China in action: national strategies to combat against emerging infectious diseases

During the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa,there was a special team as part of an international effort working in field.This was the Chinese aid team deployed to West Africa as a multidisciplinary group composed of experienced virologists,epidemiologists and physicians.

土耳其国家安全战略:演变、特征与实践

Over the past century since the Republic of Türkiye was founded,its national security mechanisms have undergone a process of transformation from military-dominated to civilian government-dominated,and the ideology guiding its national security strategy has gradually transitioned from Kemalism to Erdo?anism.At the present stage,Türkiye's national security strategy is prominently characterized by its geographical and cultural duality,the expansivity deep-rooted in its history and religion,and an enterprising response to its geopolitical realities.Such a strategy will comprehensively shape Türkiye's practice of preserving national security and guide the future of its security policies,prompting the country to seek a balance between its differentiated perceptions of identity and generalized national interests.

Contrastive Study of Public Sign Translation and Linguistic Landscape from the National Strategy Perspective

Study on public sign translation and linguistic landscape has become the most practical way of serving the national strategy of language service by the Chinese linguistic scholars.Contrasts of their definitions,functions,research scope and perspectives,and research content are made and approaches to coordinating the two research fields are proposed.It is pointed out that the two concepts are neither the same nor contradictive.Linguistic landscape study can only be enriched and better serve the national strategy if the research fruits of public sign translation are absorbed.

Cultural Confidence as a National Strategy: Significance and Construction

In the context of globalization, Western values keep expanding across the globe, maintaining their dominance. Domestically, the development of Chinese culture lags behind its economic growth. Globally, China has yet to develop a significant power of speech. Also, China's overseas image is not in line with its real strength. The introduction of cultural confidence, therefore, is a must move to tackle China's dilemma of international cultural communications and also an emergency measure to address a crisis of domestic cultural anxiety and identity. Cultural cognition, cultural communications, and cultural development are prerequisites for building and boosting cultural confidence. For the construction of cultural confidence, key actions include confronting the crisis of faith, conducting a self-examination of our culture, enhancing mainstream values, improving the compatible mechanisms, integrating traditional culture, and properly approaching Western culture.

U.S. National Strategy: betweem Offensive and Integration

As the hegemonic country in the world system, U. S. national strategy is global and multi-directional. Since September 11, 2001, America has made series of adjustments in its global strategy, including adjustment in security focus and change of security means. Come what may, since America has become the superpower in the world system, its national strategy has always been between offensive and integration. In a sense, current American strategy is the combination of the two. Although different government would tilt toward one direction, none

Strategic Direction of Russia Interpreted from Its New National Security Strategy

In July 2021,Russia unveiled its new National Security Strategy,which is a considerably updated version compared with the previous one and hence presents several new features.For instance,it further stresses that security should be prioritized over other aspects;it gives more attention to the chaotic aspects of order change in its assessment of the international situation;it highlights the threats from the West;and it places increased emphasis on domestic capacity building as a means for safeguarding national security.From the content of the new Strategy as well as Russia’s policies in recent years,the strategy of Russia for the foreseeable future can be generally characterized as inward-looking.Domestically,its policies will become more conservative;diplomatically,it will take up a defensive position;and economically,it will increasingly emphasize security and selfreliance.In other words,several issues that were previously overlooked will be given attention.However,strategic introversion does not mean that Russia will invest all its energy in defense.Instead,Russia will build up strength for changes that lie ahead.With the expected strategic introversion,Russia will fnd difculty in making breakthroughs in terms of its relations with the West;the China-Russia relations will continue on the path of steady development;and Russia will place greater importance to the balance of power among major countries.

India’s National Security Strategy:Pursuits,Origins,and Practice

India has upheld extremely rich practices of national security since its founding as a republic because of its unique geo-environmental features, historical legacies, and traditional cultures, which reflect a type of national security strategy that has distinct Indian characteristics. Generally, successive governments in India have followed the basic principles articulated in Kautilya’s Arthasastra and various security practices adopted during the British Raj. India’s national security strategies are based on an internal logic of geopolitical rivalry and changes in international scenarios, and they are strongly influenced by Hindu traditions and the “Sad-Dharma” purported by King Ashoka. The objective is to create an India-dominated security order in the South Asian subcontinent, which persistently builds its capacity and system as a “net security provider” in the Indian Ocean Rim. Moreover, India is vigorously expanding its network of influence in the Pacific region in an effort to become a world leading power that enjoys a high level of strategic autonomy.

Strategic Thinking on the Path of National Security with Chinese Characteristics

General Secretary of the Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee Xi Jinping has creatively put forward a holistic approach to national security and the path of national security with Chinese characteristics,which are synergistic and inseparable.Compared with other major global powers,China is embarking on a path of national security that incorporates distinctive Chinese characteristics.Unlike the United States,which seeks international expansion and hegemony while pursuing national security,China is dedicated to maintaining global security and building a community with a shared future for humanity.Unlike Russia,which prioritizes national security over everything else,China places greater emphasis on balancing development and security.Unlike Europe and Japan,which entrust their national security to other countries,China has always adhered to the principle of independence and self-reliance.An essential feature of the path of national security with Chinese characteristics is that it upholds the unity of the people’s security,political security,and the supremacy of national interests.Moreover,China will remain committed to peaceful development while defending its interests.China will continue to balance development and security imperatives,maintaining an independent foreign policy while building a community with a shared future for humanity.To make solid strides on the path of national security with Chinese characteristics,the fundamental task will be pursuing a holistic approach to national security and implementing the Ten Upholds.

National Strategy on Intellectual Property Rights to Be Launched This Year

Ms. Chen Zhili, a State Councilor,expressed on the Glooal Forum on Intellectual Property Rights Protection and Innovation that a plan on the preparation of China's strategy on intellectual property rights would be issued and put into implcmentation this year, in an effort to jointly create a harmonious environment in which dialogue instead of confrontation will prevail.. At the forum, Mr.……

FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH IN NATURAL SCIENCE: SUPPORTING NATIONAL STRATEGY

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council have put forward "the strategy for revitalizing China through science and education" and decided to implement it with the turn of the century. All circles of the society and the broad masses of people i n China are unprecedentedly raising their scientific and technical awareness and so gradually reaching more and more common understanding of the role that fundamental research in natural science has been playing as a cornerstone in the implementation of "the strategy of revitalizing China through science and education".

STRESSING THE PILOT RESEARCH FOR THE NATIONAL S&T DEVELOPMENTAL STRATEGY

How to put forward advisory suggestions regarded as feasible, workable and acceptable by the State leaders through the integration of the goodwill cherished by our scientists with the blueprint masterminded by the hosts of various R&D projects? It seems to me a problem worthy of our serious consideration. Here I would like to suggest that under the leading group of national S&T affairs, a new organ functionally similar to the State R&D Center be set up. Acting as a counselling team to the group, it must be small in payroll and include by strategists spe-

Implementation methods and economic impacts of national node strategies

Pilot reforms gradually implemented through key nodes have become an important pattern of regional development in China since the policy of reform and opening up was in- troduced in 1978. On the basis of an analysis of the evolution processes and characteristics of regional development policies in post-reform China, this paper develops the concept and analytical framework of national node strategies （NNS）, defined as regional development strategies centered on specific spatial nodes, by addressing their theoretical basis and re- search scope. The regional economic impacts of NNS were explored quantitatively through the examples of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, Pudong New Area and Tianjin Binhai New Area in different stages of the reform and opening up. The results indicate that the evo- lution of China＇s regional development policies can be divided into three stages： the explora- tion stage led by Special Economic Zones （SEZs）, the expansion stage dominated by Eco- nomic Development Zones and the optimization stage featuring State-level New Areas and National Comprehensive Reform Pilot Areas. During all the three stages, NNS have played an important demonstrative and leading role and promoted the rapid evolution of China＇s regional development policies from localized to widespread implementation, and the role of the government has also changed accordingly. As an innovative application and development of the growth pole theory in transitional China, NNS have become engines of regional de- velopment as well as important conduits of institutional innovations. NNS and regional de- velopment have achieved a benign coupling and formed a gradated regional development model. Empirical research indicates that NNS are an important method used by the govern- ment to guide and regulate regional economic development, with complex and diverse eco- nomic effects that differ depending on the stage of regional development and the spatial scale of analysis.

Present Situation and Development of Chinese Grain Food Safety

The recent outstanding issues,＂ puzzles of farmers, anxiety oflocal government and helplessness ofcentral government,＂ facing Chinese grain security, depend on the lack of national food security strategy. Therefore, we must reconstruct our national food security strategy with a cornerstone of an integrated productivity, the focus control of market regulation forces and the protection of sovereignty. By analyzing the status of integrated productivity, market regulation force and sovereign control, this essay proposes that we should change the concept from ＂ food production＂ to ＂foOd management＂, design the two systems of the interest coordination and the special safeguard, effectively improve the enthusiasm of the government＇ s undertaking work in grain-producing areas and farmers＇ farming work, firmly grasp the two initiatives of acquisition and processing of grain and operating inputs, and actively apply recommendations of the two regulators： food exports, processing and conversion.

The New Concept, New Thought and New Strategy for National Governance Highlight Scientific Thinking

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC,Comrade Xi Jinping pools the wisdom of the Communist Party of China(Party for short),focusing on the overall issues,core issues,and key issues under the new situation of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics,has made a series of important speeches,proposed a complete set of strategy for national governing,thus。

The World-wide Significance of the New Concept, New Thought and New Strategy for National Governance

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has scientifically integrated the two overall situations of the country and the international community as well as the two major issues of development and security,thus forming a series of new concepts,new ideas and new strategies for governing the country.

Progress and prospects of applied research on physical geography and the living environment in China over the past 70 years (1949-2019)

Physical geography is a basic research subject of natural sciences. Its research object is the natural environment which is closely related to human living and development, and China’s natural environment is complex and diverse. According to national needs and regional development, physical geographers have achieved remarkable achievements in applied basis and applied research, which also has substantially contributed to the planning of national economic growth and social development, the protection of macro ecosystems and resources, and sustainable regional development. This study summarized the practice and application of physical geography in China over the past 70 years in the following fields: regional differences in natural environments and physical regionalization;land use and land cover changes;natural hazards and risk reduction;process and prevention of desertification;upgrading of medium-and low-yield fields in the Huang-Huai-Hai region;engineering construction in permafrost areas;geochemical element anomalies and the prevention and control of endemic diseases;positioning and observation of physical geographical elements;and identification of geospatial differentiation and geographical detectors. Furthermore, we have proposed the future direction of applied research in the field of physical geography.

Strategic options for syphilis control in Papua New Guineae impact and cost-effectiveness projections using the syphilis interventions towards elimination (SITE) model

Objectives:Papua New Guinea(PNG)has among the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections(STIs)globally and is committed to reducing their incidence.The Syphilis Interventions Towards Elimination(SITE)model was used to explore the expected impact and cost of alternative syphilis intervention scale-up scenarios.Methods:SITE is a dynamical model of syphilis transmission among adults 15-49 years.Individuals are divided into nine groups based on sexual behaviour and into six stages of infection.The model was calibrated to PNG using data from routine surveillance,biobehavioural surveys,research studies and program records.Inputs included syphilis prevalence,risk behaviours,intervention coverage and service delivery unit costs.Scenarios compared different interventions(clinical treatment,contact tracing,syphilis screening,and condom promotion)for incidence and cost per infection averted over 2021-2030.Results:Increasing treatment coverage of symptomatic primary/secondary-stage syphilis cases from 25-35%in 2020 to 60%from 2023 onwards reduced estimated incidence over 2021-2030 by 55%,compared to a scenario assuming constant coverage at 2019-2020 levels.The introduction of contact tracing in 2020,assuming 0.4 contacts per symptomatic person treated,reduced incidence over 2021-2030 by 10%.Increasing screening coverage by 20-30 percentage points from the 2019-2020 level reduced incidence over 2021-2030 by 3e16%depending on the target population.Scaling-up clinical,symptom-driven treatment and contact tracing had the lowest cost per infection averted,followed by condom promotion and periodic screening of female sex workers and men who have sex with men.Conclusions:PNG could considerably reduce its syphilis burden by scaling-up clinical treatment and contact tracing alongside targeted behavioural risk reduction interventions.SITE is a useful tool countries can apply to inform national STI programming and resource allocation.