基于随机-Nash-Harsanyi讨价还价博弈的光伏-氢储能多主体分散协同调度

将光伏(PV)主体与氢储能(HES)主体结合,形成PV-HES联合系统,是促进可再生能源就地消纳,实现能源低碳转型的有效措施。针对光伏出力随机干扰及主体互异等问题,提出PV-HES的分散协同调度模型。首先,基于Nash-Harsanyi讨价还价理论建立PV-HES的多主体合作运行模型,并将其等效转换为电能交易量确定子问题和电能交易成本确定子问题;然后,为了保护各主体隐私,运用改进的交替方向乘子法对上述两个子问题进行分布式求解;最后,在一个典型的PV-HES联合系统中进行算例仿真,以验证所提分散协同调度模型以及分布式求解算法的有效性。仿真结果表明,氢储能主体的运营成本分别降低了11.67%和10.48%,光伏运营商的收益提高了15.72%。此外,通过对交替方向乘子法的改进也提高了系统的求解效率。

Effect of Collective Bargaining on Employee Motivation in the Zimbabwean Gold Mining Sector

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of collective bargaining on employee motivation in the Zimbabwean gold mining sector.The continued restless among employees at various gold mines in the midlands province has resulted in productivity levels dwindling.There has been increased labour turnover by employees as well as increased union representation to management.Questionnaire were used to collect data.In this article a population of one thousand employees was used.A sample of two hundred employees was selected across the board.The results of the study indicate positive relationships between collective bargaining and job satisfaction among the employees in the Zimbabwean gold mining sector.Implications of these results are that the human resource interventions are required in order to create an environment in which employees can freely engage in collective bargaining.Furthermore,the results indicate that collective bargaining engenders intrinsic motivation and above all allows for the protection of employee’s rights and welfare as well as promoting industrial democracy.This study recommends that managers should guard against preventing or obstructing employees from seeking legal redress to protect their interest.In addition,labour officers should be given the right of reasonable access to workers during working hours at their organisations for the purposes of advising the workers on the law.The employees should be given a latitude to belong to a trade union and or workers committee.

基于迭代Bargaining策略优化服务合成执行路径

服务质量(QoS)是优化服务合成执行路径的关键研究内容,当前绝大多数存在的方法很少注意到商业环境下服务商之间存在的隐性竞争压力可能会迫使服务商动态改变他们的QoS值以至于合成优化执行路径发生改变。针对此问题,提出一个基于迭代Bargaining策略的约束违背纠正方法。该方法使用本地最优化策略,在没有考虑用户QoS约束的情况下建立一条最优执行路径。对此路径,全局QoS计算模型和全局约束违背检查模型能找出所有发生的约束违背。一个迭代的Bargaining策略被递归作用于关键路径执行节点,使得更好服务提供商被选出替换原有执行节点,从而一个优化的执行路径能被重新建立以满足用户综合的QoS约束需求。

基础设施BOT(build-operate-transter)项目特许权期决策的Bargaining博弈模型

特许权期是基础设施BOT项目融资建设中的一个重要决策变量,但目前缺乏计算特许权期的理论方法.SHEN等建立了特许权期的决策模型(BOTCc M),得出了特许权期的可行区间,但BOTCc M模型未能提供在该区间内选择具体的特许权期时间点的方法.这是该模型在应用中的一个重要缺陷,需要进一步改进和完善.应用博弈论原理,建立了特许权期决策的Bargaining博弈模型,克服了BOTCc M模型的缺陷,求出了特许权期决策的具体时间.最后,通过算例演示了特许权期决策的Bargaining博弈模型.研究结果表明,Bargaining博弈模型能为政府和企业进行特许权期决策提供有效的计算方法.

基于Nash-Bargaining的区域内水权交易合作议价模型研究

针对江苏省水量水质双缺型水资源冲突问题,基于准市场交易模式,考虑水权交易决策主体各自议价能力,引用合作博弈理论方法,构建区域内跨行业水权交易Nash-Bargaining议价模型,并给出准市场条件下水权交易的最优价格。以江苏省工业、农业之间跨产业水权交易为例开展实例研究,分析交易水量、议价能力对水权交易价格的影响。研究成果表明:水权交易总量与水权交易单价呈现正向相关关系,但水权交易单价存在上限,价格天花板受政府部门调控影响;水权交易能够有效提升江苏省工农业主体的收益,同时交易水量与交易价格的升高均能够有效提升江苏省整体社会福利;在高交易水量情况下,水权交易购买方的议价能力对提升水权交易整体福利具有更强的作用。

An improving energy efficiency cooperation algorithm based on Nash bargaining solution in selfish user cooperative networks

A bandwidth-exchange cooperation algorithm based on the Nash bargaining solution （NBS） is proposed to encourage the selfish users to participate with more cooperation so as to improve the users＇ energy efficiency. As a result, two key problems, i.e. , when to cooperate and how to cooperate, are solved. For the first problem, a proposed cooperation condition that can decide when to cooperate and guarantee users＇ energy efficiency achieved through cooperation is not lower than that achieved without cooperation. For the second problem, the cooperation bandwidth allocations （CBAs） based on the NBS solve the problem how to cooperate when cooperation takes place. Simulation results show that, as the modulation order of quadrature amplitude modulation （QAM） increases, the cooperation between both users only occurs with a large signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）. Meanwhile, the energy efficiency decreases as the modulation order increases. Despite all this, the proposed algorithm can obviously improve the energy efficiency measured in bits-per-Joule compared with non-cooperation.

Multi-user Symmetric Cooperation Based on Nash Bargaining Solution in Cooperative Relay Networks

This paper presents a symmetric cooperation strategy for cooperative relay networks with multiple users. The multi-user symmetric cooperation model and the relay selection algorithm are proposed. Then, the time slot allocation problem is cast into a bargaining problem, and the optimal time slot allocation solution is obtained by Nash bargaining solution （NBS）. Moreover, we also consider the implementations of the cooperation strategy, i.e., the grouping and admission control algorithm. Simulation results show that users can obtain larger rates under the symmetric cooperation strategy than the non-cooperative case.

Bargaining Game Theoretic Power Control in Selfish Cooperative Relay Networks

Wireless cooperative communications require appropriate power allocation （PA） between the source and relay nodes. In selfish cooperative communication networks, two partner user nodes could help relaying information for each other, but each user node has the incentive to consume his power solely to decrease its own symbol error rate （SER） at the receiver. In this paper, we propose a fair and efficient PA scheme for the decode-and-forward cooperation protocol in selfish cooperative relay networks. We formulate this PA problem as a two-user cooperative bargaining game, and use Nash bargaining solution （NBS） to achieve a win-win strategy for both partner users. Simulation results indicate that the NBS is fair in that the degree of cooperation of a user only depends on how much contribution its partner can make to decrease its SER at the receiver, and efficient in the sense that the SER performance of both users could be improved through the game.

Modelling the Iranian Petroleum Contract fiscal regime using bargaining game theory to guide contract negotiators

Based on Iran's sixth development plan,the country's oil and gas industry requires an investment of about$200 bn in the next five years to increase production.The Iranian government,to attract and motivate international oil company investment in their oil and gas fields,has presented a new type of risk service contract:the Iranian Petroleum Contract(IPC).This paper summarizes the features of the IPC and presents mathematical models of its fiscal regime for the benefit and guidance of both the National Iranian Oil Company(NIOC)and the contractors.Next,adopting bargaining game theory provides a mathematical model for reaching a win-win situation between the NIOC and the contractor.Finally,a numerical example is given and a sensitivity analysis performed to illustrate the implementation of the proposed models.The contractor and the NIOC may use these models when preparing their proposal and in the course of actual negotiations to calculate their internal rate of return,remuneration fee,and net present value for developing the fields at different conditions of their bargaining power,and derive a logical bargain to protect their best possible interests.

Study about the Asymmetry Competing Channel Structure under Bargaining Power

On the problem of competing channel structure, we present asymmetry competing channel structure models under bargaining power, analyze the evolving process of channel structure under different bargaining power and product nature, find different bargaining power and product nature important role for channel structure, and also present equilibrium result. Furthermore, the academic proof for channel structure choice is presented.

A novel mechanism based on Nash bargaining for primary system game in cognitive radios

According to the utility function and spectrum demand of the cognitive users,a novel mechanism based on Nash bargaining for primary system game was proposed under the wireless environment of Rayleigh fading.On the basis of this mechanism,we proposed a new distributed bargaining algorithm based on Nash product;then the spectrum prices and system utilities were obtained.Theoretical analysis results showed that with a close total utility to the optimal,the Nash bargaining mechanism cannot only improve the fairness between primary systems remarkably,but also reach to the stable equilibrium in finitely repeated games.Finally,simulation results were given to demonstrate the correctness of these conclusions and the efficiency of the algorithm.

Unlicensed Band Sharing Based on Bargaining Game for Heterogeneous Networks

Currently,limited licensed frequency bands cannot meet the increasing demands for various wireless communication applications any more.It is necessary to extend wireless communication networks to unlicensed spectrum.In this paper,we propose a new bargaining framework for unlicensed band access to achieve high spectrum efficiency,where one radio access technology(RAT)(such as macro cellular network)“competes”the unlicensed bands with multiple other RATs(such as small cellular networks or Wi-Fi)virtually.Considering that macro cell can share unlicensed frequencies with multiple small cells which are in the same coverage area for more freedom,we use bargaining game theory to fairly and effectively share the unlicensed spectrum between macro and multiple heterogeneous small cell networks,where bargaining loss and time dissipation loss for virtual“price”of unlicensed bands are mainly considered.In the oneto-many bargaining process,we also develop a multiple RAT alliance game strategy to reduce transmission loss in a joint manner.Simulation results show that the proposed unlicensed band sharing algorithm significantly improves the spectrum efficiency performance compared with the other practical schemes for heterogeneous networks.

Optimal Time and Bandwidth Allocation Based on Nash Bargaining Solution for Cooperative Cognitive Systems

In this paper,we propose a cooperative spectrum sharing strategy based on the Nash bargaining solution.Specifically,the primary system leases a fraction of its transmission time to the secondary system in exchange for cooperation to improve its transmission performance.To gain access to the spectrum of the primary system,the secondary system needs to split a fraction of its transmission bandwidth to help to forward the primary signal.As a reward,the secondary system can use the remaining bandwidth to transmit its own signal.We find a unique solution for this time and bandwidth allocation using the Nash bargaining solution.Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of the primary and secondary systems can both be improved by the proposed spectrum sharing strategy.

国际关系语境中术语Bargaining和Negotiation的数字话语分析

国际关系术语Bargaining和Negotiation的概念进行研究,具有重要的社会语言学研究意义。本研究以1974-1983年《国际组织》发表的期刊为数字话语语料,基于数字话语分析框架“语境化洋葱层模型”,对Bargaining和Negotiation的相关概念发展和语义关系进行定量与定性分析。研究结果表明,Bargaining和Negotiation的概念都与OED中给出的定义及先前学者提出的观点基本一致,但Negotiation在OED中的定义不能完整地概括它们在实际语境下的含义。本文试图对其在国际关系语境下的定义给予了补充,并通过检索和分析发现Bargaining在语义场中更偏向作为Negotiation这个整体的一部分。

Collective Bargaining During the Crisis： The Portuguese Case

Following a period of significant development at the end of the 1990s, with economic growth rates greater than those of the European Union, the Portuguese economy stagnated in 2002 and even declined in 2003. The current context of international crisis has just interrupted the fragile growth trend initiated in 2004： In fact, real GDP, which increased by 1.9 percent in 2007, had a growth rate of zero in 2008 and declined by 2.9 percent in 2009. The crisis has abruptly increased the closure of companies and unemployment jumped from 7.3% in the second haft of 2008 to 10.1% in the forth quarter of 2009. Notwithstanding, social dialog was resilient to this situation of economic crisis, as shown by the number of collective agreements negotiated by the social partners, the number of workers covered by collective agreements and the observed increase in real wages. Additionally, social partners have agreed on a reform of the Labour Code. Are this data enough evidence of social concentration on crisis management？ This paper will analyze this issue, giving particular attention to collective bargaining in Portugal and the crisis impact on the industrial relations system and their actors

The ＂Win-Win-Win Papakonstantinidis Model＂ as a Bargaining Solution Analysis for Local Government Decision From Territory-Community to ＂Behavioral＂ Community： The Case of Greece

Local development as a local management process tables a number of questions, mainly concerning on conflict resolution between the three power local poles： （1） State and its appointed State peripheral Departments; （2） Local authorities; and （3） Local people and their local movements/lobbies. As the three poles are in a constant negotiations, then each of them should prevail over the other two, thus be introduced in the bargaining problem. Bargaining behavior must therefore be defined. The suggested ＂＇win-win-win papakonstantinidis model＂ （coming from Nash win-win extended approach） tries to find ways for the three-pole bargaining conceptual equilibrium, under conditions, thus maximizing expected utilities for all the involved parts in local decision-making by applying a combination of Descriptive Behavior （DB）, Rational Choice, Instrumental Rationality, and the Applied Behavioral Analysis （ABA） methodologies, then an updating community＇s behavioral state is expected, thus transforming the technical territory-community perception to a behavioral community perception, by sensitizing its population, towards the ＂guanxi relations＂ paradigm.

Study about the Competing Channel Structure under Bargaining Power

From the bargaining process, competing channel structure models are presented. The evolving process of channel structure under different bargaining power is analyzed The important role of different bargaining power is discussed and the equilibrium result is found. Also the theoretical evidences for competing channel structure choice are given.

Developing Integrated Collective Bargaining System in a Bi National Organization:The Case of the Tanzania Zambia Railway Authority(TAZARA)

The Tanzania Zambia Railway stretches 1,860 kilometers from the East African Indian Ocean port of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania to New Kapiri-Mposhi in land locked Zambia.It is defined as a bi-national organization as opposed to either transnational or multinational because it is jointly owned and managed by the Governments of Tanzania and Zambia.Its construction was made possible by Chinese interest-free loan to the two Governments.Few development projects in Africa have been charged with as much political and ideological dynamite as Tanzania Zambia Railway.To the Western powers,angry that the Chinese had entered territory which they considered their own preserve,it was a Red Railway intended to thrust communism into the very heart of Africa.For the white regimes in Southern Africa,grimly attempting to hold back demands for majority rule,it was seen as Africa’s Ho Chi Minh Trail,carrying guerrilla further,armed with Chinese thoughts and weapons to the banks of the Zambezi River.The Chinese regarded the project as a Friendship Route to strengthen the new African states against the forces of imperialism and for Tanzania and Zambia it was a Freedom Railway,which should prove an instrument in increasing their independence.These reactions underpin not only the complexity of the establishment and management of a bi-national organization but also present challenges to the two national trade unions on how best they can represent their members.Industrial relations literature has cited differences in countries’historical,social,political,economic,and ideological background as the main obstacles in the development of collective bargaining machinery in transnational or multinational organizations.A study in Tanzania Zambia Railway Authority has attempted to develop an integrated bi-national collective bargaining machinery whose collective agreements are likely to be legally enforceable in their respective countries.This paper explores the development of trade unions in both Tanzania and Zambia which can be divided in three phases:first,the construction phase;second,the consolidation phase;and the third and final phase,trade union liberalization and political pluralism which covers the development of a bi national collective bargaining model with its Joint Industrial Council structure and negotiation procedures.The paper compares and contrasts trade union development in the two contracting states and critically examines how each phase has influenced trade union development.It provides a brief historical outline of collective bargaining process and spells out advantages and limitations of bi-national collective bargaining machinery.The paper concludes by observing that one of the main objectives of regional groupings is economic integration and suggests that integrated collective bargaining machinery be adopted as an ideal industrial relations model for regional groupings such as the African Union(AU),Southern African Development Community(SADC),Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa(COMESA),Economic Community for West African States(ECOWAS),Eastern African Community,and other regional groupings around the world since it localizes industrial relations function in general and collective bargaining in particular.

All Set and Intelligent Bargaining Control Model

As the rapid development of electronic commerce in our country in recent years it is becoming focus how to use electronic commerce to realize non-distant communication of E2C and E2E which is called the second generation of electronic commerce. This paper combines the All Set theory with Matter Element transform into bargaining theory to build All Set bargaining model. In this model, the bargaining conditions of both sides are viewed as Matter Element which is the basic cell of extension theory. By using All Set theory, shell theory, fuzzy control and extension theory, the process of Matter Element transform from original Matter Element to final Matter Element which can be satisfied by both sides in bargaining is discussed. There are four axioms are distracted based on the All Set bargaining model. At last we extend our bi-persons bargaining model to multi-persons bargaining model by using soft matching system, and make it possible for intelligent bargaining on the supporting of electronic commerce.

考虑多重不确定性与电碳耦合交易的多微网合作博弈优化调度

双碳背景下,构建低碳运行的能源系统是实现“双碳”目标的重要方向与实施路径。为了促进多微网系统内部能源的本地消纳以及低碳经济运行,该文对不确定性环境下多微网系统的合作运行及电碳耦合交易展开研究。首先,对于每个微网,构建了电转气碳捕集系统相耦合的热电联产运行模式,基于地方碳交易市场和阶梯碳交易机制,提出了多能源微网的低碳运行模型;其次,考虑到新能源发电和电力市场电价都存在不确定性的实际情况,采用机会约束和鲁棒优化的方法,以降低不确定性影响;再次,基于纳什谈判理论,建立了多个微网电碳耦合的合作博弈模型,各微网主体可同时参与到上级能源市场和地方能源市场中进行电能和碳排放配额的交易;最后,将非凸的合作博弈问题分解为两个线性可求解的子问题,进一步采用交替方向乘子法对问题进行求解。通过算例验证,该文所提方法可以有效提升各微网经济效益并减少碳排放。