Neutral Territory:Cultural Space in Hawthorne’s Travel Writing

The emphasis on the combination of physical space and metaphorical space is a major feature of Hawthorne’s narrative.This paper analyzes cultural space in Hawthorne’s travel writing,centering on his works The Old Manse and The Marble Faun from the perspective of neutral territory.The old manse and Rome carry different cultural metaphors,each reflecting a complex and subtle narrative space.Individually,Hawthorne transforms the old manse into Thoreauesque cabin,where American is affected by“sleepiness”and gains spiritual healing.At the national level,Hawthorne creates an allegorical Italy as borderland to explore the existence of American civilization.

Nathaniel Hawthorne, a Good Fighter for Bible.——On his Christian Thoughts in The Scarlet Letter

Nathaniel Hawthorne,one of the most famous writers in America in 19th century,lived in the circumstance of Puritanism.As the complicated condition in Puritanism,Hawthorne treated it with a complicated attitude.The Scarlet Letter is one of Hawthorne's best novels.Through his positive attitude towards some Biblical principles,we can see his desire for real belief;through the characters'tragedies in The Scarlet Letter,we can see his negative attitude towards Puritanism.This thesis discusses Hawthorne's attitude towards Biblical principles in The Scarlet Letter to show he is a good fighter for Bible.

On Nathaniel Hawthorne＇s Cultural-Political Views in Light of the Psychological Descriptions in The House of the Seven Gables

The House of the Seven Gables （1981）, Hawthorne＇s second romance, is his another masterpiece after The Scarlet Letter （1956）. The achievement of its themes and narrative skills has been greatly complimented by readers, especially its descriptions and analyses of the characters＇ psychological activities and their personalities. The notorious Salem Witch Trials of Hawthorne＇s family has a great effect on Hawthorne＇s formation of his views about the good and evil, the sin and penalty, and the psychological descriptive style in his works. In The House of the Seven Gables, Hawthorne takes this family history as the original writing background. Through exploring modem people＇s spiritual essence, using history as narrative original, Hawthorne＇s theme illustrates the past＇s influence on the present. By exploring the changes of the characters＇ psychologies and values, especially those of Holgrave, the narrator proposes a conception of general love to eradicate the actual contradictions. Hawthorne actually provides an alternative way--a nonpolitical solution to the national problems, which demonstrates not only his artistic pursuit but also his culturally political view in his writing. This paper consists of five parts.

Psychoanalysis and Symbolism——on Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown

Nathaniel Hawthorne,a 19th-century American writer of novels and short stories,is considered an important representative of Puritanism;symbolism and romanticismin American literature.He was imbued with an inquiring imagination,a meditativemind,and an unceasing interest in the ambiguity of man’s being.He was interestedin the lonely and dark side of man,and in the man’s need to look into his own soul.Throughout his 1ife,he wrote many works which espoused the complexities and senseof guilt of the human being.On first perusal of his tales and romances,one

Hawthorne and His Works

Nathaniel Hawthorne was a well-known and highly honored American novelist of the 19th century, who has had a positive and profound influence on the development of Western Literature, especially on novel writing. His works-The Scarlet letter is world-wide recognized as a classic, which makes him an eternal radiant in American literature. This paper aims at introducing and analysing the background against which he was brought up and also the conceptive process of his works especially The Scarlet Letter and others.

Hawthorne's Short Stories:a Journey to Explore Evil

Hawthorne was a great writer who reminds us of human limitations.He called his tales "allegories of the heart." Hawthorne's allegories are stories of how pride and isolation frustrate our capacity for love and sympathy.Isolation or "alienation" is Hawthorne's principal theme and problem,and loss of contact with reality is the ultimate penalty he envisions.Therefore,reading Hawthorne's stories is a journey to explore human being's evil.

Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter─A Psychoanalytic Research

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A Pietist, or A Sceptic——On Hawthorne' s The Scarlet Letter and Puritanism Thought

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a classical novel in American literature in the 19th century.Hawthorne is deeply influenced by Puritanism.His representative work, The Scarlet Letter, reflects the Calvinistic thought of "Original Sin".His novel also expresses his pious attitude with skepticism for ethics and morality of Puritanism.On one hand,Hawthorne strongly criticizes Calvinism for constraining human nature, and on the other hand, regards some social problems as the sake of evil human nature.He advocates the believers to clear themselves of guilt and to purify their hearts by penitence and kindness.

Analysis of the Origin of Hawthorne's Ecofeminist Consciousness in The Scarlet Letter

Nathaniel Hawthorne is considered as one of the greatest American novelists in 19th century and his reputation has been on the increase with the publication of The Scarlet Letter. This paper concentrates on the origin of Hawthorne's ecofeminist consciousness from three aspects for the hope that readers can get a fuller understanding of his complex attitude towards nature and women.

Allegory and Symbolism——On Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown

Hawthorne is at his best when dealing with the topics of the sin, the supernatural, and the New England past. As a great symbolist, Hawthorne made good use of symbols to express his ideas. Some important symbols in his "Young Goodman Brown", such as the pink ribbons, the fellow traveler’s staff, are closely associated with the theme, relating to man’s sins. This paper briefly discusses the use of allegory and symbolism in his "Young Goodman Brown" with a view to contributing to a better understanding of the whole story.

An Analysis of “Hawthorne Effect” in College English Teaching

College English teaching faces many problems nowadays,which lead to a lack of learning motivation for students and a lack ofteaching effectiveness for teachers.Therefore,"Hawthorne Effect"must be adopted to improve the teaching effect in English class.Thetwo approaches:concern of learning goals and concern of learning environment are explained in details in this study.

Analysis of the Relationship Between Humans and Nature Through Emerson,Thoreau and Hawthorne's Views

Although Emerson, Thoreau and Hawthorne were all influenced by transcendentalism, they have different understanding of and attitudes towards nature and the concept of transcendentalism because of their cultural background. Through analyzing similarities and differences of their points of view of nature, people can find that they understand nature with an increasingly deeper tendency. Firstly, Emerson only knew that people could get comfort from nature in the spiritual world, and then Thoreau found out that people could make use of nature from a more substantial way. At last, Hawthorne set a dialectical view of how people should live with nature. As a result, people learn what kind of relationship people should set with nature. Not only can people benefit from nature in their spiritual world, but also they make use of resources in it. This is the reason why people should protect nature during the process of utilizing it.

The further interpretation of human nature by Hawthorne's novel “the Scarlet Letter”

"The Scarlet Letter"is Hawthorne's realist representative. In his masterpiece the Scarlet letter, Hawthorne tells us that all human beings are combination of goodness and evil. As human nature changes between goodness and evil, the science mastered by human beings may bring happiness or pains.

Effects of Three Humic Acid Foliar Fertilizers on Quality and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Hawthorn

[Objectives]To investigate the effects of three foliar fertilizers on photosynthetic characteristics,fruit quality and yield of hawthorn.[Methods]Taking hawthorn foliar fertilization as the reference,the photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,intercellular CO 2 concentration,stomatal conductance and single fruit weight of hawthorn leaves were measured under different concentrations of foliar fertilizer.[Results]The results showed that the photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of hawthorn leaves increased significantly,while the intercellular CO 2 concentration decreased.Specifically,the fish protein peptide foliar fertilizer performed best,with net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate increased by 57.22%and 57.51%,respectively.All the three foliar fertilizers significantly reduced the intercellular CO 2 concentration.In addition,fertilization significantly increased the single fruit weight of hawthorn,and the effect of fermented fulvic acid foliar fertilizer was the most significant,with the highest growth rate of 68.49%.[Conclusions]Spraying foliar fertilizer significantly increased the content of Vc,titratable acid,anthocyanin and soluble solids of hawthorn fruit,among which fermented fulvic acid foliar fertilizer had the optimal effect.

Simultaneous Determination of 2″-O-rhamnosyl Vitexin and Vitexin in Chinese Hawthorn Leaf and Its Extract by RP-HPLC

Aim To establish an RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of 2＂-O-rhamnosyl vitexin and vitexin in Chinese hawthorn leaf and its extract. Methods Chromatography was carfled out on Kromasil C18 column （250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm）, using THF-CH3CN-H2O-H3PO4 （30 ： 5： 125 ： 0. 1） as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1. The UV detection wavelength was 270 nm. Results The linear range of 2＂-O-rhamnosyl vitexin and vitexin were 0. 106 4 μg - 2. 1280 μg （ r =0. 999 1 ） and 0. 139 2μg - 2. 784 0 μg （ r =0. 999 3 ）, respectively. The average recoveries of 2＂-O-rhamnosyl vitexin and vitexin in Chinese hawthorn leaf were 99.2% （ RSD = 2.80%, n = 6） and 100.6% （ RSD = 2.84%, n = 6）, respectively. Conclusion This method is reproducible, simple, precise, and rapid for simultaneous determination of 2＂-O-rhamnosyl vitexin and vitexin in Chinese hawthorn leaf and its extract, thereby providinge the basis for quality specification of Chinese hawthorn leaf and its extract.

Process Optimization of Acetic Acid Fermentation of Hawthorn Vinegar

[Objective] Fermentation process of hawthorn vinegar was investigated in order to explore the effect of process andobtain superior process of hawthorn vine- gar. [Method] Fermentation process of hawthorn vinegar was firstly optimized using Box-Behnken methodologyof 3-factor and 3-level, and the effect of process was an- alyzed. Secondly, it was also finished to build secondary multivariate regression model related to yield of acetic acid. [Results] The optimal fermentation process ob- tained by response surface methodology was as follows： inoculum size of 10%, or- iginal alcohol content of 7.0% and temperature of 30 ^（3. In optimal condition, yield of acetic acid was 51.76 g/L which was close to predicted value （51.77 g/L）. In the model, interaction of inoculum size and original alcohol content was extremely signif- icant. In contrast, interaction of others was non-significant. [Conclusion] Response surface methodology is advisable to be used for process optimization of hawthorn vinegar.

Pollen Viability in Three Xinjiang Hawthorn Species

[Objective] The aim was to explore the most efficient medium for pollen germination and suitable pollen storage temperature for three different hawthorn species in Xinjiang, and to lay foundation for the development and utilization of wild hawthorn resources. [Method] A randomized block design was adopted to select the most suitable concentrations of sucrose and boric acid in the medium for pollen germination under in vitro culture. The vitality of the pollens stored at different tem- peratures for six mouths was measured once every 10 d using the optimum medi- um selected in above steps. [Result] The most efficient medium for Altai hawthorn pollen germination was 1% agar ＋ 0.05% boric acid ＋ 15% sucrose, and its germi- nation rate in this medium was 30.8%; the most suitable medium for crabapple hawthorn pollen germination was 1% agar ＋ 0.01% boric acid ＋ 15% sucrose, and its germination rate in this medium was 58.7%; and the highest germination rate of Junggar hawthorn pollen was found in the medium containing 1% agar ＋ 0.01% boric acid ＋ 20% sucrose, and the germination rate reached 67.2%. There were extremely significant differences （P〈0.01） in germination rate between these treat- ments and others in each species. The pollen vitality of Altai hawthorn, crabapple hawthorn and Junggar hawthorn were lost completely after they were stored at room temperature for 40, 60 and 70 d; at 4-5 ℃ for 90, 130, and 140 d; or at -18 ℃ for 130, 160 and 170 d. Therefore, -18 ℃ was found the most efficient storage temperature for the three hawthorn species＇ pollen among the three different stor- age temperatures. [Conclusion] A certain concentration of sucrose and boric acid can promote pollen germination of the three hawthorn species. Under different stor- age temperatures, the pollen vitality of the three hawthorn species can maintain for a longer period at -18 ℃ than at 4-5 ℃, and for the shortest period at room tem- perature.

Research on Extraction Process of Flavonoids from Hawthorn Fruit

[ Objective] This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of flavonoids from hawthorn fruit. [ Method] By single-factor and orthogonal experi- ments, effects of different technological conditions on extraction efficiency of flavonoids from hawthorn fruit were analyzed to investigate the optimal extraction process and relevant parameters. [ Result] Percolation extraction was the most appropriate method for extracting flavonoids from hawthorn fruit. The optimal techno- logical conditions were ： 50% ethanol as the solvent, solid-liquid ratio 1 ： 8 （ g/ml）, soaking time 72 h, moderate flow rate （3 ml/min）. [ Conclusion ] The extrac- tion process is simple, low-cost, high-efficiency without the need for heating or harmful residues, which is suitable for mass extraction and production of hawthorn flavonoids.

Isolation and characterization of the secondary wall-related SND1 gene in hawthorn

Secondary wall-associated NAC domain protein1 （SND1） is a key regulator directly regulating the expression levels of MYB46 and MYB83 in the regulation network for secondary wall synthesis, especially in plant fibres. In this study, a SND1 gene was isolated from hawthorn （Crataegus pinnatifida） and named as CpSND 1 because it has a conservative N-terminal DNA- binding domain with AtSNDI. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CpSND1 had similar phenotypes as plants overexpressing AtSND1, including inhibited growth, upward-curling leaves, sepal dysplasia and sterility. In addition, overexpressing CpSNDI in Arabidopsis also induced the expression of downstream genes, including lignin, cellulose and xylan biosynthesis genes as well as MYB genes. Our results provided functional information of CpSND1 for future genetic engineering in hawthorn.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Sugars and Acid Components in ’Xintai Tianhong’ Hawthorn Fruit

[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide basic information for the utilization,quality control and deep processing of‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit resources.[Methods]The contents of sugar and acid components in‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).[Results]‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit contained such four kinds of sugar components as fructose,sorbitol,glucose and sucrose,and such six kinds of organic acid components as oxalic acid,tartaric acid,malic acid,acetic acid,citric acid and succinic acid.The fruit had the highest sucrose content,accounting for 70.53%of the total sugar content,followed by fructose,glucose and sorbitol.For the organic acid components,the content of succinic acid was the highest,accounting for 47.32%of the total acid content,followed by citric acid,malic acid,oxalic acid and tartaric acid,and acetic acid had the lowest content.[Conclusions]‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn should be a succinic acid-type hawthorn variety,which can be used as a parent in genetic research and breeding practice.