Development of ultra-narrow gap welding with constrained arc by flux band

Narrow gap welding has merits of lower residual stress and distortion, and superior mechanical properties of joints. A major problem of this process is the lack of fusion in sidewalls, hence many methods of weaving arc have been developed to increase heating effect of arc to the sidewalls. In this work, a new approach Without weaving arc is attempted to ensure the penetration of sidewall, and ultra-narrow gap welding with the gap of less than 5 mm was executed successfully. In this approach, the width of gap is decreased further, so that the sidewalls are made within range of arc heating to obtain the enough heat. In order to prevent the arc from being attracted by sidewall and going up along the sidewalls, two pieces of flux bands consisting of the specified aggregates are adhered to the sidewalls to constrain the arc. In addition, when flux band being heated by the arc, slag and gases are formed to shield the arc and the weld pool. This technique was tested on the welding experiment of pipeline steel with thickness of 20 mm. The involved welding parameters were obtained, that is, the width of gap is 4 mm, the welding current 250 A, and the heat input 0. 5 kJ/mm, the width of heat-affected zone is 1 -2 mm.

Rotating arc horizontal narrow gap welding of high strength quenched and tempered steel

Rotating arc borizontal narrow gap welding of quenched ＆ tempered （Q＆T） steel was innovatively performed for solving the bottleneck that the molten pool sagged due to the gravity. The shapely multilayer single pass horizontal joint could be obtairzed by using the rotating are welding process. The cold crack was not observed in the joint without controlling the heat input and selecting the consumables intentionally. Microstructure of the joint could be divided into three zones： base metal zone （BMZ） , heat-affected zone （ HAZ） and weld zone （WZ）. Because of the characteristic of the rotating arc horizontal welding process, the defects in the joints were slag inclztsion formed at the interlayer of lower side wall. Tbe tensile strength and hardness of HAZ and WZ were larger than those of BMZ. The impact toughness in WZ, HAZ and BM at 0 % is equal to 11.5, 212 and 236 J, respectively.

Research on droplet transfer in oscillating arc narrow gap GMA welding

In this paper, the droplet transfer in oscillating arc narrow gap gas metal arc （ GMA ） welding was studied. According to the experimental results, the oscillating arc has effect on the droplet transfer mode. The droplet transfer frequency in narrow gap groove is higher than that in bead-on-plate welding. Because of the change of arc location in narrow gap groove, the droplet transfer in oscillating arc narrow gap changes regularly. The droplet transfer frequency near groove sidewall is higher than that at the middle of narrow gap groove.

The comparison of multi-layer narrow-gap laser and arc welding of S32101 duplex stainless steel

Multi-layer narrow-gap welding of thick S32101 duplex stainless steel was conducted using laser welding with beam wobble process.The phase transition,grain size,phase proportion and crystal texture of welded joint were also studied and compared with gas metal arc welding process.The microhardness and tensile strength were measured and fracture surface was analyzed to evaluate the mechanical properties of welded joints.The results showed that beam wobble technology improved the misalignment of laser beam and filler wire in narrow groove and helped to avoid incomplete fusion defects.Compared to arc welding process,the groove size and heat input were reduced,while welding efficiency was increased.The faster cooling rate and lower temperature gradient of laser wobble welding favored grain refinement,while the austenite content in weld zone decreased.Both the beam wobble and swing arc were conducive to stir weld pool,optimizing the weld microstructure and joint formation.The microstructural variance in various weld passes was caused by the heat input and heat dissipation ability.The microhardness of laser welded joint was lower,while the tensile strength and elongation percentage were higher.The fracture surface of arc welded joint was featured with shallower dimples and cleavage steps.

Weld formation and heating mechanism in ultra-narrow gap withconstricted arc by ultra-fine granular flux

Ultra-narrow gap welding （UNGW） process with high stabilization, reliability and without spatter can be achieved with constricted arc by molten slag wall, which is made from melted flux. The experiments are carried out by changing voltage under different currents. The results indicate voltage range being fit for UNGW is about 22 -31 V under the current range of 200 -320 A. With the increasing of voltage, weld formation of UNGW has the law of lack of fusion on sidewall, good weld and undercut in turn under a certain current. In addition, the action relationships among arc, molten slag wall and sidewalls can be improved by properly adjusting voltage and current of arc, which makes cathode spot properly distribute in ultra-narrow gap. Therefore, the effective control of weld formation of UNGW has been achieved.

Characteristics of the electrode melting phenomena in narrow gap MAG high-rotating-speed arc welding

The influence of rotating speed on metal transfer and the wire metal speed was studied in the high rotating speed arc narrow gap welding.The results indicate that the high rotating speed arc has benefit on the metal transfer,and that with the rotating speed increasing,the droplet volume decreases.It is shown that the rotating speed has little influence on the wire metal speed with DC electrode positive polarity(DCEP),but the melting speed decreases with increasing of rotating speed in DC electrode negative polarity(DCEN).

Narrow gap space contributes to chemical metallurgy of self-shielded arc welding

The slag-free self-shielded flux-cored wire was fabricated to apply for the narrow gap welding.The results showed that narrow gap welding shows lower welding spatter compared with hardfacing except under voltage of 30 V and current of 260 A.The deposition efficiency keeps over 90%for both 12 mm and 8 mm narrow gap welding.For 12 mm narrow gap welding,when the voltage is 28 V and the current is 264 A(or 286 A),no pores are found in the narrow gap weld.In the continuous welding process,manganese vapor,aluminum vapor and CO continuously generate to form gasbag and occupy the narrow gap space,thus protecting the droplet and molten pool from the invasion of air.

Metal transfer characteristics of tandem narrow gap GMAW for flat welding position

A series of experiments of tandem narrow gap GMAW for flat welding position were carried out. The arc behavior and metal transfer process were observed by a high-speed photography system. The effects of the welding parameters on the metal transfer were investigated. The results show that the arc behavior and metal transfer process of tandem narrow gap GMA W are different from these of bead-on-plate tandem GMA W. The arc behavior and metal transfer process are influenced by the distance between the two wires, the peak voltage, the pulse frequency and the peak time. With the increase of the distance between the two wires, the metal transfer mode gradually transforms from one pulse-multi droplets into one pulse-one droplet, and the average welding current increases. With the increase of the peak voltage, pulse frequency or peak time, the metal transfer mode transforms from one pulse-one droplet into one pulse-multi droplets, and the arc tends to occur between the wire and the sidewall.

基于SYSWELD的大厚板窄间隙双丝埋弧焊热过程数值模拟

基于60 mm厚Q345R钢,开展了窄间隙双丝埋弧焊焊接试验,得到了合理的工艺参数,焊缝成型平整均匀无任何缺陷.通过SYSWELD有限元软件对大厚板窄间隙双丝埋弧焊焊接热过程进行数值模拟分析,模拟的熔池宽与高和实际相比,误差率均控制在5%以内,并利用热电偶装置测得热影响区热循环曲线与模拟的热循环曲线变化趋势基本一致,具有升温快,降温慢的特点,验证了该模型的有效性.为后续利用该模型,进一步探究不同参数或边界条件对于大厚板窄间隙双丝埋弧焊焊接热过程与应力-应变规律提供理论指导.

RECALLABLE TRACKING TECHNIQUE FOR TOP WELD BEADS OF NARROW GAP SUBMERGED ARC WELDING

According to the wire and nozzle movement track in groove, the movement parameters of wire were memorized and recalled for the following top welds by using a single chip computer. In this paper, it was also discussed that the design problems of correcting deviation of wire movement track in narrow gap submerged arc welding process must be noticed in order to obtain the sound welding result.

Feasibility study on tandem narrow gap GMAW of 65 mm thick steel plate

In this work, a tandem narrow gap gas metal arc welding（ GMA W） system was developed to improve the efficiency in welding of thicker materials, which are mostly used in shipbuilding and nuclear power plant. A special welding torch was desgined, where the two wires are fed through the bent contact tip to point to each side of narrow gap groove. Effect of wire distance and bent angle of contact tip on weld bead shape is studied. The experimental results show that defect free weld bead can be obtained when the wire distarwe is 5 mm and bent angle of contact tip is 10% Finally, tandem narrow gap GMAW of 65 mm thick low carbon steel was successfully carried out with one pass per layer. The obtained weld cross-section photo indicates that there is no defect of lack of side fusion or slag inclusion.

送进式焊剂片约束电弧超窄间隙焊接工艺参数匹配

为探究送进式焊剂片约束电弧超窄间隙焊接的工艺参数匹配,自主设计制作了一套送进式焊剂片约束电弧超窄间隙焊接装置,以提高焊接过程稳定性和自动化水平。利用瞬间中断电弧的方法保留了熄弧位置处焊缝形态和焊剂片末端熔化形貌,发现焊接电压和焊剂带送进速度都是通过改变焊剂片对电弧的作用长度来影响焊缝成形,焊剂片对电弧的作用长度可表现为焊剂片对电弧固壁约束面积。通过改变焊剂带送进速度和焊接电压进行了试验研究,结果表明,当焊剂片对电弧固壁约束面积适中时,电弧集中加热区域会下移至间隙底部和侧壁根部,获得根部熔合良好的焊缝;当焊剂片对电弧固壁约束面积较大时,电弧受约束程度过强,电弧加热区域集中在间隙底部,分布于侧壁根部电弧热量很少,焊道上部会有熔池堆积;当焊剂片对电弧固壁约束面积较小时,电弧受约束程度较弱,会沿侧壁攀升导致加热区域集中在两侧壁上,很难在坡口根部形成有效熔池,最终形成孔洞焊缝。确定了最佳的焊接电压范围为21.5~24.5 V,焊剂带送进速度2.1~2.6 mm/s,利用该参数进行超窄间隙单道多层焊接可以获得成形良好的焊缝。

窄间隙P-GMAW仰焊位置熔滴过渡影响因素及控制方法

管道窄间隙全位置焊接过程中,在接近仰焊位置容易出现焊接缺陷,制约了管道施工的质量和效率.文中针对管道自动焊仰焊位置成形差、可靠性低的问题,分析P-GMAW过程送丝速度、弧长修正、导电嘴到熔池距离等因素对熔滴过渡的影响规律.结果表明,增加弧长修正系数可以增大电弧对侧壁的热输入,能够缓解侧壁熔合不良的问题,但会使熔滴过渡路径难以控制.因此当焊枪运动到仰焊位置时,提高送丝速度有利于获得更小的熔滴、更高的过渡频率;降低导电嘴到熔池距离,可以增加电磁力、减小熔滴尺寸,从而更有利于仰焊位置熔滴向熔池的过渡,研究结果对于管道窄间隙焊接的工艺设计具有一定的指导意义.

基于电弧声信号的窄间隙脉冲熔化极气体保护焊侧壁熔合状态在线识别

为在焊接过程中实时了解焊缝内部的焊接状况,构建了电弧声信号实时采集系统。在焊枪摆动中心处于不同位置的情况下,进行了电弧声信号特征与侧壁熔合状态的相关性分析。分别从时域与频域中提取了与侧壁熔合状态相关性较强的电弧声特征。为进一步提高熔合状态预测的有效性,采用电弧声特征参量构建了支持向量回归的侧壁熔合状态识别模型。为减小不良特征对识别模型的影响,显著提高模型的识别精度,采用遗传算法进行了参数寻优。参数寻优后模型的总体识别率达93.33%,实现了窄间隙侧壁熔合状态的有效识别。

P-GMAW起弧过程特征分析及稳定性判别方法

脉冲熔化极气体保护焊(pulsed gas metal arc welding,P-GMAW)起弧过程易产生不稳定现象,会严重影响电弧传感焊缝跟踪精度.针对这一问题,对摆动电弧窄间隙P-GMAW不稳定起弧过程的成因进行了研究,发现送丝速度对起弧过程稳定性具有重要影响.通过对电弧图像与电信号特征进行对比分析,提取了表征电弧稳定性的电信号特征变量;为减小变量冗余性和过拟合,采用最大似然估计法筛选并提取了8个变量,并通过主成分分析法(principal component analysis,PCA)对变量进行融合,提取了方差贡献率最高的前两个主成分;根据因子载荷发现,相比熔滴过渡阶段和基值阶段,脉冲峰值阶段是电弧更易发生不稳定现象的阶段.结合提取的主成分变量与二分类Logistic回归模型建立了起弧过程电弧稳定性判别模型.通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线得到了模型的最佳阈值.结果表明,该模型对脉冲稳定性判别准确率达到了80%以上,表明模型具有良好的判别性能.该模型对提高窄间隙高低跟踪精度、保证焊接质量具有一定应用价值.

辅丝对摇动电弧窄间隙GMA焊接温度场的影响

【目的】旨在建立主辅丝同步的摇动电弧窄间隙GMA焊温度场模型。【方法】从宏观传热学出发,综合考虑横断面几何形状特征、主丝和辅丝的运动及焊缝表面形状对电弧热流分布特征的影响,并利用ANSYS软件对不加辅丝和主辅丝同步摇动两种情况下的电弧瞬态温度场及热循环曲线进行了模拟计算。【结果】焊缝横断面的计算结果、测温特征点热循环曲线的计算结果,与试验结果接近。【结论】证明模型可以真实反映添加辅丝的摇动电弧的移动轨迹及分布特征,具有较高的准确性。不加辅丝时,焊缝横断面底部有明显“双峰”特征,主辅丝同步摇动时,“双峰”特征明显减弱。主辅丝同步摇动情况下的热影响区宽度略有增加。

摇动电弧窄间隙自由成形打底焊工艺研究

针对厚板坡口根部焊接难的问题,文中提出了一种采用摇动电弧的窄间隙坡口自由成形打底焊接方法,通过控制电弧做圆弧形轨迹摇动来调整电弧热分布,使焊接熔池自由凝固成形.进行了摇动电弧窄间隙自由成形打底焊接试验,研究了电弧摇动参数对打底焊缝自由成形的影响.结果表明:电弧摇动参数能显著影响打底焊缝自由成形,过小的摇动参数易使打底焊缝烧穿,适当增大电弧摇动参数可增强坡口侧壁与根部的熔透,过大的摇动参数会产生未焊透缺陷.

大壁厚NiCrMoV钢的窄间隙焊接工艺与接头性能

针对电站设备转子用大壁厚NiCrMoV钢,分析了材料焊接性,采用窄间隙埋弧焊工艺获得了完整的焊接接头,分析了焊接接头的组织、硬度、拉伸与弯曲性能。结果表明,整个焊接接头为完全冶金结合,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷;焊缝组织为回火贝氏体+少量回火马氏体,热影响区中的粗晶区和细晶区均为回火马氏体组织和沿晶界分布的少量碳化物,母材为回火贝氏体+回火马氏体的混合组织;接头热影响区硬度最高,焊缝硬度略低于母材;焊接接头的抗拉强度随着温度的升高逐渐降低,均满足设计要求;焊接接头经过180°弯曲性能测试均未发现微裂纹,表明接头的延展性良好。

厚板窄间隙焊接技术研究现状与应用进展

窄间隙焊接技术已经成为现代工业生产中厚板结构的首选技术,其技术和经济优势决定了它是今后厚板焊接技术发展的主要方向之一,近年来随着科技工作者的不断探索和研发,相继涌现了多种窄间隙焊接方法,文中对电弧焊、激光焊和激光-电弧复合焊等窄间隙焊接制造技术进行了系统阐述,概述了不同热源窄间隙焊接制造过程中的焊接质量、焊接效率的影响因素,归纳了不同热源窄间隙焊的工艺特点及应用领域,结合国内外相关技术的发展现状,总结了窄间隙焊技术面临的问题,提出了后续的发展建议,为相关领域的科研工作者提供参考.

有限元模拟仿真在压力容器对接接管焊缝相控阵超声检测工艺设计中的研究与验证

针对大壁厚压力容器接管焊缝多为窄间隙对接焊接头,超声检测中存在扫查路径复杂、定量定性精度差和检出率相对较低等难点,引入有限元模拟仿真技术。通过建立工件3D模型和不同类型的缺陷,模拟各缺陷在压力容器筒体外壁和接管内壁相控阵超声检测时的响应情况,优化相控阵超声探头、楔块设计和探头运动轨迹,最终实现检测工艺的理论设计。在带有自然缺陷的模拟试块上,验证检测工艺的准确性和可靠性。对比有限元模拟仿真和在模拟试块上的实际检测情况表明,经过仿真设计过的相控阵超声检测工艺可有效提高接管窄间隙焊缝中缺陷的检出率和检测精度。