History and evaluation of national-scale geochemical data sets for the United States

Six national-scale,or near national-scale,geochemical data sets for soils or stream sediments exist for the United States.The earliest of these,here termed the ＇Shacklette＇ data set,was generated by a U.S. Geological Survey（USGS） project conducted from 1961 to 1975.This project used soil collected from a depth of about 20 cm as the sampling medium at 1323 sites throughout the conterminous U.S.The National Uranium Resource Evaluation Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance（NUREHSSR） Program of the U.S.Department of Energy was conducted from 1975 to 1984 and collected either stream sediments,lake sediments,or soils at more than 378,000 sites in both the conterminous U.S.and Alaska.The sampled area represented about 65%of the nation.The Natural Resources Conservation Service（NRCS）,from 1978 to 1982,collected samples from multiple soil horizons at sites within the major crop-growing regions of the conterminous U.S.This data set contains analyses of more than 3000 samples.The National Geochemical Survey,a USGS project conducted from 1997 to 2009,used a subset of the NURE-HSSR archival samples as its starting point and then collected primarily stream sediments, with occasional soils,in the parts of the U.S.not covered by the NURE-HSSR Program.This data set contains chemical analyses for more than 70,000 samples.The USGS,in collaboration with the Mexican Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada,initiated soil sampling for the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project in 2007.Sampling of three horizons or depths at more than 4800 sites in the U.S.was completed in 2010,and chemical analyses are currently ongoing.The NRCS initiated a project in the 1990s to analyze the various soil horizons from selected pedons throughout the U.S.This data set currently contains data from more than 1400 sites.This paper（1） discusses each data set in terms of its purpose,sample collection protocols,and analytical methods;and（2） evaluates each data set in terms of its appropriateness as a national-scale geochemical database and its usefulness for nationalscale geochemical mapping.

Intestinal parasites infection and associated factors among school children in Dagi primary school, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia

Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections are among the most common communicable diseases worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Worldwide, about 3.5 billion people are affected, and 450 million are ill as a result of these infections, among whom, the majority are children. The objective of this study was to assess prevalence of intestinal parasites infection and associated risk factors among school children in Dagi primary school, ANRS, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted by involving 399 school children from 24 September to 19 October, 2012. Structured questionnaires were used to identify environmental, socio-demographic and behavioral factors and stool specimens were collected and examined for parasites using direct smear and formal-ether concentration technique. Data analysis was done by using SPSS version 15 statistical soft ware. Results: Eight species of intestinal parasites were identified with an overall prevalence of 77.9%. Students were infected with one or more intestinal parasites and the predominant parasite was hook worm, 94 (23.6%) followed by G. lamblia 91 (22.8%), E. histoltica 86 (21.6%) and Strongyloides 6 (1.5%). The presence of mixed parasitic infection was 106 (34.1%), double and triple infections were 97 (91.5%) and 9 (8.5%) respectively. Intestinal parasitic infection was higher in children whose fathers’ occupational status were farmers, who had unclean finger nails and who did not have the habit of wearing shoes (p parasites infection was an important public health problem among Dagi primary school children. Therefore, the local health office and other governmental and non-governmental organizations need to give attention to this serious problem of intestinal parasitic infection of school children.

Setting up State Holding Corporations——an Interview with He Boquan, Vice President of the China National Nonferrous Industry Corporation

An announcement was made on November 4, 1994, on making the China National Nonferrous Industry Corporation one of the three State holding corporations for experiment at a national conference on experimenting on modern enterprises sponsored by the State Council. The appearance of State holding corporations is the result of China’s deepening economic restructuring and an important and integral part of deepening enterprise reform.

Importance of Standards Underlined in State Council's National Nutrition Plan

The General Office of the State Council released National Nutrition Plan （2017-2030） （Plan for short） to improve national health and nutrition on July 13. The plan sets a goal to make substantial improvements by 2030 in reducing student obesity, ane- mia, and stunted development afflicting children younger than 5, as well as raising residents＇ nutritional awareness.

Travel-Limiting Disabilities in the United States: Why Accessibility Matters?

This study evaluates the distribution of travel-limiting disabilities across genders and geographic locations in the United States. This study aims to describe and compare the socioeconomic and demographic variables of the people with and without travel-limiting disabilities across geographic locations and gender. The study further evaluates the trip purpose and impact of Covid-19 fourth wave pandemic on the use of public transit and travel to physical workplace for the people with and without travel-limiting disabilities across gender and geographic locations. The study uses the 2022 weighted National Household Travel Survey dataset and employs descriptive statistics. Results reaffirm the findings from previous literature that there are more people with travel-limiting disabilities in urban areas and among women. Over 50 percent of people aged 65 and above have a form of travel-limiting disabilities. The most trip for people with travel-limiting disabilities is made for shopping and medical purposes. Across all categories, rural areas, urban areas, male and female for the people without travel-limiting disabilities, COVID-19 fourth wave did not change the pattern of trips made to physical workplace as pre-COVID-19 era. This pattern is also observable for the people with travel-limiting disabilities in rural and urban areas. Females with travel-limiting disabilities reported making less trips to physical workplaces while male reported doing the same as before COVID-19 era. The study concludes that the quantification of travel-limiting disabilities across geographic location and gender is vital in disability study and could drive policy implementation for improved accessibility for the vulnerable population.

关于当今中国亚国家层次民族概念及其英译的新思考(二)——National ethnic unit:我国亚国家层次民族英译的新探索

在当今中国,作为整体的中华民族与亚国家层面的"各民族"都被称呼为民族,这就造成语义的模糊、混用和学界的困扰争鸣;在英文翻译上也难以精准表述,目前的两种译法nationality和ethnic group都引起一些异议。民族概念必须以尊重历史、符合现实、符合我国的族际政治和民族关系为原则。本文试提出当今中国亚国家层次的各民族,包括汉族和各少数民族都应平等地称之为"族元"——即共同形塑中华民族、共同创造中华文化、共同缔造中华人民共和国的具有重要历史意义和贡献的族类单元,英文翻译取用National ethnic unit。文章对"族元"这一概念的意涵进行了阐释,从历史史实、宪法精神、学理层面和国际视野展开了论证。对National ethnic unit进行了英文词语分析,将其与nationality,ethnic group等作了比较论述。

更好的治理能力会促进国家认同吗?——基于非洲十二国的实证研究

国家认同受到历史、政治、经济等多种因素的影响,国家治理能力可能也影响着国家认同。对于国家治理能否促进非洲的民族认同,已有的研究并没有给出明确的答案。首先从理论上探讨了国家认同提升的机制,通过运用有序逻辑回归模型实证方法对非洲晴雨表、世界银行和UNCTAD机构记录的国家认同和国家治理数据以及非洲国家的贸易开放程度进行了调查。研究发现,非洲国家的国家治理与人民的国家认同之间存在正相关关系。这一发现进一步扩展了对国家治理影响的理解,对加强非洲的国家认同以及非洲现代国家构建具有一定的启示。

Nationwide trends and predictors of inpatient mortality in 83884 transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

AIM: To evaluate and validate the national trends and predictors of in-patient mortality of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in 15 years.METHODS: Using the National Inpatient Sample which is a part of Health Cost and Utilization Project, we identified a discharge-weighted national estimate of 83884 TIPS procedures performed in the United States from 1998 to 2012 using international classification of diseases-9 procedural code 39.1. The demographic, hospital and co-morbility data were analyzed using a multivariant analysis. Using multi-nominal logistic regression analysis, we determined predictive factors related to increases in-hospital mortality. Comorbidity measures are in accordance to the Comorbidity Software designed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.RESULTS: Overall, 12.3% of patients died during hospitalization with downward trend in-hospital mortality with the mean length of stay of 10.8 ± 13.1 d. Notable, African American patients (OR = 1.809 vs Caucasian patients, P < 0.001), transferred patients (OR = 1.347 vs non-transferred, P < 0.001), emergency admissions (OR = 3.032 vs elective cases, P < 0.001), patients in the Northeast region (OR = 1.449 vs West, P < 0.001) had significantly higher odds of in-hospital mortality. Number of diagnoses and number of procedures showed positive correlations with in-hospital death (OR = 1.249 per one increase in number of procedures). Patients diagnosed with acute respiratory failure (OR = 8.246), acute kidney failure (OR = 4.359), hepatic encephalopathy (OR = 2.217) and esophageal variceal bleeding (OR = 2.187) were at considerably higher odds of in-hospital death compared with ascites (OR = 0.136, P < 0.001). Comorbidity measures with the highest odds of in-hospital death were fluid and electrolyte disorders (OR = 2.823), coagulopathy (OR = 2.016), and lymphoma (OR = 1.842).CONCLUSION: The overall mortality of the TIPS procedure is steadily decreasing, though the length of stay has remained relatively constant. Specific patient ethnicity, location, transfer status, primary diagnosis and comorbidities correlate with increased odds of TIPS in-hospital death.

“博弈”视角下的美国国家公园发展理念对中国的启示--评National Parks:The American Experience

目前,我国正处于国家公园体制稳步推进,自然保护地体系转型重构的关键时期,明确国家公园的发展思路与理念是我们亟待解决的关键问题。National Parks:The American Experience一书较为全面地探讨了美国国家公园体系的发展历程及发展理念变迁,讲述了联邦政府、铁路公司和环保组织等利益团体围绕"国家公园该如何发展"这条主线展开的一系列博弈过程,涵盖了重要的历史事件、关键的推动性人物及相关开创性法案等内容。书中对推动美国国家公园发展的思潮和理念做了总结回顾,尤其是国家公园应该"保护什么"以及"如何保护"的思考,对完善我国国家公园体制、重构自然保护地体系具有一定的借鉴和启示意义。

Pros and Cons of Nationalism

This paper considers the debate that has developed in studies of pros and cons of nationalism. Nationalism deals with identification of a nation, group, or country. It is believed or viewed within a multicultural state. Nationalism can be defined as national pride or patriotism. This is not a new idea, it has been for centuries, but the concept has changed, in general, nationalism is described more negative concepts as opposed to more positive ones. Nowadays nationalism is linked either directly or implicitly to racism. Nationalism plays a great role in world politics today. There is also another negative argument that can include the belief that one state is superior to all of the other states. This paper begins by defining the pros and cons of nation and nationalism. The topic of pros and cons of nationalism creates one of the most important issues in the world today, and the issue promises to continue to the next century. People should be acknowledged in order to develop and increase their awareness and understanding of nationalism. This study also examines the importance and unimportance of nationalism in a country. The paper uses quantitative method with survey questionnaire. The structured questionnaire has been used to collect data and asked teachers and students. The paper uses content analysis in this part within the framework of the qualitative method. The respondents have quite diverse backgrounds which is very important to have a wider perspective, The results of this study show that there have been diverse views regarding the term nationalism. It has been found out that the teachers and students have not been quite comfortable and positive regarding the nationalism,

Radical Right Parties in the Political System of States： Theoretical and Practical Aspects

The article deals with the question of whether far-right parties are able to influence the political and party system in the contemporary state. Far-right parties have acquired special political features that are grounded on a broad variety of far-right ideological norms and political instruments. Far-right parties challenge the state government and policy offering the key （anti-immigration politics） to solve a variety of complicated issues. The main idea of the article is that far-right parties are flexible enough in their political rhetoric and instruments to gain electoral support. Based on different concepts and theories we should underline that far-right parties have a prominent electoral future but their place in the political arena greatly depends on existing conflicts of social and cultural nature in the nation-state.

Epidemiology of shoulder dislocations presenting to United States emergency departments:An updated ten-year study

BACKGROUND Glenohumeral dislocation is a common injury that may predispose patients to chronic pain and instability.However,there is a paucity of current data available regarding the epidemiological trends of this injury.AIM To provide an updated,comparative assessment of the epidemiology of shoulder dislocations presenting to emergency departments in the United States.We also sought to analyze patient demographic risk factors and consumer products associated with dislocation events.METHODS Data were obtained from the national electronic injury surveillance system database for glenohumeral dislocations between 2012 and 2021.Incidence,age,sex,and injury characteristics were analyzed using weighted population statistics as well as incidence rates and 95%confidence intervals(CI).RESULTS In total,an estimated 773039 shoulder dislocations(CI:640598-905481)presented to emergency rooms across the United States during the study period.The annual incidence rate was 23.96 per 100000 persons and the average patient age at the time of injury was 37.1 years.Significantly more male patients sustained dislocations than female patients(537189,69.5%,vs 235834,30.5%,P<0.001).With regard to associated consumer products,sports and recreation equipment were involved in the highest proportion of incidents(44.31%),followed by home structures and construction materials(21.22%),and home furnishings,fixtures,and accessories(21.21%).Regarding product sub-groups,stairs,ramps,landings,floors was cited in the greatest number of cases(131745).CONCLUSION The national annual incidence rate of glenohumeral dislocations throughout the study period was approximately 23.92 per 100000 persons.Male adolescents sustained the highest proportion of dislocations,with a peak incidence in age group 15-20 years,predominantly secondary to participation in sporting and recreational activities.Conversely,women experienced a relatively consistent incidence of dislocation throughout their lifespan.After age 63,the incidence rate of dislocations in females was found to surpass that observed in males.

Balancing Development and Security in the Context of Containment and Pressure by the United States

The United States is launching an all-out crackdown against China in the name of competition,which has posed increasingly severe challenges to development and security in China.The strategic competition between China and the United States is becoming an essential part of once-in-a-century changes that is shaping the world today.Under such circumstances,the Communist Party of China applies a holistic approach to national security,which aims to balance development and security as well as opening up and security.Furthermore,it intends to implement the national rejuvenation strategy within the wider context of once-ina-century global changes.Managing China’s affairs well to achieve a dynamic balance and positive interaction among high-quality development,high-level security,and high-standard opening-up can provide the basis for realizing the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and response to containment by the United States.While fostering a new development paradigm,China advances scientific and technological innovation and pursues common prosperity.Moreover,it defends national security through firm but flexible struggles and promotes safe development by accelerating domestic circulation.However,China needs to control the costs of its security investment,pay equal attention to the risks and gains brought about by its opening-up policy,and,thus,enhance its capability to compete with the United States in the long term.

“全民一体”:一个述说中华民族的原创概念

民族复兴被确立为国家发展目标,中华民族得到了前所未有的凸显,也进一步突出了中华民族与国家之间的内在联系。为了体现中华民族的国家属性,形成对中华民族的完整述说,笔者在中华民族“多元一体”概念的基础上,提出了中华民族“全民一体”概念,并通过原创的“人口国民化”“国民整体化”等概念来丰富其内涵。因此,就能将从中华民族与现代国家关系角度提出的“全民一体”概念,与从国内民族关系角度提出的“多元一体”概念结合起来,在既揭示中华民族与世界上其他现代民族的共同性,又揭示中华民族特殊性的基础上,对中华民族进行完整、有效的述说。

The Growth Logic of Modern States——On the History of Western Political Thoughts

As a modern concept,the word "state"dates from Europe of the 16th century and matures at the end of the 18th century.The concept of state is accompanied by the concept of sovereignty; if there is no sovereignty,there is no state at all.This paper studies the key writers in the history of the western political thoughts in modern times.It can be concluded that constitutional democracy is the result of seeking balance between"being governed"and"being non- oppressed".On the one hand,it ensures that sovereignty will not be threatened,and on the other hand,it avoids centralization of authority.

Capitalism, Internationalism, and Socialism in Times of Globalization

This paper will mention Marxist propositions, presented since the mid-19th century, about capitalism, socialism, and internationalism. According to Marx, socialism would replace capitalism and internationalism would occur through the dissolution of nation states. Later, Marxist circles presented a historical arrow in the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 socialism 〉 internationalism. Taking into account recent steps of globalization and measures imposed by national governments in the face of the deep financial crisis of 2008, it is interesting to compare the above theory with some historical events that have happened since the 19th century. Much has happened that Marx did not predict. Considering the world trajectory since the Second World War, it seems that the historical arrow has the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 internationalism 〉 hybridism of capitalism and socialism 〉？

马克思共同体思想视域下铸牢中华民族共同体意识的理论分析和路径探索

马克思共同体思想理论精髓在于自由人联合体,马克思的“真正的共同体”以追求人类解放为定位。中华民族共同体是马克思共同体思想影响下结合我国国情的“共同体”表现形式。本文从“现实的人”“个体与共同体”等方面探讨两者的关系,进而从马克思共同体思想思考铸牢中华民族共同体意识的实践路径,主要从生产力发展、中国特色社会主义制度、社会主义核心价值观三个视角来探讨铸牢中华民族共同体意识的经济基础、制度基础和思想基础。

秦汉时期统一多民族国家语境下的“中国”认同

在统一多民族国家的政治环境和“天下一家”语境下,四裔归属意识的不断增强,是秦汉时期的“中国”认同获得空前发展的根本机制。郡县制管理体制机制下东西南北各地、各族居民先后被“编户化”而统称为“秦人”和“汉人”,意味着在秦汉王朝疆域版图之内各族居民在共同的政治、经济、文化政策下,相互认同而实现的空前民族统一,体现出当时东西南北各族对以秦汉王朝为代表的“中国”,在政治、经济、文化等维度下的全方位认同。这是中国古代国家形态、民族内涵及其关系格局发展过程中出现的一次具有里程碑意义的重大转机,这种直接以统一帝国疆域划定的规模空前的统一民族共同体的出现,对于后世中华民族共同体意识的凝聚,具有重要的奠基意义。

美国全球水资源安全战略分析

由于相对实力下降,美国的霸权正面临“碎片化”与“议题化”转型。在众多涉及安全的议题中,水资源议题因为自身的敏感性,成为美国国家安全的重要组成部分。2022年美国相继发布《全球水安全行动计划》和第二个《美国全球水战略》文件,明确了未来一段时期美国在全球水资源领域的战略目标、原则、优先方向、实施路径以及项目规划。其在优先方向、重点地区以及实施路径等方面的新变化,不但会对中美在水资源领域的竞争产生重要影响,更可能干扰中国与周边国家在水资源领域的合作。中国需加强跟踪研判和科学谋划,不断调整和优化与周边国家开展水资源合作及治理的政策和路径,化解美国对华开展水资源竞争所带来的风险。

乡村振兴中国家与农民关系的社会化调适

乡村振兴战略实施中的政策实践,指向了社会学持续关注的国家与农民关系问题。公共资源下乡中国家与农民之间的互动不仅在器物和组织两个层面展开,还集中体现在价值层面。在乡村振兴的积极案例中,国家与农民关系的新形态表现为器物层面上国家资源与社会需求的有效对接,组织层面上社会动员能力的提升,价值层面上农民国家认同感的强化。国家输入的公共资源只有以高度社会化的方式与农民互动时,农民才可能按照特定的行动逻辑将“国家”内化于心,国家权力才算实现了社会合法性的确认和再生产。为了实现国家与农民关系的社会化调适,社会治理公共性的建设不应停留于权力运作的策略层面。国家应充分发掘、激活蕴藏于乡村社会中的本土资源,将自上而下输入的公共资源转化为推动乡村社会开展自主建设的内生要素。如此,公共资源的下乡才能在推动乡村振兴的过程中,促成国家濡化能力在基层的再造,实现现代国家在社会中的扎根和成长。