Target Prediction of Xinyi San for Nasal Polyposis Based on Network Pharmacology

Objective: To analyze the potential mechanism of Xinyi San in treating nasal polyposis through network pharmacology. Methods: We Screened the active components and targets of Xinyi San by TCMSP database, and disease targets through GeneCards database. We constructed “disease-single drug-component-target” network through software Cytoscape 3.7.2 and constructed PPI network through STRING database. GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment were analyzed to predict its mechanism. Results: We got 162 components, 69 therapeutic targets, 88 GO items and 135 pathways. The main pathways include Lipid and atherosclerosis, Chemical carcinogenesis-receptor activation, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, Hepatitis B, Human cytomegalovirus infection, etc. Conclusion: This study preliminarily revealed the active components, targets and pathways of Xinyi San in treating nasal polyposis.

Toll-Like Receptor Gene Expression in Nasal Polyp

Objective: To investigate the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the correlation between TLR expression and mucosal changes in chronic sinusitis-related nasal polyposis. Methods: Patients with nasal polyps were enrolled in this study as the study group. The control group consisted of individuals undergoing surgery due to nasal obstruction caused by concha hypertrophy who were not diagnosed with chronic sinusitis-related nasal polyposis (NP). There were 30 patients in the study group (individuals with NP) and 20 patients in the control group. Sterile tissue samples were taken from the patients and were kept at -80°C. A piece of tissue sample was put into the eppendorf tube. Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 gene was investigated in the tissue samples. The samples were taken after the surgery;they were carried into the liquid nitrogen and were kept at -80° C before study. Results: TLR2 and TLR4 expression was measured in both groups and then analyzed using Student’s t-test. In the experimental group, the level of TLR2 expression was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.001);however, TLR4 expression was not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.656). Conclusion: TLRs are thought to play a role in the etiopathogenesis of NP. In addition, the authors consider that a possible treatment for NP could be a TLR-specific treatment. Thus, in the future it will be essential to determine the extent to which TLRs function in NP formation and to apply this knowledge to design a specific therapeutic regimen for the enhanced treatment of NP.

Intercelular adhesion molecule-1 and accumulation of eosinophils in nasal polyp tissue

Objective To investigate the relationship between intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1) and the accumulation of eosinophils in nasal polyp tissue to better understand the mechanism of airway eosinophilic inflammation.Methods The expression of ICAM 1 and its natural ligand, lymphocyte function associated antigen 1 (LFA 1), in normal nasal mucosa from 6 controls and in nasal polyp tissue from 19 patients with nasal polyposis were determined with immunohistochemistry. With dual immunohistochemistry and May Griünwald Giemsa stain (MGG), the expression of LFA 1 and infiltrating eosinophils in nasal polyp tissue was observed.Results The expression of ICAM 1 and LFA 1 was stronger in the nasal polyp tissue than in normal nasal mucosa. There was a positive relationship between the infiltration of eosinophils and the expression of LFA 1 on eosinophils.Conclusion Accumulation of eosinophils in nasal polyp tissue is associated with the counter effect between adhesion molecules and its ligand on eosinophils.

Current understanding of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis

Studying the pathophysiology of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) has proved challenging. While this clinical entity is easily distinguishable based on the clinical criteria set forth by Bent and Kuhn twenty-five years ago, studies examining type 2 inflammatory profiles in AFRS can make it seem more alike other CRS subtypes than it is different. Still, evolving research seems to clearly delineate this subtype from others in CRS. This review will critically evaluate the evolution of research examining the pathophysiology of AFRS and will conclude with a summary of the special considerations in the management of this fascinating disease.

Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease:Update on medical management

Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease(AERD)is frequently diagnosed in patients with severe type 2 airway inflammation presenting with nasal polyps and severe asthma.It has been associated with a recalcitrant course with high medical and surgical requirements.The advent of recent biological and other targeted treatments show promise in the medical management of patient with AERD.The goal of complete disease control where patients no longer require recurrent surgical procedures,systemic corticosteroid exposure and may live with a stable and relatively normal quality of life is now within reach.Further work is necessary to identify biomarkers predictive of treatment response.