A STUDY ON THE ECOLOGICAL CLIMATES OF SOME FAMOUS TEA GROWING AREAS IN HIGH MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS OF CHINA

The tea tree [Camellia sinensis (L) Kuntze] is one of the world’s economic crops. It is an especially important crop for southern China. Environmental factors related to the tea yield and quality in some high mountain areas of China are identified in this paper. These factors are: geology, topography, climate, hydrology, soil and vegetation. Climatological factors are the most important. Using data collected from meteorological stations which are situated at the summit and the base of high mountains, this paper discusses ecological climatic problems in growing tea in China. The ecological climatic characteristics of the famous tea areas mainly included are as follows: more . amounts of clouds and fog, less percentage of sunshine, abundant rainfall and high relative humidity in the air, temperatures that rise and fall slowly, daily and annual temperature ranges that are smaller, more days that are suitable for tea growing and low wind speeds in the lee-sides and valleys of mountains. All of these

Study on Eco-climate Type Regionalization of Wheat Growing Areas in Yunnan Province

In order to provide an objective and scientific theoretical basis for rational distribution of wheat growth in Yunnan Province,according to the relationship between Yunnan weather conditions and wheat growth adaptability,a study on eco-climate type regionalization of wheat growing areas in Yunnan was conducted using principal component analysis and GIS technology. The results show that Yunnan Province could be divided into four types,namely southern warm and humid wheat growing area,central semi-arid wheat growing area,central semi-humid wheat growing area and north-central cold wheat growing area.

Biodiversity Risk and Opportunity Assessment in BAT Cooperative Tobacco-growing Areas

Using the method in Biodiversity Risk and Opportunity Assessment Handbook of British American Tobacco Biodiversity Partnership,we assess biodiversity risks and opportunities in BAT and China's cooperative tobacco-growing areas. The assessment results indicate that there are 8 risks and 1 opportunity. Action and monitoring plans have been made for medium and high risks as well as opportunity,to reduce impact on biodiversity.

Spatial-temporal Heterogeneity of Green Development Efficiency and Its Influencing Factors in Growing Metropolitan Area: A Case Study for the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area

This study analyzed the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of green development efficiency and its influencing factors in the growing Xuzhou Metropolitan Area for the period 2000–2015.The slacks-based measure(SBM)model,spatial autocorrelation,and the geographically weighted regression(GWR)model were used to conduct the analysis.The conclusions were as follows:first,the overall efficiency of green development of the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area decreased,the regional differences and spatial agglomeration shrunk and differences within the region were the main contributors to the regional differences of green development efficiency.Second,the counties with high-efficiency green development were distributed along the coast,and along the routes of the Beijing-Shanghai and the Eastern Longhai railways.A developing axis of the high-efficiency counties was the main feature of the spatial pattern for green development efficiency.Third,regarding spatial correlation and green development efficiency,the High-High type counties in the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area formed a centralized distribution corridor along the inter-provincial border areas of Henan and Jiangsu,whereas the Low-Low type counties were concentrated in the external,marginal parts of the metropolitan area.Fourth,the major factors(ranked in decreasing order of impact)influencing green development efficiency were innovation,government regulations,the economic development level,energy consumption,and industrial structure.These factors exerted their influence to varying extents;the influence of the same factor had different effects in different regions and obvious spatial differences were observed for the different regions.

Determination of Exchangeable Ca and Mg Contents in Tobacco Growing Area by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

[Objective] A method for the determination of exchangeable Ca and Mg contents in tobacco growing area by atomic absorption spectrometry was established. [Method] Factors in the extraction process, sample weight, ammonium acetate volume, extraction time and strontium chloride volume were tested, and the stability, precision and accuracy of the method were also investigated. Meanwhile, samples at different pH values were determined by this method. [Result] The results showed that this method operation has simple operation with good stability and high precision. [Conclusion] This method could be applied to determine exchangeable Ca and Mg contents in tobacco growing area.

Analysis of the Impact of the Growing Area of Food Crops on Farmers' Income in Yunnan Province

As a major agricultural province,Yunnan has always attached great importance to food production,and the proportion of the growing area of food crops to the growing area of total crops is more than one half in Yunnan Province,but the grain production efficiency has been low in recent years.Therefore,under the guidance of stabilizing food production and adjusting structure proposed by Yunnan provincial government,we analyze the impact of the growing area of food crops on farmers' income,based on the recent trends of the growing area of food crops.Finally we put forth the following recommendations:developing the food production based on market; rationally making overall arrangement of planting structure; paying attention to the agricultural science and technology progress.

Recommendations for Sustainable Development of Ankang Tobacco Growing Area

Sustainable development of high quality characteristic tobacco is the only path for future development of China's tobacco industry.In combination with realities of tobacco development in Ankang tobacco growing area,this paper made analysis on factors restricting sustainable development of Ankang tobacco growing area.On the basis of actual situations,it came up with recommendations including establishing scientific basic tobacco field protection system,gradually cultivating professional tobacco farmers and strengthening tobacco technician team construction,improving scientific and technological innovation,implementing standardized technologies,improving tobacco production organization mode,and improving tobacco production security mechanism.

Influence of the Year and Growing Area on Maize (Zea mays L.) Production in the Central and North-Central Zones of Côte d’Ivoire (Departments of Bouake and Katiola)

Several studies conducted in recent years in Côte d’Ivoire reveal that agriculture is increasingly affected by the adverse effects of climate variability. The present study aims at evaluating the effect of the zone and the year of cultivation on the productivity of maize in the Central and North-Central zones of Cote d’Ivoire. It was carried out for two years (2020 and 2021). The experimental design used was a completely randomized block design with three replications. Observations were made on 12 agronomic parameters (plant size, internode size, collar diameter, number of leaves, number of internodes, cob insertion level, cob length, cob diameter, total kernels, cob dry weight, kernel dry weight, yield). The results showed that all agronomic traits of maize were significantly influenced by locality, except for the number of leaves. The highest values of the traits were observed in the locality of Bouaké. However, the year of cultivation did not influence the agronomic parameters of maize. This study will help to avoid yield decreases due to rainfall disturbances as a consequence of climate change.

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments

Study on the Sustainable Development of the Tobacco-growing Area in South Anhui

Based on the actual situation of tobacco production in South Anhui tobacco-growing area,the paper analyzes several major constraints,and discusses several aspects such as tobacco production human resources,production of large-scale cultivation,science and technology service providers,the standardized production management and production security system. The countermeasures and suggestions for sustainable development are also put forward to provide a reference for the sustainable development of tobacco-growing area in South Anhui.

Flotation bubble image segmentation based on seed region boundary growing

Segmenting blurred and conglutinated bubbles in a flotation image is done using a new segmentation method based on Seed Region and Boundary Growing（SRBG）.Bright pixels located on bubble tops were extracted as the seed regions.Seed boundaries are divided into four curves：left-top,right-top,right-bottom, and left-bottom.Bubbles are segmented from the seed boundary by moving these curves to the bubble boundaries along the corresponding directions.The SRBG method can remove noisy areas and it avoids over- and under-segmentation problems.Each bubble is segmented separately rather than segmenting the entire flotation image.The segmentation results from the SRBG method are more accurate than those from the Watershed algorithm.

Growing stock variation in different teak (Tectona grandis) forest stands of Mizoram,India

The growing stock assessment of three different teak forest stands （Tuirial： 500 m asl, Sairang： 200 m asl and Phunchawng： 550 m asl） was done in 2006 in Mizoram, India. Five diameter classes were arbitrarily established for knowing the volume attribute data and population structure, viz. a （10-20 cm）, b （20-30 cm）, c （30-40 cm）, d （40-50 cm）, and e （50-60 cm）. Results revealed that the density of the individuals among the studied stands varied from 280 stems/ha to 620 stems/ha. The average diameter of all the individuals ranged between 27.48 cm and 35.43 cm. Similarly, the average height was oscillated between 17.87 m and 22.24 m. The total basal area was recorded between 24.28 m2.ha-1 and 45.80 m2.ha＂l. The maximum and minimum values of total growing stock under all the diameter classes were 669.01 m3.ha-1 and 284.7 m3.ha-1, respectively. The representation of population structure of different stands explained that the perpetuation of this species was ensured for a quite long time.

基于MaxEnt模型的冬樱花潜在引种区研究

冬樱花(Cerasus cerasoides)是全球唯一在冬季盛开的樱花,主要分布于中国云南省,园林应用潜力巨大,但近年来冬樱花向省外的引种并不成功。因此,研究冬樱花在中国的潜在适生区对冬樱花园林引种和推广应用具有重要意义。收集冬樱花275个地理分布信息、32个环境变量因子以及当代(1970–2000年)、未来(2021–2070年)的气候数据,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和地理信息系统(ArcGIS),预测当代和未来气候环境下冬樱花在中国的潜在引种区,并通过基于刀切法的ROC曲线对预测精度进行检验。影响冬樱花潜在引种区分布的主要环境因子包括:季节性温度变化、最干月降水量、等温性和海拔。预测模型的评估指标(AUC值)为0.983,表明预测精度极高,结果可靠。当前气候条件下,冬樱花引种区总面积为4.99×10^(5)km^(2),占中国陆地面积5.42%。其中,高、中、低引种区面积分别为2.04×10^(5)km^(2)(2.21%)、1.23×10^(5)km^(2)(1.24%)、1.81×10^(5)km^(2)(1.96%)。冬樱花潜在引种区主要分布在西南地区及华南地区。未来气候条件下,冬樱花的潜在引种区总面积呈增加趋势,适生区以高适生区为中心向四周扩散,尤其是东南方向。旨在为冬樱花的引种栽培、推广应用和区划研究提供参考。

基于改进LSTM的蘑菇生长状态时空预测算法

密集蘑菇簇会严重影响蘑菇质量和自动采摘成功率。为避免形成超密集蘑菇簇,提出一种蘑菇生长状态时空预测算法,对蘑菇生长状态进行预测以指导提前疏蕾。该算法采用编码器-预测器框架,将历史序列图像转换为3D张量序列作为模型的输入;编码器网络中将卷积和长短时记忆(Long short term memory, LSTM)网络融合实现对蘑菇生长的时空相关性特征的提取;在预测网络中加入扩散模型以解决预测图像的模糊问题;此外,在损失函数中增加了蘑菇面积差异损失函数来进一步减小预测蘑菇与实际蘑菇的形状和位置偏差。实验结果表明,本文算法峰值信噪比可达35.611 dB、多层级结构相似性为0.927、蘑菇预测准确性高达0.93,有效提高了蘑菇生长状态图像预测质量和精度,为食用菌生长预测提供了一种新思路。

融合注意力机制与多尺度信息的葡萄种植区变化检测

为准确获取葡萄空间变化信息,实现产业规划和可持续发展,针对葡萄种植区布局分散、面积不一,地物类型复杂,相应不同时相影像异质性较大,严重影响变化区域检测精度的问题,提出了一种融合注意力机制和多尺度信息的变化检测模型(Multiscale difference feature capture net,MDFCNet)。在ResNet101主干网络的基础上融合SE(Squeeze and excitation)注意力机制,提升网络对遥感影像中变化特征提取的能力,抑制无关像素干扰。并且设计了交叉差异特征捕获(Cross difference feature capture,CDFC)模块,捕获具有密集上下文信息的差异特征来提升地物类型复杂情况下的变化检测精度,同时设计了监督集成注意力(Supervised ensemble attention,SEA)模块,逐层融合低层细节纹理特征和高层抽象语义特征来丰富多尺度特征,以此增强网络对布局分散、面积不一的种植区的检测能力。在构建的宁夏葡萄种植区变化数据集上进行实验,结果表明,相较于目前主流的SNUNet、A2Net、DSIFN和ResNet-CD变化检测模型,本文MDFCNet方法检测结果最优,相较于性能第2的模型,评价指标中交并比、召回率、F1值和精确率分别提高5.42、5.62、3.48、0.95个百分点。通过消融实验也证明了融合各模块的有效性,相较于基础网络,增加3个模块使得交并比、召回率、F1值和精确率分别提高12.9、5.63、8.64、11.75个百分点。本文模型提取出感受野更大的差异特征可为变化检测提供丰富的推断信息,融合的多尺度特征可以有效避免结果中误检测和漏检测问题,提高了变化区域的完整性和边缘细节保留,为背景复杂的大范围葡萄种植区的变化检测任务提供了解决思路。

经典名方中桂枝的关键信息考证与质量评价研究

目的通过本草考证和多批次道地产区桂枝药材的质量评价,为含桂枝的经典名方的研究提供依据与参考。方法对历代本草和经典医书进行考证,对经典名方中桂枝的药用部位、基原、产地与品质进行考证;并根据考证结果收集4个道地产地的15批次合格桂枝药材,建立适用于桂枝药材的高效液相色谱(HPLC)特征图谱方法并进行方法学验证;通过聚类分析、主成分分析和偏最小二乘-判别分析方法,结合特征图谱数据和桂皮醛含量,对古籍考证的道地产区桂枝药材的质量一致性进行综合评价。结果通过古籍考证,确定了经典名方中所用桂枝的药用部位(嫩枝)、基原(樟科植物肉桂)、产地(广东、广西);建立了通过方法学验证的HPLC特征图谱方法,形成的共有对照特征图谱共计10个共有特征峰,并指认出香豆素、肉桂酸、桂皮醛以及2-甲氧基肉桂醛4个色谱峰;3个化学识别分析结果均表明古籍考证的道地产区桂枝药材质量具有一致性。结论经典名方中桂枝选用樟科植物肉桂(Cinnamomum cassia Presl)的干燥嫩枝,产地可选用广西和广东两地;建立的桂枝特征图谱方法适用于桂枝的质量控制研究。

基于高分辨格点数据东北水稻延迟型冷害风险评估及保险费率厘定

利用5km×5km空间分辨率3h时间分辨率的气象格点数据集,研究东北地区水稻延迟型冷害风险及其保险费率的厘定。基于东北地区1981-2010年5-9月平均温度的格点数据集和99个气象站的站点观测数据,以相关系数和均方根误差评价格点气象数据在东北地区的可用性。以日平均气温稳定通过10℃和18℃的日数作为获取水稻气候安全种植区域的指标,在水稻气候安全种植范围内,分析东北地区水稻延迟型冷害的空间分布特征,确定保险费率。结果表明,东北地区1981-2010年5-9月平均温度气象站点观测数据与格点数据的相关系数高,均方根误差小,表明格点数据在东北地区可用。水稻气候安全种植区域占东北的56.5%,主要分布在辽宁省、吉林省中西部、黑龙江省西南部和东北部、蒙东西部及东部与辽宁和吉林省接壤的区域。在水稻气候安全种植区内,水稻延迟型冷害发生频率呈南低北高,中间低东西高的分布特征,且重度延迟型冷害发生频率最高。低温冷害风险指数空间分布与之相似,内蒙古西部和东北部、黑龙江北部和吉林西部局部地区是风险指数的高值区。东北地区1981-2010年水稻延迟型冷害的天气指数保险费率在空间分布上与东北地区低温冷害风险指数的空间分布相似,呈南部低,北部高,中间低,东西高的特征,整个区域的保险费率在0.010~0.094,可为保险公司制定具体费率提供参考。

世界和中国马铃薯供求分析

随着马铃薯主粮化战略的不断推进,世界及中国的马铃薯及其制品供求局势发生了重要转变。为进一步明确世界及中国马铃薯及其制品供求局势的变化特征,为其未来供求局势预测提供数据参考,采用几何平均等数据描述方法,对世界及中国马铃薯生产及需求变化进行定量分析。数据分析结果表明:第一,世界及中国马铃薯播种面积、产量及单产均呈增长态势,且中国马铃薯播种面积占比不断增大,已成为世界马铃薯产量最大的国家,但其单产水平始终低于世界平均水平。第二,世界马铃薯及其制品国际贸易规模不断增大,马铃薯贸易占世界农产品贸易的比重较为稳定。第三,世界人均马铃薯消费量呈小幅下降趋势,但反弹增长趋势明显;中国国内马铃薯及其制品需求量不断增大,直接食用部分占比最大且持续增长,马铃薯需求不断增长,主粮化趋势凸显。因此,为适应马铃薯单产水平低与国内马铃薯消费需求刚性增长之间的矛盾,要在牢牢保障马铃薯播种面积同时增加马铃薯种植技术投入及优种培育。

高寒草地牧草生长季放牧强度对藏系绵羊体增重的影响

为探讨牧草生长季不同生长时期和放牧强度对藏羊体增重的影响,以藏系绵羊为研究对象,基于不同放牧强度在高寒草地开展了重度(每公顷5.13个羊单位)、中度(每公顷3.92个羊单位)和轻度(每公顷3.03个羊单位)的藏羊放牧试验。结果表明:1)不同年际间受环境影响,藏羊日增重存在差异,不同年际当中藏羊日增重为牧草返青期和生长期高于牧草枯黄期,且在牧草枯黄期藏羊日增重存在负增长的现象,线性回归分析结果表明藏羊日增重和牧草生长时期存在斜率为显著负相关(y=0.3088−0.1107x)的直线关系;2)牧草生长季不同放牧强度下藏羊个体日增重、暖季增重、单位草地面积增重无显著差异(P>0.05),但各年际当中藏羊暖季增重均为中度高于轻度和重度,单位草地面积增重均为轻度低于中度和重度。综上所述,不同放牧强度利用高寒草地暖季放牧场,藏羊体增重从牧草返青期到生长期再到枯黄期逐渐降低,以家畜生产为主兼顾草地的合理利用,高寒草地以中度放牧利用为宜。

重庆市植烟土壤有效硼含量时空特征及其影响因素

研究重庆市植烟土壤有效硼的时空特征及其影响因素,为植烟区土壤硼素的调控与管理提供科学依据。采集重庆11个烟区总计2 513份耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤样本,测定分析有效硼和其他理化指标,并分析了其与烟田海拔高度、土壤类型、成土母质及土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,重庆市植烟土壤有效硼总体含量较高,平均值为0.63 mg/kg。黔江、石柱、丰都、彭水、酉阳五个地区的土壤有效硼含量较高,涪陵、奉节、巫山、巫溪、武隆、万州六个地区的土壤有效硼含量适宜,与10年前相比,重庆植烟土壤平均有效硼含量增加了152%。由潮土和黄壤发育而来的土壤有效硼含量较高,而由冲积土发育而来的土壤有效硼含量较低。0.25~0.5 mm粒径团聚体与土壤有效硼有极显著的正相关关系。海拔、土壤pH、有机质和速效钾对有效硼均有显著影响。结论:调节土壤pH和土壤有机质含量可作为调控土壤有效硼的合理措施。针对土壤有效硼含量较高的地区如黔江、石柱,可减少硼肥的施用量以避免硼含量过高导致的毒害作用;而对于土壤有效硼含量较低的地区如武隆、万州,则需加大硼肥的施用量。