Evolving National Security: A Roadmap from Present to Future in Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Policies (A Technical Review)

This comprehensive exploration delves into the intricate dynamics of national security policies in the realm of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.From the present landscape characterized by the diversification of energy portfolios to the long-term vision encompassing nuclear fusion,this article navigates through the nuanced interplay of technology,resilience,and environmental responsibility.The synthesis of established nuclear fission technologies and evolving renewable sources forms the cornerstone of a strategic approach,addressing challenges and opportunities to ensure a secure,sustainable energy future.

Lab Director and Division Directors,Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy

Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy （DNL）, based mainly in Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics （DICP）, Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS）, is looking for outstanding candidates for DNL director and directors for its nine research divisions： optimized utilization of fossil energy, low carbon catalysis and engineering, energy saving ＆ energy environment, fuel cell ＆ energy storage, hydrogen energy, biomass energy, solar energy, maritime renewable energy, basic ＆ strategic studies on energy, and service center for energy researches. More details about DICP can be found at http：//www.dicp.ac.cn/.

Premier Wen Jiabao heads the newly set up National Energy Commission

On January 27, 2010, an overarching government agency, the National Energy Commission (NEC), which is responsible for drafting national energy

Situation of China's solar water heater industry,related national standards,testing and the Golden Sun certification program

China is the largest solar water heater producer and market in the world.Despite the fast growth and an installed capacity that accounts for the majority of the global gross,China's per capita solar hot water capacity is still very low,implying a huge margin of market potential;and the recognition of the industry in the global market is handicapped by the scattered scale of production and inconsistent product quality.To ensure continued growth of China's solar water heating(SWH) industry,Chinese Government has established a series of national SWH standards,three national testing centers,and a certification program to lay the foundation for the development of the Golden Sun product labeling system.China General Certification Center(CGC) developed the Golden Sun product certification and labeling system on a pass/fail basis evaluating with established criteria.The system was designed to help manufacturers acclimate to explicit consistent requirements and to identify and fix the deficiencies in the design and execution of the program itself.Timely revision and integration of the national standards are recommended to accommodate the test procedures and requirements to new technologies and the evolving SWH market.Strict implementation of the Golden Sun certification and labeling system are suggested to avail improving the quality control and forging internationally reputable brands of Chinese solar water heating products.

Gas Valorization in the Republic of Congo: Production of Electricity from National Gas Reserves

The environmental impact of greenhouse gases based on natural gas flaring influences the rate of gas recovery around the world. In the Republic of Congo, the natural gas reserve in 2019 is estimated at 90 billion cubic meters (BCM). In this study, from the Congolese gas reserve we used five gas turbines with a capacity of 150 MW each;these five turbines consume 1.69 billion cubic meters (BCM)/year for the power of 273.750 MW and consumption of 6.57 billion kilowatt-hours. The results of this study revealed that an investment capital of 192,305,137 euros was required with a net profit of 9,581,250 euros at an annual rate of return of 4.98% with an investment payback period of approximately 20 years. This will allow the Congolese government to accomplish its policy of valuing gas and developing the country;the electricity produced by the National Petroleum Company of Congo (SNPC) will be sold to the Electrical Energy of Congo (E2C) at 0.06 euro/kWh.

Analysis of hohlraum energetics of the SG series and the NIF experiments with energy balance model

The basic energy balance model is applied to analyze the hohlraum energetics data from the Shenguang(SG)series laser facilities and the National Ignition Facility(NIF)experiments published in the past few years.The analysis shows that the overall hohlraum energetics data are in agreement with the energy balance model within 20%deviation.The 20%deviation might be caused by the diversity in hohlraum parameters,such as material,laser pulse,gas filling density,etc.In addition,the NIF's ignition target designs and our ignition target designs given by simulations are also in accordance with the energy balance model.This work confirms the value of the energy balance model for ignition target design and experimental data assessment,and demonstrates that the NIF energy is enough to achieve ignition if a 1D spherical radiation drive could be created,meanwhile both the laser plasma instabilities and hydrodynamic instabilities could be suppressed.

Integrating Renewable Energy and Smart Grid Technology into the Nigerian Electricity Grid System

The electricity situation in Nigeria can be described as epileptic with no sign in view of improvement. This epileptic power situation affects the manufacturing, service and residential sectors of the economy which in turn affects the country’s economic growth. Even with the recent reforms in the power sector, more than half of the country’s population still lack access to electricity. The epileptic condition of the power sector can be attributed to the inadequate and inefficient power plants, poor transmission and distribution facilities, and outdated metering system used by electricity consumers. This paper attempts to present the way forward for the Nigerian poor electricity situation by reviewing the power sector as a whole and the renewable energy potentials. We identified the problems in the national grid and then proposed a smart grid model for the Nigerian power sector which will include renewable energy source. We believe that the content of this review paper will solve the poor epileptic condition of the power sector in Nigeria and also enable the proper integration of smart grid technology into the national grid.

Geopolitics of global climate change and energy security

Currently,the problem of climate change is already far beyond the category of scientific research,and it affects the economic operation mode,interests pattern,and geographical relationships and becomes the focus of global governance.During the transition period of the international economic and social development and the critical transformation period of the world geopolitical pattern reorganization,China's industrialization is still at the intermediate stage,and tackling with climate change is also China's internal demand under this development stage.With more influence of climate change on national competitiveness,climate change and geopolitics present complex multiple relations,and climate change in the era of geopolitical landscape gradually affected the national strategy and diplomacy.This article offered some relevant suggestions based on evaluating the new geopolitical characteristics of climate change:(1)weighing of interests and properly handling the complex relations among major powers during international climate negotiations;(2)strengthening risk judgments and actively cooperating with the United States and the European Union on energy and climate change;(3)relying on the"One Belt(Silk Road Economic Belt)and One Road(twenty-first century Maritime Silk Road)"to ensure China's energy security and actively participating in the global energy governance;(4)strengthening the"south-south cooperation"mechanism innovation and increasing the investment.

Experimental study on detonation parameters and cellular structures of fuel cloud

In this paper, detonation parameters of fuel cloud, such as propylene oxide （PO）, isopropyl nitrate （IPN）, hex- ane, 90# oil and decane were measured in a self-designed and constructed vertical shock tube. Results show that the deto- nation pressure and velocity of PO increase to a peak value and then decrease smoothly with increasing equivalence ra- tio. Several nitrate sensitizers were added into PO to make fuel mixtures, and test results indicated that the additives can efficiently enhance detonation velocity and pressure of fuel cloud and one type of additive n-propyl nitrate （NPN） played the best in the improvement. The critical initiation energy that directly initiated detonation of all the test liquid fuel clouds showed a U-shape curve relationship with equiva- lence ratios. The optimum concentration lies on the rich-fuel side （;b 〉 1）. The critical initiation energy is closely related to molecular structure and volatility of fuels. IPN and PO have similar critical values while that of alkanes are larger. Detonation cell sizes of PO were respectively investigated at 25;C, 35;C and 50;C with smoked foil technique. The cell width shows a U-shape curve relationship with equivalence ratios at all temperatures. The minimal cell width also lies on the rich-fuel side （;b 〉 1）. The cell width of PO vapor is slightly larger than that of PO cloud. Therefore, the deto- nation reaction of PO at normal temperature is controlled by gas phase reaction.

ISSUES ON CHINA′S ENERGY SECURITY

For many years, China has made great strides in constructing a sizeable and stable energy supply system rooted mainly in domestic coal supply. That system, however, is subject to immense strain as a result of rapid economic growth, rising living standard, widespread environmental degradation, limited oil reserves and uneven resources distribution. Industrialization and urbanization since the early 1980s have imposed structural constraints on its traditional coal-based energy supply model. Eventually, China became a net oil-importer in 1993 when ten million tons of crude oil and petroleum products from abroad fed into the local economies of the coastal areas. Such a change meant that energy security has become an increasingly sensitive issue to the central government of China. This paper argues that China could benefit from a more open energy supply by striking to a balance of both domestic and international sources, rather than the traditional mode emphasized on a highly self-sufficiency rate.

Applied Energy

Current policies have implied that improving thermal performance of the built environment would be included in a strategy to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in the UK and meet the national targets of the Climate Change Act by 2050.However,the perceptions of the industrial stakeholders in this matter have not,to date,been clear.This study aimed to uncover stakeholder perspectives on thermal performance of the built environment and investigate whether their perspectives aligned well with the national policies.Focusing on attributes of the built environment,technology and innovation,barriers and reflections on reality,technical feedback was gathered from experienced industrial stakeholders via a one-day workshop and emails.The analysis showed that despite being familiar with the national policies,the perspectives of the industrial stakeholders did not fully align with the national policies in most aspects.However,the industry had no objection to employing low carbon technology alternatives in the future.The study concluded that consultation with industry should be carried out continuously to assist in the formation of future national policies to significantly improve the thermal performance of the built environment.Future research should be extended to comparing the stakeholder viewpoints and national policies from environmental and economic perspectives on a European/global scale.

协同创新理论下中国国家实验室建设路径探索——基于美国能源部国家实验室的经验启示

为推进中国国家实验室的开放和协同创新,运用协同创新理论,基于对美国能源部国家实验室协同创新的实践经验分析,结合中国当前面临被西方主要国家技术封锁的严峻形势,探讨协同创新促进中国国家实验室建设的路径。协同创新包含了多方创新主体、共同目标、优势互补和合理分工、复杂的相互作用和整体协同效应等五方面的核心要素,其结构从简单无序布局向高级有序组织变革转变为网络化创新结构,因此要确保协同创新成果实现,需要充分考虑不同主体之间的利益平衡和风险控制等因素。美国能源部国家实验室具有明确的战略目标与使命、充足的财政投入与多元化经费来源、高效的管理运行机制、人员组成多元化的强大科研团队,其发展总体呈现开放化、网络化的对外合作趋势,在协同创新方面形成了强化战略导向和目标聚焦、深化产学研合作、建立高效的协同机制、强化人才培养和团队建设,以及鼓励创新、营造宽容失败的文化氛围等经验举措。借鉴美国经验,深化国际合作和加强内部合作是应对挑战、促进国家实验室建设的两翼。因此,应对当前西方国家技术封锁,中国国家实验室建设须毫不动摇地坚持开放共享与合作交流的理念,强化顶层设计与政策引导,深化产学研用合作,建立高效协同机制,实现多领域协同创新、引领学科交叉创新,并积极融入创新联合体建设,弘扬科学家精神、营造鼓励创新探索的科研文化氛围。

中国能源应急管理体系演进、问题及政策建议

能源应急管理体系的构成与演变决定了一个国家应对能源突发事件的能力和效率。新中国成立后,中国能源应急管理体系经历了单灾种专项应急管理体系(1949—2003年)、以“一案三制”为核心的应急管理体系(2003—2012年)、以总体国家安全观为统领的应急管理体系(2012年至今)3个发展阶段。总体来看,中国现阶段能源应急管理体系建设还存在大安全大应急理念有待加强、能源综合应急管理体制需要模式重构、应急法制体系亟待完善、全流程应急管理机制和应急保障能力急需提高等一系列问题。建议推进能源战略安全理念,贯彻大安全大应急新思想;完善集中统一、高效权威的能源综合应急管理体制;加强能源应急管理机制建设;健全能源应急管理法制与标准体系;强化能源应急保障体系。

总体国家安全观下深化中俄能源合作的法律机制构建

能源安全是国家安全的重要组成部分。在大国竞争激烈和地区冲突频发的背景下,加强中俄能源合作对于增进双方政治互信、促进经济发展以及实现社会稳定和环保目标具有重要意义,是落实总体国家安全观的关键举措。随着中俄能源合作从传统能源交易扩展至全产业链,现行法律框架已不足以支撑日益加深的合作需求,无法有效应对复杂局面和挑战。在总体国家安全观的引领下,亟须构建全面的法律机制,以深化中俄之间的能源合作。这需要坚持能源安全、能源主权、互惠互利以及绿色发展的原则,全面统筹政治、经济、社会和环境安全多重维度,完善能源对话机制,加强投资保护,建立价格协商机制,探索生态保护措施。

拉美地区在国际能源新变局中的地位及前景

拉丁美洲地区能源资源丰富,随着巴西、圭亚那和苏里南等国规模巨大海上油田的发现,该地区再次成为世界石油工业的新热点。拉美国家是国际能源低碳转型的新生力量,特别是随着全球清洁能源发展加速,其在铜、锂、镍等关键矿产资源的优势进一步凸显。拉美地区是国际能源地缘政治博弈的重要赛场:美国对委内瑞拉石油制裁仍将持续;随着关键矿产重要性上升,拉美国家资源民族主义再度回潮,该地区存在较大的西方干涉风险与地缘政治压力;资源国间领土争端也成为国际市场稳定隐患。拉美地区基础设施和相关投资不足,清洁能源产业发展、关键矿产开发等都需要拉美国家加大投资力度,在自身资金和技术等受限的情况下,拉美有望成为国际能源资源投资的新热土。由于存在炼油能力和设备不足、管理缺位和腐败丛生、国家间政治差异突出、政策频繁变动以及围绕关键矿产的大国竞争等内外诸多问题,拉美地区能源产业的发展和资源优势的发挥仍将面临许多不确定因素。

当前一轮“资源民族主义”特点及前景

自2020年前后至今,在拉美左翼上台、资源国债务压力上升、新冠疫情暴发、国际低碳转型提速、俄乌冲突爆发、大国竞争加剧等多重因素影响下,拉美、亚洲和非洲等地“资源民族主义”明显回潮。资源国通过提高特许权使用费和税收、停止或重新谈判现有合同甚至是国有化等政策,加大资源控制力度,抬高外资准入门槛。与过去相比,当前一轮“资源民族主义”的重点领域由石油转向关键矿产,资源国的诸多措施更为温和理性,是在总体欢迎外资的前提下加强对本国资源的管控,反殖民主义色彩减弱,资源国与外资的关系也从零和博弈下的对抗变为合作基础上的利益之争。资源国对外资诸多限制措施的出台,虽有利于增加收益、推动经济增长,但也不可避免制约全球关键矿产等领域投资和产能的增加,迟滞国际能源低碳转型。短期看,本轮“资源民族主义”政策在政治上迎合了资源国国内民族主义情绪,有助于其经济发展和转型;中长期看,“资源民族主义”也将面临越来越大的国内外阻力。

基于全民健身的体育运动与膳食营养融合对策

运动和营养是健康的两大支柱,但很多参与运动的人们对运动营养学的认识不足。本文从全民健身视角出发,通过分析不同运动类型对人体的影响,阐述膳食营养素的生理功能,指出运动人群中常见的膳食营养误区,提出基于全民健身的体育运动与膳食营养融合策略,为体育运动与膳食营养的融合提供思路。

中国南海海洋牧场的波浪能资源评估

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)近10年的ERA5再分析海浪场数据,为中国南海周边4个省(自治区)的国家级海洋牧场选取最适合开发波浪能资源的电站位置,重点研究各站点的波浪能开发潜力以及与波浪能装置布放方向有关的指标。研究表明:广东省惠州小星山以及福建省莆田市南日岛两个国家级海洋牧场所选站点的波浪能开发潜力最高,获得高经济收益的潜力也最强;此外,后者所选站点的波浪能传播方向最集中,最有利于装置吸收波浪能资源。

构建云南省“三位一体”矿产资源勘查开发新格局

将第三轮和第四轮矿产资源规划分局布局进行了对比分析,指出了不同之处。新时期如何构建云南省矿产资源勘查开发格局,提出了宏观层面构建“勘查开发保护区域布局”;中观层面建立“能源资源安全保障和勘查开采工作布局”;微观层面优化“资源合理配置”,构建“宏观-中观-微观”三位一体的矿产资源勘查开发新格局。