欧盟Natura 2000自然保护地网络建设的经验与启示

欧盟Natura 2000自然保护地网络覆盖欧盟近19%的陆地与10%的海洋,在保护生物多样性和提升区域社会经济福祉中发挥了重要作用,被誉为全球最成功的跨国自然保护地网络。其成功经验主要体现在5个方面:(1)通过区域性生物多样性保护立法,促进成员国依法履约、推动自然保护地网络建设;(2)在欧盟决议流程基础上,建立了多元主体全过程参与的决策执行机制,提升了决策的科学性和多方参与的积极性;(3)基于全域视角推动战略规划,提高了保护地网络的连通性和空间布局的合理性;(4)统筹区域发展目标,开发多元资金渠道,以资金申请考核制度促进保护地管理计划的科学制定与有效执行;(5)标准化记录保护地数据并公开共享,助力科学研究及管理模式创新。这些经验对全球生物多样性合作治理路径和模式的选择、中国引领推动全球生物多样性治理战略和政策的制定、中国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设和优化具有重要借鉴意义。

Predicting the effectiveness of protected areas of Natura 2000 under climate change

Background:Protected areas(PAs)are aimed to hold the environmental conditions that facilitate species and ecosystems to persist.PAs can become climatically unsuitable and unable to sustain their current number of species under climate change.The Natura 2000(N2K)is the largest coordinated conservation tool assigned to maintain the long-term survival of Europe’s most significant species and habitats.In attempting to understand the effectiveness of PAs in the face of climate change scenarios,we tested two hypotheses:(1)PAs in the Alpine and the Boreal biogeographical regions will experience more newly emerged climate conditions(hotter and drier)compared to the climate representation of other biogeographical regions under future climate in Europe and(2)PAs in the Mediterranean and the Continental biogeographical regions will face more consistency in climate conditions due to less area of disappearing and novel climate in future.Methods:Current climate data(1960–1990)and projections for 2050 and 2070 of PAs of N2K were extracted from WorldClim global climate data.Principal components analysis(PCA)was performed to construct climate space for the PAs across the biogeographical regions based on 19 climatic variables assessed at 5-km resolution.ArcMap 10.1 was used to map the location of the novel and disappearing climates.Results:PAs in the Alpine region will experience more novel climate conditions in the future compared to other biogeographical regions.The future projections showed that 17.70%of the PAs in the Alpine region will experience novel climate by 2070.Considerable climate consistency was observed in the PAs in the Continental region compared to the other biogeographical regions.Our results showed that about 176 km2 of the selected PAs in the Continental region will face new emerging climate,while about 110 km2 will disappear under RCP 8.5 scenario.The prediction also revealed that in the Mediterranean region 08 PAs will experience novel climate and 786 km2 areas in these PAs will face disappearing climate by 2070.We found that fewer areas of PAs in the Boreal regions will experience disappearing climate in both the scenarios.Conclusions:The portion of novel climate conditions can be seen as a future opportunity to assign new reserves for the species.Our study highlights the importance of conservation planning to increase the connectivity between PAs,identifying novel conservation zones to maximize representation of habitats during the emerging climatic changes as well as designing strategies,management,and monitoring of the individual PAs.

风景保护、修复与提升——欧盟风景园林规划综合实践途径研究

为应对环境恶化对经济发展和人民生活水平带来的挑战,欧盟通过保护地、环境评价、生态系统修复、多领域协同等风景园林规划实践,来保护、修复和提升风景品质;同时,密切关注风景变化,以便动态地调整风景规划政策。整体上看,欧盟的风景园林规划综合实践途径是通过政策法规和财政手段来保障风景规划的实施,同时,以风景驱动城市与经济发展,鼓励公众参与风景规划,积极推动跨国风景规划合作,肩负起改善环境的国际责任。文章探讨了欧盟风景园林规划综合实践的途径及特点,对我国国土空间规划体系中风景类专项规划实践具有积极的借鉴意义。

欧盟生物多样性政策的最新实践及其启示

生物多样性是国家生态安全屏障的重要构成,全球气候变化脆弱性与生物多样性丧失存在相互加剧的倾向。在全球生物多样性行动和政策制定中,欧盟一直扮演着重要的推动角色,不仅有效促进了生物多样性保护和恢复,而且产生了巨大经济效益,甚至为新型城市建设提供了动力。欧盟生物多样性经济政策工具具有矫正外部性、促进生物多样性和经济发展良性互动的作用,是我国生物多样性政策改进的重要方向。欧盟对其各成员国经济发展水平的差异予以充分考虑,其生物多样性制度的针对性和协调性对我国也有重要的借鉴意义。

Benefits of conservation-driven mowing for the EU policy species Gladiolus palustris Gaudin in mountain fen meadows:a case-study in the European Alps

The sword lily Gladiolus palustris Gaudin is protected on European level and listed in Annexes II and IV of the EC Habitat Directive 92/43/EEC.It grows in nutrient-poor,calcareous meadows in central and eastern Europe.Tree encroachment in montane meadows of the European Alps as a result of recent land use changes and the abandonment of traditional farming practices threaten the survival of this species.Conservation-driven mowing is considered a feasible conservation measure for maintaining high species diversity in abandoned semi-natural grasslands.To assess the effects of tenyears of biennial mowing on a grassland community in the Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park,Italy(Site of Community Importance,Natura 2000 network),ten25 m2 plots were established whereby four plots were placed in the mowed area,four in the non-mowed area and two in a small non-mowed patch of grassland inside the mowed area.In each plot the following variables were recorded,total percentage of plant cover,percentage cover of woody species,percentage cover of herbaceous species,percentage cover and number of flowering ramets of G.palustris and a complete list of species and their percentage abundance.Mowed plots showed a higher species richness than non-mowed plots.The number of G.palustris flowering ramets and percentage cover increased manifold in mowed plots compared to nonmowed plots.The resumption of mowing forconservation purposes undertaken by the managing authority halted the process of tree encroachment and avoided a drastic change in plant composition.Periodic mowing(every second or third year)was demonstrated to be a cost-effective conservation measure in non-productive grasslands to keep grasses at bay in favour of forbs of high conversation value.

Spatio-temporal patterns of the Red-footed Falcon's hunting behavior during the nestling period suggest ad hoc conservation policies

The Red-footed Falcon(Falco vespertinus)is a species of high international conservation interest.We analyzed its hunting behavior at the two largest colonies in Italy during the nestling period.Using accurate data-loggers,we tracked three adult Red-footed Falcons in June and July,2019 and collected 4703 GPS points.We detected clear patterns of hovering and perching activity(HPA)in both time and space.HPA occupied one-third of the Red-footed Falcons’day,and showed two peaks just after sunrise(between 35 and 40%of the monitoring time)and just before sunset(50‒60%)in both June and July,and minimum(20‒30%)at night and during the hottest time interval(10:00 a.m.‒4:00 p.m.).Almost 40%of HPA occurred within 50 m from nests.Our findings,although preliminary,have important implications for the conservation of these two colonies that are located within two Natura 2000 sites.The detected spatio-temporal patterns of Red-footed Falcons’hunting behavior suggests the creation of two nested protection belts:the inner one is a narrow belt(up to 50 m from the two rows of trees that host the two colonies)with integral conservation,and hopefully increase the alfalfa crops and fallow land,and the outer belt(50 m‒2 km)with optimized agricultural activities.

自然保护与景观保护:英国国家公园保护的“二元方法”及机制

英国应对复杂问题形成了精细而又综合的国家公园保护机制,具有鲜明特色和重要借鉴意义。自然保护与景观保护是英国国家公园保护的"二元方法",是国家层面保护制度在国家公园中的"投射"。基于此形成了以国家保护制度为骨架,国家公园层面补充强化的国家公园保护制度。首先,系统阐释了国家层面以生物多样性为主导的自然保护机制和国家公园层面的强化措施;其次,分析了基于景观特征评估的景观保护机制。在此基础上,提出英国国家公园自然保护与景观保护对中国当前国家公园机制建构的借鉴意义。

Multi-species habitat models highlight the key importance of flooded reedbeds for inland wetland birds: implications for management and conservation

Background: Inland wetlands are crucial for biodiversity conservation, especially in highly-urbanized landscapes. In the European Union, many wetlands are included in the EU ‘Natura 2000’ network, the main tool for biodiversity conservation over the continent, which requires the development of site-specific management plans. Clear and feasible recommendations are necessary to provide site managers with effective tools for the maintenance of biodiversity in these unstable environments. Birds are excellent umbrella species, therefore a management targeted at increasing habitat suitability for focal bird species would likely benefit broader wetland biological communities. Methods: During spring–summer 2017, we collected presence/absence data for 10 bird species of conservation interest at a site scale for 21 Natura 2000 sites. We also carried out a point count survey to detect presence/absence of four reedbed-dwelling species at 75 points. At the site level, we estimated landscape characteristics from regional GISlayers, whereas fine-scaled habitat composition was recorded on the field within a 100 m-buffer around the 75 points. We analysed the effect of the extent of different habitats on species’ occurrence probability by means of multi-species binomial multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) at both scales. We also run species-specific MARS models to compare their performance with those of multi-species models. Results: At the site scale, the extent of the reedbeds/mires was positively associated with the occurrence of all species of conservation concern. At the point-count scale, reedbed extent positively predicted species’ occurrence, but only in presence of patches of clear shallow water. Species-specific MARS models showed qualitatively similar results for some species, but generally were outperformed by multi-species ones. Conclusions: Multi-species MARS models confirmed to be an efficient tool in disclosing species-habitat relationships even for set of species including scarce taxa and when only short-term monitoring data are available. In terms of conservation measures, our findings stress the importance of Phragmites australis reedbed as a key habitat for avian biodiversity, but only when it is flooded and interspersed with scattered patches of open water. The preservation of wide (>100/150 ha) and flooded reedbeds structured in spots of no less than 2 ha emerges as the main conservation measure for the long-term conservation of the threatened avifauna of inland pre-Alpine wetlands.

Addressing Biodiversity Conservation Methods with Fagus sylvatica Genetic Indicators

Species biological history revealed by genetic indicators can provide guidelines for long-term biodiversity conservation in Natura 2000 network. Fagus sylvatica is the keystone species which regulates in the Mediterranean Eco-Region ecosystem structure, function and composition. Six hundred fifty nine F. sylvatica individuals have been sampled across 20 sites of European interest in Southern Italy and analyzed at 5 microsatellite loci. For sites marked by both maximum heterozygosity (Ho) and minimum heterozygote deficit (Fis) (IT9210210, ITA070099, IT9210205 and IT9220075) it is suggested to avoid impacts by adopting very conservative measures. Promoting migration processes (pollen flow and seed flow) would be appropriate where it has been monitored low heterozygosity and high genetic disequilibrium. Margin effect due to dryness should be buffered with appropriate belts of thermophilus broad leaved tree species.