Effects of China's National Essential Medicines Policy on the Use of Injection in Primary Health Facilities

The overuse of injection exists more than 20 years since economic reform in China.It is a persistent problem and seems becoming a new challenge in the new health reform period.This study was designed to assess the effect of national essential medicines policy(NEMP) on injection use at primary health facilities in China by investigating their prescription information.Questionnaires were designed and disseminated to collect empirical data on injection use at 120 primary health facilities in 6 provinces from January to September in 2010 and 2011.The injection use was measured as the indicator as the percentage of prescriptions with one or more injections.The results showed that the percentage of prescriptions with one or more injections was decreased from 38.91% to 36.82%(2 =11.158,P=0.001) in the all survey areas during the NEMP reform.The difference in level of the injection use in 2011 was significant among the eastern,central and western regions(2 =223.584,P=0.000);level of the injection use in western region was the lowest(27.73%),while that in the central region was the highest(43.10%).The level of the injection use in 2011 among different provinces was also of great difference(26.00%-58.25%,range:32.25%).The level of the injection use in 2011 was still much higher than the standard suggested by WHO for developing countries(13.4%-24.1%).It was concluded that NEMP has improved injection use in China,but the injection abuse situation remains serious,indicating that one of the priorities to the next stage of NEMP is to promote the rational use of drugs,especially the injection use.

National Policy Change＇s Influence on the Landscape Pattern in Maoxian County

Landscape pattern analysis is becoming the core to study global or local change. Incorporated with fast, dynamic and precise spatial information technology, Landscape pattern analysis has been a foundation for the governments to make decision. In this paper, Maoxian county, located in the northwest of Sichuan Province, was selected as the study area. Landsat TM data in 1994 and Landsat ETM data in 2002, with dates are just same as the time of national policy changes, are classified to make the landscape patterns change. The result indicates that, from 1994 to 2002, owing to the policies of the project of wild wood resource protect and the project of returning land for farming to forestry （grass）, the forests has increased about 2.68%, Natural meadow has increased about 0.83%, Shrubby has increased about 0.63%, Farm land has decreased about 4.10% and the fragment of forests in 2002 is lower than in 1994. This states that the national policy actioned during 1990s have much positive influence on the landscape patterns in Maoxian county.

National Environmental Policy Act of the United States and Its Application in Climate Litigation——Evaluating Litigation Case by Friends of the Earth on Export-Import Bank of the United States and Overseas Private Investment Corporation

Because that American government and congress hold a negative attitude on responding to climate change issue, people transfer the battle stage of climate change to the court,and hope to promote government and large energy companies actively responding to climate change issue via litigation form. A large amount of related litigation appears,and a kind of special litigation type is gradually formed, namely climate change litigation. National Environmental Policy Act of the United States is one of important legal weapons used by prosecutor in climate change litigation. In National Environmental Policy Act, it stipulates environmental impact evaluation system which has close relationship with climate change litigation. The system requires that federal agency ＂ should compile detailed environmental impact report （EIS） on major federal action which significantly affects human survival environment quality＂. Litigation case of Export - Import Bank of the United States and Overseas Private Investment Corporation by Fdends of the Earth, Green Peace, Boulder City, etc. is typical one related to the act. We try to evaluate and analyze text and case of the act.

Priority Directions of National Policy of Regulation of Mutual Relations Between Youth and Mass Media： The Theoretical and Empirical Researches

The study was concerned with the problem of the Russian youth, with a special emphasis on the history of the theoretical and empirical researches devoted to the youth issues. The research delineates the term thesaurus and its connection with the formation of youth＇s outlook. The central focus of the research is social and cultural value orientations of the young Russian. The study presents a detailed analysis of impact that mass media plays in socialization of youth, its generations, its influence on public opinion formation and priority directions of national policy of regulation of mutual relations between youth and mass media. It attempts to examine the presence of mass media in youth＇s everyday life. The research provides a detailed analysis of contemporary state of the youth＇s trust to the mass media and degree of dependence on it. The study also presents a detailed analysis of the traces of mass media＇s influence on young Russians. The completed research is fundamental for the sociological and the philosophical generalisations that underline comparative research on the youth problems in Russia, its social and cultural value orientations and the influence on public opinion formation and priority directions of national policy of regulation of mutual relations between youth and mass media.

The Implementation Effect Research of Employment Promotion Policy of New Migrant Workers

In China, the national policies on employment generation of migrant workers have an important role in guiding. The employment satisfaction generation of migrant workers, the employment scale, employment quality were all studied via research and statistics, which were analysing to result in the role of national policies to promote employment of the new generation of migrant workers, and the various factors of the impact of the new generation of rural migrant workers in recent years. In this study, the two generations are treated differently according to their characteristics, which results in conclusions that can fully display the current generation problems in the process of employment Therefore, the current systematic research and exploration about the employment problem has very important significance.

Evolving National Security: A Roadmap from Present to Future in Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Policies (A Technical Review)

This comprehensive exploration delves into the intricate dynamics of national security policies in the realm of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.From the present landscape characterized by the diversification of energy portfolios to the long-term vision encompassing nuclear fusion,this article navigates through the nuanced interplay of technology,resilience,and environmental responsibility.The synthesis of established nuclear fission technologies and evolving renewable sources forms the cornerstone of a strategic approach,addressing challenges and opportunities to ensure a secure,sustainable energy future.

Exploration of Water and Soil Conservation's Function in Construction of Eco-environment

Eco-environment lays foundation for human existence and development, and social and economy evolvement. Therefore, it is a fundamental principle to pro- tact and construct eco-environment and achieve sustainable development. With ur- ban development, and destruction on natural environment, however, the issue of water and soil losses has become a serious problem, affecting people＇s life and production. The research, therefore, explored the role of water and soil conservation in ecological civilization construction, including bomprehensive treatment of water storage and sand reduction, improving agricultural structure and advancing rural econ- omy, relieving the conflict between supply and demand of water resources, improv- ing eco-environment in mountainous regions and accelerating eco-construction.

常州市各级医院带量采购政策实施效果差异研究

目的评价第二批国家集中带量采购(以下简称“集采”)政策在常州市不同等级医院的实施效果。方法基于双组间断时间序列模型和描述性统计,依托江苏省常州市医疗机构药品采购数据,分析第二批国家集采政策实施对江苏省常州市二级及以上医院和基层医疗卫生机构用药影响差异。结果第二批国家集采政策实施后,常州市二级及以上医院和基层医疗卫生机构集采品种均呈现不同程度药品使用频度(defined drug dose numbers,DDDs)上升、采购金额下降和药品日均费用(defined daily dose cost,DDDc)下降的现象,其中对于基层医疗卫生机构集采中选品种使用增长效果更明显,在具体药物种类上,心血管系统类、消化系统类药物受政策影响更明显。结论政府应该根据不同医院的用药特点制定更为灵活、有针对性的集采品种使用考核标准,并将考核细化到不同种类药品的使用情况。此外,政府相关部门应持续性检测各级医院的合理用药情况,并通过奖惩制度提高医疗机构使用集采品种的积极性。

Long-term Dynamics of Cultivated Land Resources and Their Driving Forces of Guyuan City in Upper Reaches of Jinghe River

The land use patterns in Guyuan City,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China,have changed greatly over the years,due to population growth and farming and stock raising development.This study,using 50-year statis-tical data of cultivated land and 14-year spatial data of land use pattern,analyzed the developmental stages,the char-acter,and the spatial variance of farmland in the city,and discussed the driving forces of cultivated land changes based on empirical and conceptual statistical models.First,the change of cultivated land area went through different stages of rapid increase,fluctuating change,decrease and rapid decrease from 1949 to 2004,additionally,social and economic policies in different stages had an important impact on farmland variance.Second,from 1986 to 2000,the quantity of cultivated land increased,but its quality decreased.Third,social and economic factors are determinant factors in culti-vated land transition.Five constructed paths explain cultivated land transition.Factors that have direct or indirect ef-fects on farmland include the economy(Xeco),the population(Xpop),agricultural output(Xagr),and scientific input(Xsci).The sequence of impact was Xeco>Xpop>Xsci>Xagr.Among all these impacts,Xeco was the major positive one,and Xpop was the major negative one.It is urgent to take measures or adopt a policy to stop the vicious cycle in eco-environment and agriculture production.Otherwise,negative patterns of farmland use will increase,and high-quality cultivated land will continue to decline.

Constitutional Environmental Rights: An Investigation and Analysis Based on Constitutional Texts of All Countries

Although the academic community still has some theoretical divergences on whether environmental rights should be a basic human right or a basic constitutional one, there are an increasing number of countries including this right in their constitution. Based on the constitutions in 193 countries, this paper aims to examine the fundamental situation of incorporating environmental rights into a constitution. It has been concluded that environmental protection as a right is written into a constitution in three aspects, namely, as a constitutional right, a civic duty, and a national policy, principle or social goal. Through summarizing these, this paper argues that including environmental rights in a country’s constitution is the means by which all citizens shall enjoy a good, healthy, sustainable and harmonious environment suitable for their development, have timely and comprehensive access to reliable information about environment, participate in making public decisions related to the environment, and ask for legal remedies and compensation for any infringement on their environmental rights, or injury or damage to their environmental property. But even after environmental rights are incorporated into a constitution, there may be theoretical and practical difficulties in their implementation.

Acacia mearnsii management in a South African National Parks：SWOT analysis using hot topics in biological invasion as a guide

The assessment of the policy framework governing Invasive Alien Species(IAS) control is of critical importance in conservation. The undertaking of a SWOT analysis of such a framework is necessary because it enhances the efficacy of IAS control. The aim of this study is to carry out a SWOT analysis of the policy framework guiding the control of the spreading of Acacia mearnsii and other IAS in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park in South Africa,as well as the implementation of restorative measures in the park and adjacent communities in line with the recommendations of the Convention on Biodiversity. A comparative analysis of this framework and the hierarchical framework that was developed during the European Union Conference on Freshwater Invasives- Networking for Strategy in 2013 is undertaken. The results indicate the need to strengthen parkcommunity relations,upgrade existing legislation,and boost the technical capacity of South African national parks to identify,detect,monitor and predict IAS invasions,both within the parks and their surroundings. This knowledge is important for developing future policies on IAS control in South Africa.

＂Half-a-Day＂ Syndrome： A Mode of Internalization of Vocational and Technical Education by the Youths in the 20th Century Nigeria

This research focused on ＂half-a-day＂ as a mode of internalizing vocational and technical education by the youths in Nigeria. It traced the origin of ＂half-a-day＂ linking it with the ingenuity of the youths to make the formal education that they have acquired operational. It also discussed the traditional education with its apprenticeship system as being modified through the ＂half-a-day＂ syndrome. The study is historical and descriptive therefore, social survey method was employed using unscheduled interview and consulting relevant literature. It was discovered that, apart from the failure of the educational system due to lack of proper infrastructure, the youths, especially those from the lower class, have reasoned that the salaries from the white-collar jobs may not be enough to sustain them. It is, therefore, recommended, among others, that： Government can institutionalise the ＂half-a-day＂ as a form of summer school and certify both the centres of learning and learners.

Contributions on Selective Waste Collection and Recycling Cooperatives in Municipalities in the State of São Paulo,Brazil

The collection and proper disposal of MSW(Municipal Solid Waste)is one of the biggest challenges faced by Brazilian public managers.Dry recyclable waste represents about 33.6%of the gravimetric composition of MSW,with a tendency to increase in the next few years,due to the increasing consumption of processed products,with short life cycles and excess packaging.The inadequate management of these residues results in a series of social,environmental and economic problems.In recent years,there has been a great advance in Brazilian laws,assigning responsibilities and regulating waste management in the country,optimizing the use of infrastructure and human and financial resources.Scarce resources and insufficient infrastructure demand actions based on a lot of planning.One of the main limiting factors for the planning and development of public policies for the sector is the lack of reliable data and information on the generation and management of waste,that allow the creation of future scenarios and the definition of adequate strategies for minimization,valorization of waste and final disposal of waste that no longer can be processed.Thus,this work sought to analyze the current situation of selective waste collection and recycling cooperatives in 211 municipalities in the State of São Paulo,evaluating the issues and opportunities for the applicability of Law n.12,305/2010,Brazilian PNRS(in Portuguese)(National Policy of Solid Waste)in the management of this waste in small,medium and large cities.A bibliographic research was carried out on the panorama of solid waste management in Brazil and in the State of São Paulo,as well as a contextualization on selective waste collection and recycling cooperatives.Following that,data from 211 municipalities taking part in the survey Solid Waste Management—Municipalities of the State of São Paulo were analyzed,focusing on answers that correlated with the topics covered in this research.For this work,questions were used in order to obtain a basic overview of solid waste management in the municipalities,identifying the characteristics of selective waste collection and recycling cooperatives in the municipalities and to verify the similarity,benefits and difficulties of selective waste collection and waste cooperatives in the municipalities studied.After tabulating and analyzing the data,a matrix was prepared to compare the results obtained in relation to selective waste collection and recycling cooperatives and the guidelines of the PNRS(National Solid Waste Policy)in urban environmental management,which allowed the conclusion that all municipalities participating in the research have a good understanding of solid waste management practices,as well as seek to comply with the guidelines of the PNRS.However,the results of this matrix indicated that there are important points that need to be considered in the planning of actions for a better management of recyclable waste,such as the implementation of inter-municipal consortiums in the management of solid waste,investment in environmental education,stimulation to create recycling cooperatives and adoption of social inclusion regulations for informal waste collectors.

A discourse on creating and rendering educational and cultural enrichment services to rural migrant workers by public libraries

As far as China's enormous success in her economic reforms and development is concerned,Chinese rural migrant workers indeed have had their biggest share of contributions.Yet ironically in return,they have only received a disproportionate meager share of benefit rewards.These people represent a huge economically deprived group at the bottom of the social totem pole in China's metropolises.On the whole as a social group,their educational attainment is relatively low as compared to their average urban coworkers.As such being the case,their rights to access some of the cost-free cultural and educational enrichment programs in the society are limited and not always assured.Nevertheless and in general speaking,they manifest a strong and consistent desire to acquire all sorts of new and practical knowledge by means of accessing the resources and facilities of their local public libraries.It is suggested in this paper that public libraries are in a good position to give strong support to the central government's strategic planning for the development of a public culture service systema).In implementing such a government initiative with an unswerving purpose of advancing social justice and equality,public libraries should strife to provide as many as possible their library services at no cost to the public,especially to those socially deprived rural migrant workers.

White Paper:China’s Policies toward Ethnic Minorities Well Fit National Conditions and Win Support from All Nationalities

The State Council Information Office published on September 27, 2009, a white paper entitled China＇ s Policies toward Minorities and Common Prosperity and Development of All Nationalities. The white paper says that the policies well fit the national conditions and are correct. They are instrumental to promoting harmonious coexistence of all nationalities that work with one heart and one mind and in mutual cooperation; they have helped open up a good national situation characterized by economic development, political stability,

The Historical Role of the Policy of National Common Language on the Development of Ethnic Groups

In the work concerning ethnic groups in the People's Republic of China,the Communist Party of China(CPC)and the state adopted the policy of promoting national common language in line with the needs of ethnic development,while safeguarding the rights of various ethnic groups in using their languages.This paper reviews the role of the policy of national common language in facilitating the development of ethnic areas in different historical periods of China.It is believed that this practical and gradual policy of language conforms to the needs of social,economic and cultural development in different periods in China,which greatly improves the comprehensive abilities of the people of all ethnic groups and turns the Chinese nation into a community of shared future with higher acceptance and stronger cohesion.

Environmental impact assessments should include rigorous scientific peer review

Twenty USA states or jurisdictions and 125 nations have modeled national environmental policies after the National Environmental Policy Act.That act mandates that federal agencies initiate environmental impact statements(EISs)when substantive environmental or human health consequences are likely because of an agency action related to proposed development projects.The science used to inform the EIS process,however,does not require independent scientific peer review(ISPR)in the USA or most other nations.But ISPR is needed for governments to accurately inform the EIS decision-making and public reporting processes.Instead,science is routinely manipulated during EIS reviews to generate expedient project outcomes with substantially negative ecological,political,and long-term economic consequences.We provide four examples of EISs that lack ISPR,as well as four examples where reviews by independent scientists were helpful to improve agency decisions.We also recommend that independent scientists(no affiliation with the project proponents or agencies overseeing projects)be used to help assess potential environmental and socio-economic impacts,as well as offer appropriate risk assessments,study designs,and monitoring timeframes.We conclude that nations should convene formal reviews using independent scientists as a form of peer review in the EIS process.

Does a national industrial policy promote financial market stability?A study based on stock price crash risk

Whether the implementation of a national industrial policy can maintain stability in the financial market is a question of theoretical and practical significance. Using data from China’s non-financial listed firms from 2007 to 2020,we find that a national industrial policy lowers stock price crash risk. We find that the effect of an industrial policy on lowering stock price crash risk is more pronounced in regions with low levels of regional marketization and if firms have high external uncertainty, low total asset turnover, greater earnings management and receive small increments of long-term loans and fewer government subsidies, suggesting that industrial policies lower stock price crash risk by improving firm fundamentals and reducing external uncertainty,agency costs and information asymmetry.

Demographic ageing,health status and life quality of the elderly in Russia

Within the context of the national policy on the elderly,the paper presents trends in demographic ageing,health and life quality of the elderly in Russia.Social and political consequences of the XX century have resulted in significant fluctuations in the number of individual generations,forming a long-term fluctuating trend in demographic ageing in Russia.These historical disproportions have overlapped with regional variations in ageing rates due to significant inter-regional population movements,rural-urban migration,substantial gender differences in trends and scales of mortality and fertility dynamics.As a result,levels of demographic ageing in Russia vary more than three-fold,worsening in females and rural population.Ageingrelated problems are aggravated by unsatisfactory health status of the elderly,manifested in high burden of chronic diseases(especially cardiovascular diseases),leading to life restrictions up to loss of the ability to self-care.High-tech cardiac surgery contributes to life prolongation and improved physical and psychological functioning.However,during rehabilitation,most patients are reluctant to change their unhealthy lifestyle associated with cardio pathology.Polymorbidity and psychoactive substance abuse(in males)are the risk factors of suicidal behaviour,while accessibility of medications,including sleeping pills,firearms,etc.contributes to realization of this risk.Living conditions of the elderly and their access to quality social services are important components of wellbeing in terms of health.Despite satisfactory living conditions,the situation significantly differs by type(urban/rural)and size of the settlement.Maintaining microsocial contacts with children,family and friends is a powerful source of psychological comfort and social wellbeing.

The impacts of national essential medicine policies on the rational use of medicines in China: A cross-sectional study in primary health care institution

Irrational use of medicines is a major problem worldwide, and it is believed there would be positive correlation between the National Essential Medicines Policies(NEMPs) and the level of rational use of medicines(RUMs). Though there is some early evidence on the NEMPs’ effects on RUMs in China, the evidence is scarce, and conclusions vary. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the impacts of the NEMPs of China on the RUMs in the primary health care institutions(PHCs). A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010. A total of 201 PHCs from six provinces of China were selected, and 39 181 prescriptions were extracted from January to June, 2010. Six indicators were used and tested by independent-samples T test. We found that the average number of drugs per prescription in PHCs with NEMP implementation(the treatment group) was significantly higher than that of the group without NEMP implementation(the control group)(3.37 vs. 2.83, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the average cost per prescription(81.43 vs. 75.02). The percentage of prescriptions, including an antibiotic(53.40% vs. 36.48%, P<0.01) or an injection(40.54% vs. 27.94%, P<0.01), was higher in the treatment group, and the percentage of drugs prescribed by general name was significantly lower(83.71% vs. 93.11%, P<0.01). For the percentage of drugs prescribed from essential medicines list, the treatment group exhibited the higher ratio(76.12% vs. 53.45%, P<0.01). From this study, the NEMPs were not likely to have a positive impact on RUMs. China still needed efforts to improve the selection, the absence of physicians’ active involvement, and the patients’ habits of irrational medication use.