污染削减方案对水质改善的影响。结果表明:当上游来水为Ⅲ类水时,汛期污染量削减≥50%,非汛期污染量削减≥50%或秦淮新河调水量≥15 m^(3)/s可保证断面水质达标;在90%降雨保证率情景下,区域污染量削减≥50%或秦淮新河引水≥30 m^(3)/s,以及引水量≥15 m3/s和污染量削减≥25%的组合方案可保证断面水质达标。当上游来水维持现状时,非汛期需要增加区域污染削减率或秦淮新河引水量来保证断面水质达标。

突发水污染事件风险分析——以引江济淮工程(河南段)为例

从交通事故风险、污水排入风险以及其他风险等方面识别引江济淮工程(河南段)突发水污染事件的风险源,建立适应性的风险评价指标体系、指标等级划分标准和风险等级评价模型,综合评估7个评价河段突发水污染事件风险等级。结果表明:2个评价河段的风险等级为重大(Ⅱ级),5个评价河段的风险等级为较大(Ⅲ级)。从降低风险源危险性、提高风险控制有效性等方面提出突发水污染事件风险管控对策措施。本研究为降低引江济淮工程(河南段)突发水污染事件的发生概率和危害程度提供了支撑,对发挥工程综合效益、保障受水区供水安全、维护良好的水生态环境具有重要意义。

内蒙古入河排污口现状及整治建议

入河排污口排查整治是推动流域水生态环境质量提高的基础性举措。入河排污口规范化建设是“十四五”水生态环境保护的重要工作,对提高区域生态环境及促进绿色、高质量发展具有重要意义。通过分析内蒙古自治区入河排污口整治现状得出:按流域统计,黄河流域占41.8%;按类型统计,工业排污口占36.3%;按盟市统计,赤峰市占比个数最多,为35.2%。依据现状,提出按分类进行整治、建立健全长效机制等对策建议,为深入打好碧水保卫战、全面加快自治区入河排污口排查整治工作进度提供依据。