Exposure of children to heavy metals from artisanal gold mining in Nigeria:evidences from bio-monitoring of hairs and nails

In recent times,there had been reported cases of Pb poisoning in Anka gold mining area,Northwest Nigeria.Therefore,this study was carried out to determine the extent of bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the hairs and nails of children in the area.Forty samples(twenty nails and twenty hairs)samples were collected from ten boys and ten girls of ages 5–9 residing in the area.To ascertain the sources of heavy metals in children,15 soils samples,15 groundwater samples,5 samples of mine tailings,and 5 plants samples were collected.Hair and nails of the subjects were collected using internationally acceptable techniques.All samples were kept in uncontaminated ziplock bags prior to laboratory preparation and analysis.The samples were cleaned using nonionic detergent(triton X-100)and deionized water.The hairs and nails were digested with 10 mL of 6:1 mixture of nitric acid and perchloric acid.The soils,mine tailings,and plants were air-dried at room temperature,sieved,and chemically digested using the aqua regia method.The concentrations of metals in all the samples were determined using highperformance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry.Statistical analysis was employed to unravel potential sources of metals in the media.Results showed that heavy metals in children of the area are above results from similar studies and pathological ranges for heavy metals in hairs and nails.Also,heavy metals in environmental media are above the recommended standards.Multivariate analysis showed that the metals are mainly from mining and other anthropogenic sources.Results of correlation between heavy metals in hairs and nails with those in geological samples revealed that heavy metal that bioaccumulates in the children of this area are mostly from contaminated environmental media.It is recommended that complete remediation and effective health education be carried out in the area.

Lead Hair Level Impact on Mongolian Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: High-prevalence disorders among children are attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and lead exposure. The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between ADHD symptoms and hair lead levels and neurocognitive function among Mongolian children. Methods: This was the case study to investigate the relationship between hair lead and ADHD in Mongolian school kids. We conducted a pair-matching case-control study with 30 ADHD cases and 30 non ADHD controls for 7 - 12 years of age school children, based on the same age, and sex. Recruitment process was conducted from June 2018 to December 2019. The case and control study children were systematically selected by structured diagnostic interviews, including caregiver interviews based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed (DSM-IV). Results: The average level of hair lead of the ADHD group was 1.45 ± 2.93 ppm and the control group’s lead level was 0.7 ± 1.59 ppm. We found ADHD-Combined (ADHD-C) patients showed the highest lead levels (p < 0.05). Hair lead levels were positively linked with the severity of ADHD symptoms, negatively linked with the Full-Scale Emotional Intelligence Quotient, but positively correlated with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was discovered regarding the lead levels between the study and the control groups with significantly increased risks among boys and children whose mother had preeclampsia during the pregnancy period. Spearman’s correlation coefficient showed a notable negative connection between children’s hair lead levels with ADHD-Hyperactive (ADHD-H), and EQ (Emotional Quotient) level of children (−0.329 and −0.242, for original and log10 transformed, p < 0.001). The lead was linked with vulnerability to ADHD and symptom severity among those school-age children. Conclusions: The child hair lead exposure is one of the risk factors of the development of ADHD and decreasing FSIQ (Full Scale Intelligent Quotient) and EQ level of children and linked with susceptibility to ADHD and symptom severity in school-age children.

INAA to Determine Trace Element Concentrations in the Hair of Street Children of Isfahan City, Iran

This study aimed to assess trace element concentrations in the hair of street children. Nutritional status was assessed by 24 hours’ dietary recall and anthropometric measurements. Data analysis found that Br, Sc, Sm and Ti concentrations show a normal distribution, and there is no significant difference between street children and control group. However, in the street children’s hair, the levels of Au, U, V are decreased and the levels of Co, La, Sb, Th are increased compared to the control group.

Hair Mercury Levels and Their Relationship with Seafood Consumption among Preschool Children in Shanghai

Mercury is a global pollutant. Children are vulnerable to environmental toxicants. Seafood consumption is a major source of methylmercury exposure. In order to ascertain children’s mercury exposure levels and study their relationship with seafood consumption, we conducted a cross-sectional study among preschool children in Shanghai.

A near-vision chart for children aged 3-5 years old:new designs and clinical applications

AIM:To introduce a new near-vision chart for children aged 3-5 years old and its clinical applications.METHODS:Thenewnear-visionchartwhichcombined the Bailey-Lovie layout with a newly devised set of symmetry symbols was designed based on WeberFechner law.It consists of 15 rows of symmetry symbols,corresponding to a visual acuity range from 1.3 to 0.1logMAR.The optotypes were red against a white background and were specially shaped four basic geometric symbols:circle,square,triangle,and cross,which matched the preschool children’s cognitive level.A regular geometric progression of the optotype sizes and distribution was employed to arrange in 15 lines.The progression rate of the optotype size between two lines was 1.2589 and two smaller groups of optotypes ranging from 0.7 to-0.1 logMAR were included for repetitive testing.A near visual acuity was recorded in logMAR or decimal,and the testing distance was 25 cm.RESULTS:This new near-vision chart with pediatric acuity test optotypes which consists of 4 different symbols(triangle,square,cross,and circle)met the national and international eye chart design guidelines.When performing the near visual acuity assessment in preschoolers(3-5y old).It overcame an inability to recognize the letters of the alphabet and difficulties in designating the direction of black abstract symbols such as the tumbling’E’or Landolt’C’,which the subjects were prone to lose interest in.Near vision may be recorded in different notations:decimal acuity and logMAR.These two notations can be easily convertedeach other in the new near-vision chart.The measurements of this new chart not only showed a significant correlation and a good consistency with the Chinese national standard logarithmic near-vision chart(r=0.932,P【0.01),but also indicated good test-retest reliability(89%of retest scores were within 0.1 logMAR units of the initial test score)and a high response rate.CONCLUSION:The results of this study support the validity and reliability of near visual acuity measurements using the new near-vision chart in children aged 3-5y over a wide range of visual acuities,and the new eye chart was especially suitable for the detection of amblyopia risk factors and low vision examination in children(3-5y of age).It can be applied in routine clinical practice.

Evaluation of nest site preferences of a nest dismantler,the Hair-crested Drongo(Dicrurus hottentottus) in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve of central China

Background:The Hair-crested Drongo(Dicrurus hottentottus) exhibits a unique nest-dismantling behavior after the fledging of the young.One hypothesis explaining this behavior is dismantling one's own nest may reduce potential competition for nest sites in the following breeding season because suitable breeding habitat might be limited,and sites are often reused.Methods:By comparing the habitat features at nest and random locations,we determined the nest habitat preference of the Hair-crested Drongo within Dongzhai National Nature Reserve,Henan,China.We also compared habitat features with nesting success to determine if any trends could be detected.Results:We found that nest tree height,diameter at breast height,live crown ratio,tree rank,and presence of overstory were significantly higher at nesting locations than random locations;slope,leaf litter cover percentage and depth,presence of understory and midstory,and number of trees per hectare were significantly lower at nest sites than random sites.Drongos preferred to use some tree species,such as Metasequoia glyptostroboides,Castanea mollissima,and Pterocarya stenoptera for nesting.Failed nests were often associated with habitat with higher percentage of leaf litter on the ground.Conclusion:Our data support that selection of nest sites does occur for this species at this site and therefore support the hypothesis that breeding habitat limitation could be one of the driving forces for the development of the nestdismantling behavior in this species.

Prevalence of hypertension and its associations with body composition across Chinese and American children and adolescents

Background The age of onset of hypertension(HTN)is decreasing,and obesity is a significant risk factor.The prevalence and racial disparities in pediatric HTN and the association between body composition and blood pressure are insufficiently studied.This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HTN in Chinese and American children and adolescents and to assess the relationship between various body composition indices and HTN.Methods Seven thousand,five hundred and seventy-three Chinese and 6239 American children and adolescents aged 8–18 years from the 2013–2015 China Child and Adolescent Cardiovascular Health study and the 2011–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were analyzed.Blood pressure and body composition(fat and muscle)were measured by trained staff.The crude prevalence and age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR)of primary HTN and its subtypes[isolated systolic hypertension(ISH)and isolated diastolic hypertension(IDH)]were calculated based on 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines.Multivariable-adjusted linear regression coefficients and odds ratios(ORs)were calculated to assess the associations of body composition indicators with HTN,ISH and IDH.Results The ASPR of HTN was 18.5%in China(CN)and 4.6%in the United States(US),whereas the obesity prevalence was 7.4%and 18.6%,and the population attributable risk of HTN caused by overweight and obesity was higher in the US than in CN.Increased fat mass,muscle mass and body fat percentage mass were associated with a higher risk of HTN in both countries.The percent of muscle body mass had a protective effect on HTN and ISH in both countries[HTN(CN:OR=0.83,95%CI=0.78–0.88;US:OR=0.72,95%CI=0.64–0.81);ISH(CN:OR=0.87,95%CI=0.80–0.94;US:OR=0.71,95%CI=0.62–0.81)],and the protective effect was more common among children and adolescents with high levels of physical activity.Conclusions The burden of HTN in Chinese children and adolescents was substantial and much greater than that in the US,and the contribution of obesity to HTN was higher in the US than in CN.Augmenting the proportion of muscle mass in body composition has a protective effect against HTN in both populations.Optimizing body composition positively influences blood pressure in children and adolescents,particularly those with high-level physical activity.

药学干预对某儿童医院国家基本药物使用情况的效果评价

目的:评价药学干预对某儿童医院国家基本药物使用情况的效果。方法:从医院信息系统分别抽取2021年(干预前)和2022年(干预后)某儿童医院国家基本药物使用数据,包括基本药物采购品种比、基本药物配备使用金额占比、门诊患者基本药物处方占比、门诊患者基本药物处方使用占比、住院患者基本药物使用率和住院患者基本药物使用占比,比较2021年与2022年各指标的全院增长率和不同临床科室的增长率。结果:与2021年相比,2022年我院基本药物采购品种比降低了1.32%,基本药物配备使用金额占比增长率为2.26%,门诊患者基本药物处方占比增加了13.82%,门诊患者基本药物处方使用占比增加了11.69%,住院患者基本药物使用率持平,住院患者基本药物使用占比增加了1.30%。基本药物各项考核指标明显改善的科室包括心内科、新生儿科、综合内科、神经外科、感染性疾病科、新生儿重症监护室、耳鼻喉科、血液科1、外科监护室和血液科2。结论:我院基本药物使用情况经临床药师干预后有一定的改进成效,但基本药物配备使用金额占比和住院基本药物使用率仍未达到省考要求,需要药师与医师积极配合对患儿家属进行基本药物宣教,增加其对基本药物的信赖程度,同时呼吁国家能够增加国家基本药物目录中儿童专科用药品种,提高儿童用药的经济性和可及性。

陶行知儿童教育价值取向的三重意蕴阐释

儿童教育价值取向是指儿童教育主体以自身的儿童教育价值观念为基础与导向,为满足自身对儿童教育的需要而产生的儿童教育行动方向的选择偏好。陶行知儿童教育价值取向体现在三个方面:一是“创造儿童的世界”的儿童本位取向;二是“以科学之方,新教育之事”的科学本位取向;三是“小朋友是民族的未来”的民族本位取向。

儿童国家认同:国外研究的知识谱系与启示

文章系统梳理并分析了国外学界有关儿童国家认同研究的四种理论取向。其中,精神分析取向侧重潜意识的讨论,认为儿童的国家认同源自俄狄浦斯情结的本能反应;认知发展取向将儿童的国家认同看成认知能力推动的结果,试图给出儿童国家认同观念发展的客观标准;政治社会化取向注意到了外在环境的力量,主要关注家庭、学校、大众传媒以及同辈群体等对儿童国家认同的形塑机制;新儿童社会学取向肯定了儿童的行动能力,重点考察儿童在构建国家认同观念过程中的具身化体验与实践。四种理论取向之间,既相互挑战又彼此补充,为我们深入了解儿童国家认同提供了丰富的理论支撑。以此为参照,文章最后为国内相关研究提出了若干借鉴和启示。

云南罗平布依族3-6岁儿童普通话能力调查研究

以云南罗平鲁布革地区一所乡级公立中心幼儿园及一所村级私立幼儿园的102名3-6岁布依族儿童为研究对象,从简单汉语问答、汉语词汇掌握、理解句子、理解动作指令、初步语句意识五个维度考查其普通话运用能力。研究发现:罗平布依族3-6岁儿童普通话能力与性别无明显关系;与年龄有显著性关系;幼儿普通话能力存在明显地区差异,乡级幼儿园儿童普通话能力优于村级幼儿园儿童。要切实提升民族地区学龄前儿童普通话能力,应该着力提升民族地区农村幼儿园教师普通话应用能力及教育教学能力;加强幼儿园语言环境创设,科学合理设置语言课程;家校共育,营造良好的幼儿普通话教育环境;关注民族地区农村民办幼儿园现状,加大扶持力度;建立健全幼儿普通话能力测评系统。

中国革命儿童文学的生成、演进与反思

自20世纪三四十年代起,革命儿童文学便成为中国儿童文学的有机组成部分,并以艺术实践的方式发挥着对阶级斗争、民族解放等宏大话语的言说功能。在新中国儿童文学的艺术视域内,对革命历史的追忆与重述使得革命儿童文学被拉升到“国家文学”的高度。在新的文化场域内,儿童的个体成长与新中国的现代化进程相勾连,向儿童宣叙“革命家史”,突显出成人对儿童的现实教育意涵。借此过程,成人通过对历史的陈述完成了由“事实的历史”向“叙事的历史”的转换,并创建起新型的文类秩序。而被成人编排进革命历史叙事中的儿童则顺利跻身于革命大家庭,其依凭特有的心理、视角、行为在完成对革命历史的述说之余,也以亲历者与见证者的身份实现了对自身的主体性建构。而在后革命时代,从思想变革的角度重审革命儿童文学,探寻与重塑战争语境下儿童的主体价值,为新世纪儿童文学的良性发展提供崭新的艺术出发点。

综合治理拖欠抚养费问题比较研究

美国和法国等国家已确立扶养费代收机构解决扶养权利人自行追讨或通过法院追讨扶养费难达目的的问题,此等代收机构能调动各个方面的国家力量,包括失信惩戒机制迫使扶养义务人履行义务,并对拒养者课加刑事责任,形成了综合治理拖欠抚养费行为的模式,但对由于服刑等原因实在履行不了抚养义务者,也实行减少或豁免政策,并以扶养费代收机构为后备履行人,消除扶养权利人得不到履行的风险。尽管如此,对于怠于行使扶养请求权者,大多数立法机关都以诉讼时效和执行时效消灭此等权利。我国还停留在单纯依靠法院解决拖欠的抚养费阶段,无抚养费代收机构,由于法院判决执行率只有57%,导致扶养权利人即使胜诉也可能得不到抚养费的给付,所以,补设抚养费代收机构、把抚养费确定和执行制度扩用于留守儿童与其父母的关系,为建立我国未来的综合治理型的扶养费征收制度的主要工作方向。

构建国家儿童区域医疗中心高层次人才管理体系实践

高层次人才是国家区域医疗中心建设的重要保障。介绍了河南省儿童医院以实现中原儿科协同发展为目标的高层次人才管理经验。从医院高层次人才管理面临的现实问题和难点问题出发,通过规范管理架构、明确管理目标、健全管理机制、建立绩效考核激励机制和“引、育、用”一体化管理机制等途径实现人才精益管理,高效推进国家儿童区域医疗中心建设。

唐山地区儿童毛发疾病流行病学特征分析

目的 分析唐山地区儿童毛发疾病流行病学特点,为临床诊疗提供参考。方法 收集2020年1月至2020年12月河北省唐山市妇幼保健院皮肤科确诊为毛发疾病的246例儿童的临床资料,统计分析毛发疾病病种构成及其临床特点。结果 唐山地区儿童毛发疾病占皮肤科就诊儿童的1.12%。皮脂腺痣(7.72%)是最常见的先天性病因,斑秃(56.10%)、头癣(14.63%)和拔毛癖(8.94%)是最为常见的获得性病因。斑秃138例中,以多灶、轻症性脱发为主,且女性患儿居多(53.62%),少数病例有家族遗传史(3.62%),部分病例合并其他病症,如变应性疾病(17.39%)、注意缺陷与多动障碍(2.90%)和甲损害(2.90%)等,男女患儿各方面表现差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。头癣36例中,男性患儿占多数(69.44%),白癣为最常见类型(75.00%),其中乡村患儿多于城区,多数患儿有宠物饲养史(特别是犬),真菌镜检和培养阳性率高。拔毛癖22例中,以头顶(59.09%)和颞部(22.73%)最为多见,且男性患儿居多(68.18%),男性患儿中单胎家庭发病率(73.33%)高于多胎家庭(26.67%),而女性患儿则相反(单胎家庭14.29%,多胎家庭85.71%)。结论 唐山地区儿童毛发疾病以斑秃、头癣、拔毛癖、皮脂腺痣多见,且呈现地域性特征。

2019—2022年广州产染发类化妆品国家监督抽检结果分析

本研究对2019—2022年国家药品监督管理局组织抽检,按照《化妆品安全技术规范(2015年版)》中相应方法检验,对不合格化妆品抽检结果通告的数据从来源省份、类别及不合格染发类化妆品抽样场所、颜色类型、不合格原因、不合格成分等方面进行梳理,应用Microsoft Office Excel进行多维度数据分析,并提出相应监管建议,为广州产染发类化妆品的市场监管积累数据,提供技术支撑。

国家儿童医学中心分院内涵建设和高质量协同发展的实践研究

目的研究国家儿童医学中心复旦大学附属儿科医院在分院建设方面的进展、成效和存在的问题,为进一步完善运行管理机制、促进分院内涵建设和高质量协同发展提出策略建议。方法采用访谈和问卷形式对各分院开展现状调研,进行问题梳理和难题排查。结果国家儿童医学中心复旦大学附属儿科医院在引领分院逐步成为区域儿科/妇幼健康服务能力领跑者方面已取得一定成效,但与公立医院高质量发展的目标任务相比,分院建设在同质化管理、与总院协同发展配合和资源共享等方面仍有一定差距。结论分院建设应更加注重顶层设计,进一步明确各分院发展目标和功能定位;应加强战略、文化、制度、资源、信息协同,以促进总院-分院同质化全面发展。

中国死亡独生子女母亲总量及变动趋势再研究

伴随我国生育水平降低,城镇地区独生子女家庭逐渐成为主流,面临较大的独生子女死亡风险。“七普”数据的公布为探究我国死亡独生子女母亲规模提供了更全面的数据资料,基于“四普”至“七普”数据,汇总不同子女数量的妇女规模,利用年龄移算的方法测算得到2020年已经退出育龄期的死亡独生子女母亲规模。结果显示,当前50岁及以上“曾生子女无子女”妇女规模约为288.8万人,其中50—59岁死亡独生子女母亲规模达到191.9万人,占当前死亡独生子女母亲总量的66.4%;“六普”数据中死亡独生子女母亲规模与“七普”数据缺乏一致性,基于“六普”数据到“七普”数据的打靶预测结果表明,“七普”数据可能高估当前死亡独生子女母亲规模;随着生育水平的下降、生育进度的推迟,未来妇女独生子女死亡风险提高,死亡独生子女母亲规模快速增长趋势将保持稳定。基于此,建议一方面加速构建生育支持体系,避免长期生育率低迷问题;另一方面也要进一步完善计划生育特殊家庭扶助制度,多部门协调扩大独生子女父母的养老扶助资源。

青海农牧区幼儿国家通用语言口语发展研究

在国家大力推广普通话及民族地区学前儿童国家通用语言亟需提升现实需求下,采用多彩光谱中的故事板语言评估项目评测青海农牧区在园幼儿国家通用语言发展状况。结果发现:幼儿入园后在国家通用语言口语有显著提高,但存在各方面发展不均衡的特点,5~6岁发展最为迅速;社区因素、语言环境、家庭与语言背景均与幼儿国家通用语言口语发展显著相关,其中同伴对对幼儿国家通用语言口语表达水平有显著影响。

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