Cryogels are gel matrices that have interconnected macropores and are formed in freezing-thawing systems. These interconnected macropores give elasticity to cryogels. Transdermal controlled-release systems can be used...Cryogels are gel matrices that have interconnected macropores and are formed in freezing-thawing systems. These interconnected macropores give elasticity to cryogels. Transdermal controlled-release systems can be used to deliver drugs with short biological half-life and can maintain plasma levels of very potent drugs within a narrow therapeutic range for prolonged periods. In this study, cryogels have been used in a different area--transdermal controlled-release system, to obtain controlled drug release medium. For this purpose, naproxen sodium has been selected as a model drug. Naproxen, a propionic acid derivative, is a NSAID （nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug）. For controlled releasing of naproxen sodium, cryogels that have naproxen sodium in macropores have been prepared in sheet form for local application. Acrylamide based cryogel bands have been synthesized by flee radical cryogelation process. These cryogel bands have different pore size and includes naproxen sodium in their pores. This cryogel material has been characterized by swelling tests and SEM. Then, releasing ofnaproxen sodium from cryogels has been investigated at two different pH values, 7.4 and 5.5. According to experimental data, it has seen that these cryogel matrices that including naproxen sodium in macropores could be used in controlled drug releasing systems as bandages or other transdermal controlled releasing agents at room temperature展开更多
The properties of oral tablets are normally related to the properties of the powders they contain.Characterization of oral tablets is important for the development of tablets with rapid and safe release of the active ...The properties of oral tablets are normally related to the properties of the powders they contain.Characterization of oral tablets is important for the development of tablets with rapid and safe release of the active ingredient.In this study,a new formulation of naproxen sodium was prepared and dried using microwave drying (MWD) and the following conventional drying techniques:freeze-drying (FD),vacuum drying (VD),and convective drying (CD).The reference drug powder (RDP) and dry granules MWG,CDG,VDG,and FDG,which were dried using MWD,CD,VD,and FD,respectively were compressed to form tablets labeled RF-TAB,MW-TAB,CD-TAB,VD-TAB,and FD-TAB,respectively.The dry granules and prepared tablets were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry,scanning electron microscopy,and X-ray diffraction.This study aimed to explore the correlation between the textural characteristics of the tablets and their respective powders for different drying methods.Although the morphologies of the dry particles were irregular,the prepared tablets were smooth and flat with few cracks.Drying increased the amorphous nature of the granules but decreased their crystallinity.The crystallinities of all tablets,except those prepared by VD,decreased after compression.In summary,the characteristics of the prepared tablets were acquired from their respective powders.展开更多
Tablets are one of the most comm only used solid dosage forms taken by patients.The preparati on of high-quality tablets requires an understanding of the preparation process and elucidation of how the physical and mec...Tablets are one of the most comm only used solid dosage forms taken by patients.The preparati on of high-quality tablets requires an understanding of the preparation process and elucidation of how the physical and mechanical properties change as a function of the preparation process.This work aims to investigate the impact of microwave irradiation drying and conventional drying methods(including freeze,convective and vacuum drying)on the hardness,tensile strength and friability of tablets made from a multi-component formulation containing naproxen sodium,microcrystalline cellulose,and polyvinylpyrrolidone.The results show that tablets subjected to microwave drying had the secondhighest tensile strength and hardness of 1.296 MPa and 67 N,respectively.The tablets subjected to vacuum drying had the lowest tensile strength and hardness of 1.21 MPa and 64 N,respectively.The friability index values for the tablets derived from the microwave and freeze-drying methods were<1%,while those for the tablets subjected to convective drying and vacuum drying methods were>l%.Microwave drying was observed to be an efficient method to produce naproxen sodium-containing tablets with satisfactory mechanical properties.These findings confirm that the drying method plays an essential role in the improvement or degradation of the mechanical properties of tablets.展开更多
A new rapid, simple and reproducible UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the estimation of Naproxen Sodium (NpSd) in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. The quantification of NpSd was done at...A new rapid, simple and reproducible UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the estimation of Naproxen Sodium (NpSd) in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. The quantification of NpSd was done at 230 nm in methanol and in buffer of pH 6.8 and 9. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 4 - 36 (r2 = 0.999) in methanol and 5 - 25 μgmL﹣1 in buffer of pH 6.8 and 9 (r2 = 0.988 and 0.997) respectively. The apparent molar absorptivity values were also calculated in all mediums. All parameters according to ICH guideline were tested and validated. The detection and quantitation limits were found to be 0.054, 0.083, 0.073 and 0.181, 0.251, 0.211 μgmL﹣1 respectively. These methods were applied directly to the analysis of the pharmaceutical tablet preparations (Anex? tablet 250 mg). The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (relative standard deviation 3%), while being simple, cheap and less time consuming and hence can be suitably applied for the estimation of NpSd in dosage forms and dissolution studies.展开更多
文摘Cryogels are gel matrices that have interconnected macropores and are formed in freezing-thawing systems. These interconnected macropores give elasticity to cryogels. Transdermal controlled-release systems can be used to deliver drugs with short biological half-life and can maintain plasma levels of very potent drugs within a narrow therapeutic range for prolonged periods. In this study, cryogels have been used in a different area--transdermal controlled-release system, to obtain controlled drug release medium. For this purpose, naproxen sodium has been selected as a model drug. Naproxen, a propionic acid derivative, is a NSAID （nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug）. For controlled releasing of naproxen sodium, cryogels that have naproxen sodium in macropores have been prepared in sheet form for local application. Acrylamide based cryogel bands have been synthesized by flee radical cryogelation process. These cryogel bands have different pore size and includes naproxen sodium in their pores. This cryogel material has been characterized by swelling tests and SEM. Then, releasing ofnaproxen sodium from cryogels has been investigated at two different pH values, 7.4 and 5.5. According to experimental data, it has seen that these cryogel matrices that including naproxen sodium in macropores could be used in controlled drug releasing systems as bandages or other transdermal controlled releasing agents at room temperature
文摘The properties of oral tablets are normally related to the properties of the powders they contain.Characterization of oral tablets is important for the development of tablets with rapid and safe release of the active ingredient.In this study,a new formulation of naproxen sodium was prepared and dried using microwave drying (MWD) and the following conventional drying techniques:freeze-drying (FD),vacuum drying (VD),and convective drying (CD).The reference drug powder (RDP) and dry granules MWG,CDG,VDG,and FDG,which were dried using MWD,CD,VD,and FD,respectively were compressed to form tablets labeled RF-TAB,MW-TAB,CD-TAB,VD-TAB,and FD-TAB,respectively.The dry granules and prepared tablets were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry,scanning electron microscopy,and X-ray diffraction.This study aimed to explore the correlation between the textural characteristics of the tablets and their respective powders for different drying methods.Although the morphologies of the dry particles were irregular,the prepared tablets were smooth and flat with few cracks.Drying increased the amorphous nature of the granules but decreased their crystallinity.The crystallinities of all tablets,except those prepared by VD,decreased after compression.In summary,the characteristics of the prepared tablets were acquired from their respective powders.
文摘Tablets are one of the most comm only used solid dosage forms taken by patients.The preparati on of high-quality tablets requires an understanding of the preparation process and elucidation of how the physical and mechanical properties change as a function of the preparation process.This work aims to investigate the impact of microwave irradiation drying and conventional drying methods(including freeze,convective and vacuum drying)on the hardness,tensile strength and friability of tablets made from a multi-component formulation containing naproxen sodium,microcrystalline cellulose,and polyvinylpyrrolidone.The results show that tablets subjected to microwave drying had the secondhighest tensile strength and hardness of 1.296 MPa and 67 N,respectively.The tablets subjected to vacuum drying had the lowest tensile strength and hardness of 1.21 MPa and 64 N,respectively.The friability index values for the tablets derived from the microwave and freeze-drying methods were<1%,while those for the tablets subjected to convective drying and vacuum drying methods were>l%.Microwave drying was observed to be an efficient method to produce naproxen sodium-containing tablets with satisfactory mechanical properties.These findings confirm that the drying method plays an essential role in the improvement or degradation of the mechanical properties of tablets.
文摘A new rapid, simple and reproducible UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the estimation of Naproxen Sodium (NpSd) in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. The quantification of NpSd was done at 230 nm in methanol and in buffer of pH 6.8 and 9. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 4 - 36 (r2 = 0.999) in methanol and 5 - 25 μgmL﹣1 in buffer of pH 6.8 and 9 (r2 = 0.988 and 0.997) respectively. The apparent molar absorptivity values were also calculated in all mediums. All parameters according to ICH guideline were tested and validated. The detection and quantitation limits were found to be 0.054, 0.083, 0.073 and 0.181, 0.251, 0.211 μgmL﹣1 respectively. These methods were applied directly to the analysis of the pharmaceutical tablet preparations (Anex? tablet 250 mg). The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (relative standard deviation 3%), while being simple, cheap and less time consuming and hence can be suitably applied for the estimation of NpSd in dosage forms and dissolution studies.
