Isolation and characterization of the AGAMOUS homologous gene NTAG in Chinese narcissus (Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem)

Amaryllidaceae, a monocot plant family, consists of many important ornamental bulb flower species. Chinese narcissus （Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem）, its flowers developed at high temperatures and bloomed at lower temperatures during the Chinese Spring Festival, is a traditional Chinese flower with high economic and ornamental value. To study its flower development, a full length cDNA containing MADS box domain from narcissus was isolated by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） with degenerate oligo-nucleotide primers derived from a conserved MADS- and K-box domain sequence. The 5＇ and the 3＇ regions of the gene were amplified using the PCR protocol for the rapid amplification of cDNA ends （RACE）. The 690 bp open reading frame encodes 230 amino acid residues. A comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of NTAG with the sequence of other MADS box proteins showed 91.3% amino acid identities with HAG （Hyacinthus orientalis）. Sequence analysis and alignment showed significant similarity with other AG homologues. RNA blot analysis indicated that the narcissus NTAG gene was expressed only in reproductive organs, especially in stamens and carpels. These results indicated that the NTAG gene was an AG homologue and that the AG genes appeared to be structurally and functionally conserved between dicots and monocots.

The Physiological Response of Three <i>Narcissus pseudonarcissus</i>under NaCl Stress

In order to explore the salt-tolerance of Narcissus pseudonarcissus and enrich its cultivation and application forms. In this experiment, “Manly”, “Dutch” and “Wilden” daffodils were used as test materials. NaCl stress was applied at different concentrations, and the corresponding physiological indexes were measured at three time nodes: bolting stage, early flowering stage and blooming stage. The results showed that all three showed some resistance under low concentration salt stress, in which, SOD, POD enzyme activity, chlorophyll proline and soluble sugar content increased, while MDA content decreased. The physiological metabolism of the three was disturbed under high concentration of salt stress, in which, SOD, POD enzyme activity and chlorophyll content decreased, while MDA, proline and soluble sugar content increased. With the extension of stress time, the injury was gradually deepened and the salt tolerance of the three varieties is “Dutch”, “Wilden” and “Manly” in order.

Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)in Chinese narcissus and its use in functional analysis of NtMYB3

Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)is a natural defense mechanism of plants,which can cause sequence-specific degradation of viral RNA and is often used for studying the functional genome.At present,the VIGS system mediated by Tobacco rattle virus(TRV)has been successfully established in many plant species.However,the VIGS system in Chinese narcissus had not been reported yet.In this paper,the first use of the TRV-VIGS system in Chinese narcissus is described in detail.By injecting pTRV2-GFP into narcissus leaves,we confirmed that TRV could infect narcissus and move in narcissus plants.After the inoculation of pTRV2-Nt PDS by two methods,phenomena such as photo-bleaching appeared in narcissus leaves and qRT-PCR results proved that PDS gene of narcissus was successfully silenced.Besides,pTRV2-NtMYB3 was inoculated into basal plates of narcissus to study the function of NtMYB3;the results showed that NtMYB3 is an inhibitor of flavonoids biosynthesis,which can increase the content of proanthocyanidins in basal plates of narcissus by repressing the expression level of NtFLS.These results indicate that the TRV-VIGS system has been successfully established in Chinese narcissus and successfully applied to the functional study of NtMYB3.

Effects of different plant growth inhibitors on growth and flowering of narcissus

This study was conducted to determine effects of four plant growth inhibitors viz. PP333,Het,CCC and B9 with different concentrations on growth and flowering of narcissus.The results indicated that the narcissus treated with certain concentration inhibitors could grow shorter plants with shorter scapes of flower and smaller leaves than the check, and the compact,straight and coordinate plants improve the decorative value obviously.

中国水仙(Narcissus tazetta L.var.Chinesis Roem)开花生理研究——Ⅰ.中国水仙的生物学特性及花芽分化的规律

中国水仙是多花水仙,具有较高的观赏价值,是我国传统出口珍贵花卉,在我国主要分布于漳州、崇明等地区.近年来,广东潮汕、广州郊区等地引种漳州水仙时均出现不同程度的退化现象,表现为鳞茎小、重量轻、花序数和总小花数均明显减少.针对这种情况,我们从1982年以来对中国水仙的生物学特性、生长发育。

Primal Scene in the Mirror—the Fate of Narcissus

In Ovid’s story Cephisus,the river-god,forces the beautiful nymph,Liriope into love-making under the waves.She gets pregnant and gives birth to Narcissus.The mother asks seer Tiresias if her son will live to a full age;his answer is“If he doesn’t discover himself”.Narcissus reaching a fountain to drink,the mirror of the water enchants him.From this dramatic moment he cannot leave the spring.Narcissus is notable to grasp why he cannot reach the desperately desired image.In the mirror of the water he does not only see his own figure but in the waves he is confronted with the primal scene repeatedly.We argue that the image in the water reflects the coitus of his parents.It terrifies him while simultaneously he becomes envious.His discovery leads him to death.The paper is based on dreams and clinical material of a psychoanalytical case.Our concept is in accord with some of the insights about narcissism of Lacan,Kohut,and Kernberg.

Narcissus in Zhangzhou

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NtMYB12 requires for competition between flavonol and(pro)anthocyanin biosynthesis in Narcissus tazetta tepals

The color of flowers is one of the main characteristics adopted for plants to attract pollinators to ensure the reproductive success of the plant,they are also important in their ornamental appeal in Narcissus plant.In this study,we identified a NtMYB12 locus encoding an R2R3-MYB transcription factor.Comparative transcriptome analysis of lossand gain-of NtMYB12 tissue relative to wild-type narcissus showed NtMYB12 was mainly involved in flavonol and phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways.Biochemical evidences of dual-luciferase activity and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay supported that MYB12 directly bound to promoters of NtFLS,NtLAR,and NtDFR that were cloned by genome walking assay,and activated NtFLS and NtLAR expression but repressed NtDFR expression.More interestingly,NtMYB12 can interact with NtbHLH1 and NtWD40-1 proteins via R3 domain that were selected by transcriptomebased WGCNA and confirmed by yeast two hybrid,bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assay.Interaction of NtMYB12 with NtbHLH1 and NtWD40-1 forming MYB-bHLH-WD40 triplex specially activated NtDFR and NtANS expression and promoted(pro)anthocyanin accumulation,while NtMYB12 alone activated NtFLS and NtLAR expression and accumulated flavonols,but repressed NtDFR expression.These results indicated that NtMYB12 alone or NtMYB12-bHLH1-WD40-1 triplex requires for competition of metabolism fluxes between flavonol and(pro)anthocyanin biosynthesis.

Variation of a floral polymorphism at different spatial scales in the Mediterranean geophyte Narcissus assoanus

Aims Habitat fragmentation impacts the spatial extent and isolation of local populations and communities.Although the biological consequences of these impacts have been well studied at the site level,effects directly related to changes in the spatial configuration of populations in the landscape remain less clear.The objective of this study is to examine how changes in the spatial-scale configuration of populations are associated with variability in morph rations in the floral polymorphic Mediterranean geophyte Narcissus assoanus.Methods We performed a nested analysis of morph ratio variation at three spatial scales:a 50×50 km regional scale in SE France,in fourteen 1×1 km landscapes located in the same region,and within 12 spatially extensive population patches.We also quantified variation in the behaviour of pollinators in population patches of contrasting spatial configuration.Important FindingsAt a regional scale,morph ratios show a geographic pattern of increasing isoplethy(1:1 morph ratio)away from centres of human population development and in upland pastures.At the landscape scale,isoplethy of local population patches is more correlated with decreased isolation among patches than with patch size.Finally,within local isoplethic populations,small patches can show significantly biased morph ratios.In small isolated patches,pollinators perform shorter flight distances among consecutive flower visits than in spatially extensive patches.This study of variation in a genetic polymorphism at multiple spatial scales provides new insights into the scale-dependent effects of habitat fragmentation and the potential occurrence of metapopulation dynamics in natural plant populations.

Embryological Studies on Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis

Chinese narcissus(Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis Roem)blooms but has no seeds.Embryological studies on the species were conducted to discover the causes of its sterility.Its anther wall is composed of four layers of cells,and its tapetum is of the secretory type.The cytokinesis of microspore mother cells is of the successive type,and the tetrad is tetrahedral.During meiosis of microspore mother cells,some chromosomes lagged,and several micronuclei were found in tetrads.Only 27.7%of the pollen grains contained full cytoplasm,and 1.3%of them germinated in culture medium.No pollen grain,however,could germinate on the stigma.The ovary is trilocular with axile placenta,and the ovules are bitegmic,tenuinucellate,and anatropous.Its embryo sac is of the polygonum type.Most embryo sacs degenerated,and only about 4.5%of the ovules contained a normal embryo sac with an egg cell,two synergids,three antipodal,and a central cell containing two polar nuclei.One reason for the sterility of Chinese narcissus is the abnormality of microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis,in which only a few functional pollen grains and embryo sacs are produced.The other reason is that the pollen grains cannot germinate on the stigma.

欧洲水仙的繁殖技术研究

[目的]研究欧洲水仙的繁殖技术,为欧洲水仙的种质资源栽培提供依据。[方法]在查阅相关资料的基础上,系统介绍欧洲水仙的4种主要的繁殖方式:侧球繁殖、鳞片繁殖、双鳞片繁殖以及组织培养繁殖,并对4种繁殖方式进行简单比较。[结果]鳞片扦插方法操作较简单,但繁殖材料易污染腐烂,且扦插用材料较组织培养多,繁殖系数低。用组织培养方法进行快速繁殖,环境相对容易控制,污染率低,且所需材料少,繁殖系数高。[结论]组织培养方法极大地提高了水仙的繁殖速度。

Dwarfing effects of plant growth regulators on narcissi

The effects of four kinds of plant growth regulators with different concentrations on narcissi were studied in 2001. The results showed that the regulators could inhibit the growths of height and leaves of narcissi. Of the four regulators, the dwarfing effects of paclobatrazol (PP333) and uniconazole (S3307) on narcissi were better than those of chlorocholine (CCC) and dimethyl amino-sussinamic acid (B9). All of the regulators did not have significant effect on the root length. Moreover, the time of flowering was later for the narcissi treated with regulators than that of the control to a certain extent, and the range delayed was from 2 days to 19 days. The correlation analysis results showed that there was a significant correlation between the time of flowering and the concentrations of regulators. The ornament value of narcissi was obviously improved by using the regulators.

洋水仙的种植以及国内常见园艺栽培品种

石蒜科（Amaryllidaceae）水仙属（Narcissus）为一类具鳞茎的多年生草本植物,鳞茎皮膜质,叶基生、线形或圆柱状,花具备观赏价值。其中有的种类为单生花,有的种类为着生一朵花或数朵花的伞形花序,花直立或下垂,副花冠狭管状、花冠状或浅杯状。Flora of China中记载本属约有60种,分布于中欧以及地中海地区。

喇叭水仙,风信子扦插繁殖试验初报

喇叭水仙(Narcissus Spp)风信子、(Hyacinthus or entalis L)为百合科有皮鳞茎类球根花卉,近几年来由国外引进的数量逐年增加,传统的繁殖方法主要是分球繁殖,尚未见到扦插繁殖的报导。为了加快繁殖速度,1992年秋在栽植球根花卉的同时,首次进行了鳞片扦插繁殖试验,试验结果如下。

水仙生长期氮、磷、钾含量的动态变化

在较高营养水平的栽培条件下 ,研究了三年生水仙各营养器官在生长期中氮、磷、钾含量的动态变化 .结果表明 :水仙的不同营养器官氮、磷、钾的变化速率和总量的差异极为明显 .植株体内氮的递增速率在生长中、后期较快 ,而在生长前、末期较慢 ;磷的递增速率在生长后期最快 ;钾的递增速率在整个生长期中变化较小 .每株水仙在整个生长期中氮、磷、钾的净增量分别为36 6 .17,19.80 ,4 4 5.12 mg.

The research of optical windows used in aircraft sensor systems

The optical windows used in aircrafts protect their imaging sensors from environmental effects. Considering the imaging performance, flat surfaces are traditionally used in the design of optical windows. For aircrafts operating at high speeds, the optical windows should be relatively aerodynamic, but a flat optical window may introduce unacceptably high drag to the airframes. The linear scanning infrared sensors used in aircrafts with, respectively, a flat window, a spherical window and a toric window in front of the aircraft sensors are designed and compared. Simulation results show that the optical design using a toric surface has the integrated advantages of field of regard, aerodynamic drag, narcissus effect, and imaging performance, so the optical window with a toric surface is demonstrated to be suited for this application.

Freud and His Narcissism Theory—On Narcissism:An Introduction

Freud placed much emphasis on infantile sexuality and emphasized that many of our problems in later life come from our relationships with our parents, the so-called Oedipus complex. Freud’s work effected a profound revolution in man’s attitude towards, and comprehension of, his mental processes, constituting after Copernicus and Darwin, a third blow to man’s self-esteem.

LC-MS/MS Analysis of Lycorine and Galantamine in Human Serum Using Pentafluorophenyl Column

Lycorine and galantamine are natural alkaloids found in Amaryllidaceae plants, such as narcissus. Narcissus leaves and roots are sometimes accidentally ingested because they resemble vegetables. Lycorine and galantamine are toxic and cause such effects as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, when accidentally ingested. In a case of narcissus poisoning, the detection of lycorine and galantamine in biological samples is vital to determine whether they have been ingested. This study establishes a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method to measure the lycorine and galantamine content of human serum, which can be used for mild to fatal poisoning cases. A serum pretreatment procedure was performed using acetonitrile and QuEChERS AOAC powder. The separation of the compounds was conducted using a pentafluorophenyl column, CAPCELL CORE PFP (2.1 mm I.D. × 100 mm, 2.7 μm). Lycorine, galantamine, and galantamine-d6 (internal standard) were identified by the transitions of m/z 288 → 147, m/z 288 → 213, and m/z 294 → 216, respectively. The calibration curves were linear in the ranges of 0.05 to 5 ng/mL and 5 to 100 ng/mL, with R2 > 0.999. The precision and accuracy were within the permissible range. The matrix effects of lycorine and galantamine were 94.3% - 98.4% and 87.8% - 91.1%, respectively. The extraction recovery rates of lycorine and galantamine were 101.9% - 112.7% and 95.6% - 107.1%, respectively. The present method detected lycorine and galantamine in the sera of three patients with mild poisoning that had accidentally ingested. This method is applicable in cases of lycorine and galantamine poisoning.

源于古希腊罗马神话的奇葩

花是表达情感的语言(the language of affection)。除Narcissus(水仙花)外,还有一些花的历史源于古希腊罗马。浪漫、凄美的爱情神话。这些神话源远流长,广为传诵。