Engineering Design of Shaanxi-Beijing Gas Pipeline

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Forecast of natural gas supply and demand in China under the background of “Dual Carbon Targets”

As a kind of clean energy which creates little carbon dioxide, natural gas will play a key role in the process of achieving “Peak Carbon Dioxide Emission” and “Carbon Neutrality”. The Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System(LEAP) model was improved by using new parameters including comprehensive energy efficiency and terminal effective energy consumption. The Back Propagation(BP) Neural Network–LEAP model was proposed to predict key data such as total primary energy consumption, energy mix, carbon emissions from energy consumption, and natural gas consumption in China. Moreover, natural gas production in China was forecasted by the production composition method. Finally, based on the forecast results of natural gas supply and demand, suggestions were put forward on the development of China’s natural gas industry under the background of “Dual Carbon Targets”. The research results indicate that under the background of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, China’s primary energy consumption will peak(59.4×10^(8)tce) around 2035, carbon emissions from energy consumption will peak(103.4×10^(8)t) by 2025, and natural gas consumption will peak(6100×10^(8)m^(3)) around 2040, of which the largest increase will be contributed by the power sector and industrial sector. China’s peak natural gas production is about(2800–3400)×10^(8)m^(3), including(2100–2300)×10^(8)m^(3)conventional gas(including tight gas),(600–1050)×10^(8)m^(3)shale gas, and(150–220)×10^(8)m^(3)coalbed methane. Under the background of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the natural gas consumption and production of China will further increase, showing a great potential of the natural gas industry.

Development of an integrated dynamic model for supply security and resilience analysis of natural gas pipeline network systems

An integrated dynamic model of natural gas pipeline networks is developed in this paper.Components for gas supply,e.g.,pipelines,junctions,compressor stations,LNG terminals,regulation stations and gas storage facilities are included in the model.These components are firstly modeled with respect to their properties and functions and,then,integrated at the system level by Graph Theory.The model can be used for simulating the system response in different scenarios of operation,and evaluate the consequences from the perspectives of supply security and resilience.A case study is considered to evaluate the accuracy of the model by benchmarking its results against those from literature and the software Pipeline Studio.Finally,the model is applied on a relatively complex natural gas pipeline network and the results are analyzed in detail from the supply security and resilience points of view.The main contributions of the paper are:firstly,a novel model of a complex gas pipeline network is proposed as a dynamic state-space model at system level;a method,based on the dynamic model,is proposed to analyze the security and resilience of supply from a system perspective.

Research on Energy Efficiency Design Index for Sea-going LNG Carriers

This paper describes the characteristics of liquefied natural gas （LNG） carriers briefly. The LNG carrier includes power plant selection, vapor treatment, liquid cargo tank type, etc. Two parameters fuel substitution rate and recovery of boil of gas （BOG） volume to energy efficiency design index （EEDI） formula are added, and EEDI formula of LNG carriers is established based on ship EEDI formula. Then, based on steam turbine propulsion device of LNG carriers, mathematical models of LNG carriers＇ reference line value are established in this paper. By verification, the EEDI formula of LNG carriers described in this paper can provide a reference for LNG carrier EEDI calculation and green shipbuilding.

Optimal design of the gas storage surface pipeline system with injection and withdrawal conditions

Underground natural gas storage(UNGS)is an important part of the natural gas supply system to ensure a balanced energy supply.The surface system,as an important part of the gas storage,undertakes the functions of gas injection and gas production of the gas storage,and its investment economy is of vital importance.In fact,the UNGS surface pipeline network has two-way injection and production characteristics,which is different from the one-way production characteristics of conventional oil&gas gathering and transportation systems.This paper takes the minimum investment of the pipeline network as the objective function,considers the gas injection and gas withdrawal flow conditions and esablishes a mixed integer non-linear programming model(MINLP)for the surface pipeline network of the UNGS to optimize its pipeline layout and diameter parameters.Constraints including the well affiliation,the number of stations,the gathering radius,the processing capacity and the flow/pressure equilibrium equations,are also taken into consideration.Taking an UNGS in China as an example,the results of the optimal structure and diameter of the pipeline network,as well as the pipe flow,node pressure,and maximum/minimum flowrate during gas injection and gas withdrawal are obtained.Finally,the effects of constraints such as processing capacity and radius on the structure layout and investment of the UNGS are analyzed,verifying the reliability and effectiveness of the model.

An Experimental Simulation of Load-Leveling Through Adsorption for Natural Gas Pipeline System

A load-leveling method through adsorption was presented to adjust the supply quantity according to the consumption rate of natural gas with time. An experimental simulation set up was designed and used to test the load-leveling function for a real pipeline system. A storage tank filled with activated carbon together with a filter constitutes the major part of the load-leveling facility. Pressure and temperature of the system, as well as the real gas output of the storage tank were recorded. It is proven that load-leveling by adsorption is technically feasible even for low pipeline pressure of natural gas supply system.

A Review of the Causes of Sustainable Supply Deficiencies in Natural Gas Supply in Ghana

Although Ghana produces natural gas and has several gas reserves, the country still depends on supplies from neighbouring countries for power generation due to challenges like fuel supply inefficiencies and increasing cost of gas production. Gas supply is thus a limiting factor for power generation. This study explores strategies to improve gas supplies for sustainable power generation in Ghana. The study examined the underlying factors inhibiting gas supplies in Ghana, investigated the risks in the gas supply industry, and explored strategies for improving gas supplies in Ghana. The study adopted an inductive approach that utilises both qualitative and quantitative research methods. With the use of questionnaires, data were collected from 151 respondents who were selected by purposive and snowball sampling procedures. The collected data were descriptively and inferentially analysed with analytical tools in the SPSS. The study’s findings conclude that factors that inhibit gas supply in Ghana include the lack of growth and supply investment in the gas supply industry, power sector debt on the gas market, and the lack of an extensive distribution infrastructure/network. Also, the gas industry in Ghana lacks the requisite investment drive which culminates into inefficiency and ultimately undermines efforts to achieve sustainable power generation. Politics influence in issues relating to gas supplies in Ghana inhibits long-term supply relationships and permanent infrastructure in gas supply, both locally and on the world market.

Evaluation of Natural Gas Supply Security in Turkey with Future Projection

Natural gas is one of the key energy resources for Turkey due to fact that 32% of annual primary energy supply and 45% of annual electricity production is obtained from natural gas with also common usage of residential and industrial zones. In this study, the supply security of natural gas was taken into consideration with strategic criteria of energy policy with the SWOT （strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats） analysis and the future projection for Turkey. It has been concluded on geopolitics criteria, domestic production and research for resources must be stimulated as high as possible and participation to abroad resources must be implemented.

Experimental study and field application of appropriate selective calculation methods in gas lift design

The most common way to achieve an enormous production rate of a reservoir is to increase drawdown pressure during the production procedure by decreasing the bottom-hole pressure.This process was done by artificial patterns like a gas lift.Nowadays,most of the wells worldwide due to years of production and reducing the amount of energy which was supplied by natural drive mechanisms are being placed on artificial lift methodologies.Hence,the number of wells that used this method will continue to increase.The primary purposes in the gas lift design of a wellbore are to determine the proper depths and the location of valve installation,select appropriate flow regime during the pipeline and calibrate the pressures of the operating and unloading valves.The purpose of this research is to design gas lift system in the oil wells of on the south fields of Iran by considering the maximum production connate water volume of 40 percent and average pressure drop(20-25 psia)throughout the year regarding production continuously or increasing the flow rate of the wells.Therefore,20 wells that their number starts A to T with this locations L280N,W115S and W002S are the candidates for gas lift procedures.Furthermore,the appropriate flow regimes through the well are being studied,and the most proper method for gas lifting and required surficial equipment will be designed for this field.Consequently,due to increasing the volume of gas and connate water among the production after gas lifting,fundamental changes on the equipment,flow regimes and gas lift system are being proposed that production will be done by proper engineering method.In the well gas lift design,Beggs&Brill Revised method is being selected for hydraulic calculation of pipeline flow due to low errors.

Natural Gas Management of Bangladesh:Energy Powerhouse of SE Asia?

Already Bangladesh has proven to be a natural gas giant in the region and to the energy producing community of the world.The Bangladesh sub-surface is according to the present knowledge mainly gas prone,with some potential for future oil discoveries. Within the 144549 km^2 territory,Bangladesh has

A review of the day-ahead natural gas consumption in Denmark:starting point towards forecasting accuracy improvement

Natural gas consumption forecasting is crucial for transmission system operators,distribution system operators,traders,and other players in the market.This work collects natural gas forecasting scientific works in accordance with the forecasting tool used by Energinet,the Danish transmission system operator.The work provides an analytical description on the long-term stability and security of the natural gas transmission system in Denmark.This work offers a detailed scientific directory on natural gas forecasting,presenting the so far vaguely described market in a more structured manner.The paper was focused on presenting the latest findings on identifying the selection each time of the appropriate prognostic model for each application based on:①the option for supporting double seasonality,②various exogenous variables,③suitability for day-ahead forecasting,and④ease of use and all these versus Energinet’s current model.

Regulating Aspects and Geologic Solutions of the Natural Gas Building Capacities to a Gas Market Model in Albania

Caspian Gas into Balkans over medium to long term becames Albanian case on June 2013 when TAP route was selected. After Albanian National Territory Council approved TAP AG＇s Compound Development Permit, the project should start Construction Phase 1. Existing gas pipeline connections of Albania within the European network via TAP, is highly estimated by energy authorities in both technical and regulating aspects. New pipelines are projected to be build in order to meet local energy consume and seasonal fluctuations, as well as needs of Kosovo and FYROM. Some of important points： determination on the capacity sector building for a due Albanian Gas Market Model, supply options on the future gasification, alternatives of opening underground gas storages in the salt domes of Dumre region and extending pipelines to neighboring countries. By assistance of the Secretariat of Energy Community, MEI starts drafting the new gas law to meet Third Energy Package. TAP project, IAP project, Albania-Kosovo Pipeline, an LNG plant and terminals coastal construction, can contribute on the diversification of gas supply. Underground Gas Storage potentials are geologic solution target, considering the Upper Miocene depleted sandstone gas fields of Divjaka, as well as the Dumre evaporitic deposits diapir of the Upper Triassic.

New Situation of China Natural Gas Industry

China natural gas industry is at a turning point. Growth of mid-long term natural gas consumption may maintain at about 10%, supply is sufficient or even "over-sufficient", natural gas price will be determined by competition, oil and gas pipeline facilities will be opened fairly, and private enterprises will play important roles in natural gas exploration, development, storage, transportation, and trade. It can been foreseen that China natural gas industry is very likely to take a turn in next 10 years, and a modern natural gas market with consumption about 500 billion cubic meters will come into being characterized by complete supervision system, diversified market, steady supply, fairly opened pipelines, transparent trading mechanism, and competitive prices.

Near- and Mid-term Development of Natural Gas Market in China

Economy growth in China is expected to slow down a little during the I3th Five-Year-Plan period. So will the domestic gas demand and supply market, which may be quite different from that of the 11 th and 12th Five-Year-Plan periods. The paper summarized the state quo of gas supply and demand in the country and analyzed factors that may affect the demand and supply balance in the new period. It is proposed that there will be many uncertainties in achieving supply and demand goals of gas set for tire period, and gas glut is also very possible during the time. To deal with the problem, it is suggested that several measures be taken nationwide： improving utilization of gas in several sectors, straightening and optimizing the pricing mechanism, speeding up construction of infrastructures, implementing relevant policies and boosting up supen^ision and monitor of tire industry.

New Situation of China Natural Gas Industry

China natural gas industry is at a turning point. Growth of mid-long term natural gas consumption may maintain at about 10%, supply is sufficient or even "over-sufficient", natural gas price will be determined by competition, oil and gas pipeline facilities will be opened fairly, and private enterprises will play important roles in natural gas exploration, development, storage, transportation, and trade. It can been foreseen that China natural gas industry is very likely to take a turn in next 10 years, and a modern natural gas market with consumption about 500 billion cubic meters will come into being characterized by complete supervision system, diversified market, steady supply, fairly opened pipelines, transparent trading mechanism, and competitive prices.

A novel methodology for forecasting gas supply reliability of natural gas pipeline systems

In this paper,a novel systematic and integrated methodology to assess gas supply reliability is proposed based on the Monte Carlo method,statistical analysis,mathematical-probabilistic analysis,and hydraulic simulation.The method proposed has two stages.In the first stage,typical scenarios are determined.In the second stage,hydraulic simulation is conducted to calculate the flow rate in each typical scenario.The result of the gas pipeline system calculated is the average gas supply reliability in each typical scenario.To verify the feasibility,the method proposed is applied for a real natural gas pipelines network system.The comparison of the results calculated and the actual gas supply reliability based on the filed data in the evaluation period suggests the assessment results of the method proposed agree well with the filed data.Besides,the effect of different components on gas supply reliability is investigated,and the most critical component is identified.For example,the 48th unit is the most critical component for the SH terminal station,while the 119th typical scenario results in the most severe consequence which causes the loss of 175.61×10^4 m^3 gas when the 119th scenario happens.This paper provides a set of scientific and reasonable gas supply reliability indexes which can evaluate the gas supply reliability from two dimensions of quantity and time.

Modelling and analyzing the impact of hydrogen enriched natural gas on domestic gas boilers in a decarbonization perspective

Decarbonization of energy economy is nowadays a topical theme,and several pathways are under discussion.Gaseous fuels have a fundamental role for this transition,and the production of low carbon-impact fuels is necessary to deal with this challenge.The generation of renewable hydrogen is a trusted solution since this energy vector can be promptly produced from electricity and injected into the existing natural gas infrastructure,granting storage capacity and easy transportation.This scenario will lead,in the near future,to hydrogen enrichment of natural gas,whose impact on the infrastructures is being actively studied.The effect on end-user devices such as domestic gas boilers,instead,is still little analyzed and tested,but is fundamental to be assessed.The aim of this research is to generate knowledge on the effect of hydrogen enrichment on the widely used premixed boilers:the investigations include pollutant emissions,efficiency,flashback and explosion hazard,control system and materials selection.A model for calculating several parameters related to combustion of hydrogen enriched natural gas is presented.Guidelines for the design of new components are provided,and an insight is given on the maximum hydrogen blending bearable by the current boilers.

Development and Test of Combustion Chamber for Stirling Engine Heated by Natural Gas

The combustion chamber is an important component for the Stifling engine heated by natural gas. In the paper, we develop a combustion chamber for the Stifling engine which aims to generate 3-5 kWe electric power. The combustion chamber includes three main components： combustion module, heat exchange cavity and thermal head. Its feature is that the structure can divide ＂combustion＂ process and ＂heat transfer＂ process into two appar- ent individual steps and make them happen one by one. Since natural gas can mix with air fully before burning, the combustion process can be easily completed without the second wind. The flame can avoid contacting the thermal head of Stifling engine, and the temperature fields can be easily controlled. The designed combustion chamber is manufactured and its performance is tested by an experiment which includes two steps. The experi- mental result of the first step proves that the mixture of air and natural gas can be easily ignited and the flame burns stably. In the second step of experiment, the combustion heat flux can reach 20 kW, and the energy utiliza- tion efficiency of thermal head has exceeded 0.5. These test results show that the thermal performance of com- bustion chamber has reached the design goal, The designed combustion chamber can be applied to a real Stifling engine heated by natural gas which is to generate 3-5 kWe electric power.