Protection and Quality Control of Wild Chinese Herbal Medicine Resources in Nature Reserves by Taking Longyuwan Scenic Spot Within Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve as an Example

This paper discussed how to protect and control the quality of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources in nature reserves by taking Longyuwan National Forest Park within Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve as an example. Through the combination of three methods including literature review, visiting and investigational studies, and field surveys, the data of investigation, collection and collation were analyzed. According to data of surveys, collection and collation, problems related to the protection of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources faced by Longyuwan Scenic Spot within Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve were also analyzed and protection strategies and quality control of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources in this nature reserve were discussed. It was expected that the results would provide important scientific references for the sustainable development, protection and quality control of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources within nature reserves.

Study on the Current Situation and Protection Countermeasures of Wild Plant Resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve

[Objective] The aim was to study the current situation and protection countermeasures of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve. [Method] The current situation of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve was researched by means of route survey, sample plot survey and literature survey, and then the main impact factors of wild plant resources were analyzed by using participatory rural appraisal and problem tree analysis, finally protection countermeasures were put forward according to current situation and main impact factors. [Result] There were 2 779 species of vascular plants belonging to 214 families and 1 012 genera (including subfamilies and varieties) in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, among them, there existed 261 species of pteridophyte belonging to 41 families and 91 genera, 14 species of gymnosperm belonging to 6 families and 6 genera, and 2 504 species of angiosperm belonging to 167 families and 915 genera. Wild plant resources in reserve were mainly affected by planting under forest, habitat fragmentation, cutting trees, collection and utilization of no-timber products, development of animal husbandry, insufficient recognition of community residents to reserve management establishment and lots of floating population. In the future, wild plant resources in reserve could be protected through strengthening propaganda, education and management, enforcing the law strictly and other countermeasures. [Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundation for the protection of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve.

Ecological Environment Status and Protection Measures of Wetland Nature Reserve

In order to better promote the restoration and sustainable development of the natural ecological environment,it is necessary to study the wetland system as an important part of the ecosystem,put forward some common problems faced by wetland nature reserves,and propose relevant solutions based on the problems.This paper describes the relevant theoretical basis for the ecological environment protection of the wetland nature reserves,the problems faced,and the relevant solutions as reference for relevant personnel.

Coupling Relationship Analysis on Households′ Production Behaviors and Their Influencing Factors in Nature Reserves:A Structural Equation Model

A households′production behavior directly influences the quality of the environment and determines the successful development of nature reserves.Meanwhile,the households′production behaviors are complicated by interrelated factors,such as protection attitudes,resource endowment,and family wealth.This research evaluated households near the Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi Province,acquiring data from 436 households around Yang County and Ningshan County in the south slope of Qinling Mountains,China.Based on the collected data,we developed a structural equation model to evaluate the coupling relationships among households′ protection attitudes,production behaviors,resource endowment,and family wealth.The results showed that:1) households with great resource endowment had more negative attitudes,probably due to their greater protection costs;2) the households with higher education levels had worse protection attitudes;3) the households with more family wealth were likely to use fewer fertilizers,pesticides,and firewood;4) the households with more resource endowment showed less production and management behaviors;5) the enhancement of households' attitudes improved production behaviors to protection the environment,but the effects were not statistically significant.Our results provide a basis for the government's protection policy making,exploring the effective management measures that are beneficial for both nature reserve management and community development.

Spatial variations of Pb in the vertical zone of the soil-plant system in the Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve

The characteristics of vertical and horizontal variations of lead element(Pb) in soil plant system of vertical zone in Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve(CNNR) were studied. The results showed that Pb concentrations in soils of vertical zone are all above 25 mg/kg, and the average Pb concentration of each soil zone negatively correlates its degree of variation, i.e. brown coniferous forest soil zone has the lowest average Pb concentration of four soil zones, and the highest horizontal variation; however, mountain soddy forest soil has the highest average Pb concentration, and the lowest horizontal variation; the average concentration of plant Pb of each plant zone is lower than the worldwide average level of Pb in plant(Clarke), respectively, and plant Pb content order is consistent with soil Pb content order, but their horizontal variations are different from those in soil zones, the variation of mountain tundra forest zone is highest, but Betula ermanii forest zone the lowest. Vertical variation of plant Pb is obviously higher than that in soils with variation coefficient of 89.76%; the enrichment capability of plant for Pb is depended on the plant types and the different organs of plant; parent material and parent rock, pH values, soil organic matter and soil particle fraction etc. are the main factors influencing variations of Pb content in soil plant system of vertical zone in CNNR.

Nature reserve construction and its contribution to the biodiversity conservation in China mainland

By the end of 1993, 763 nature reserves were established in China with a total area of 66184.1 kha, occupied proximally 6. 84% of the whole country's land area.The reserves concerning biodiversity conservation include ecosystem categories of forest, grassland, desert, terrestrial wetland and waters, ocean and coast and categories of wild animal and wild plant. Based on the construction of the reserves, the contributions of the reserves of various categories to the biodiversity conservation and the existed shortages for the reserve construction in China were analyzed thoroughly in this paper.

Functional Division Analysis and Optimization Design of Nanling Nature Reserve

Nanling National Nature Reserve is established on the basis of 5 provincial nature reserves, and the original functional zoning is maintained. This paper explored problems of the reserve in division range and functional zoning, and gavea pertinent adjustment scheme. The adjustment results are(1) cutting out the scattered areas in neighborhood, and fi lling in the internal split parts;(2) establishing corridors between the reserve and neighboring nature reserves;(3) redividing the functional zones.

New Method of Natural Reserve Readjustment and Zoning Based on Land Use/Cover Change and Driving Forces—A Case Study of Tianjin Palaeocoast and Wetland National Natural Reserve

Natural reserve can provide ecology system with natural background for human being and has important significance for sustaining ecosystem service.The continuous damage and deterioration of ecosystem in natural reserve caused by human activities have become one of the most serious environmental problems.The conflict between local

Assessing the effectiveness of protecting reserves for nature assets in China

Evaluating the effectiveness of protecting nature assets is a vital component of responsive, pro-active management of protected areas. It is important to protect reserves of geological （including fossils） assets as a means to also protect national and natural heritage. At the end of 2013, 2669 protected areas had been established in China and 123 of them are reserves for nature assets. This paper builds an evaluation framework for protection effectiveness of these assets. The current elements and characteristics for effective protection are analyzed, along with an analysis of existing problems so as to construct a scientific approach to protect these assets. The influencing elements and characteristics for effective protection of nature asset reserves are included in an index evaluation system for effective protection in such areas, which contains four parts-target layer, evaluation criteria, evaluation indexes, and evaluation parameters-based on related documents and files. For the target layer, it includes nature asset evaluation and management evaluation. In the end, it is discussed how to build a comprehensive evaluation model and achieve an effective quantitative evaluation.

Relationship between Tourism Development and Ecological Protection in Songshan National Nature Reserve,Beijing City

Nowadays Songshan National Nature Reserve attracts a rapidly increasing number of tourists. However, the development of a tourist economy and the further exploitation of the natural landscape threaten the ecology and management of the reserve. Therefore, defining the relationship between ecological tourism and ecological protection can provide a framework for the management and exploitation of the reserve. Based on the analysis of current situation and questions of the reserve, this paper probes into the relationship between tourism development and ecological protection. Furthermore, it provides specific measures and suggestions for the existing problems.

The current status, threats and protection way of Sanjiang Plain wetland, Northeast China

The Sanjiang Plain is a vast area of alluvial floodplains and low hills in northeast Heilongjiang Province. It is the largest tract of wetlands in China and East Asia outside of Siberia. 28 wetland nature reserves exist on the Sanjiang Plain, and three of them have been listed as wetlands of international importance to water bird conservation by the Ramsar Convention Bureau. The wetlands of Sanjiang Plain are noteworthy for its rich biodiversity, but they continue to decline in area and deteriorate in quality currently. The main threats or constrains, immediate cause, root cause and required response are analyzed in this paper, and the four aspects opinion such as improvement of watershed management, enhancement of protection and restoration of habitats and biodiversity, alternative livelihoods of rural residents living in and near natural wetland reserve, and reinforcement of capacity building of natural reserves are brought forward as the effective measures for the Sanjiang Plain wetland protection.

Assessment of effectiveness of nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau based on net primary production and the large sample comparison method

Twenty-one typical coupled large samples were chosen from areas within and surrounding nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau using the large sample comparison method(LSCM).To evaluate the effectiveness of the nature reserves in protecting the ecological environment,the alpine grassland net primary production(NPP) of these coupled samples were compared and the differences between them before and after their establishment as protected areas were analyzed.The results showed that:(1) With respect to the alpine grassland NPP,the ecological and environmental conditions of most nature reserves were more fragile than those of the surrounding areas and also lower than the average values for the Tibetan Plateau.(2) Of the 11 typical nature reserves selected,the positive trend in the NPP for Manzetang was the most significant,whereas there was no obvious trend in Taxkorgan.With the exception of Selincuo,the annual NPP growth rate in the nature reserves covered by alpine meadow and wetland was higher than that in nature reserves consisting of alpine steppe and alpine desert.(3) There were notable findings in 21 typical coupled samples:(a) After the establishment of the nature reserves,the annual rate of increase in the NPP in 76% of samples inside nature reserves and 82% of samples inside national nature reserves was higher than that of the corresponding samples outside nature reserves.(b) The effectiveness of ecological protection of the Mid-Kunlun,Changshagongma,Zoige and Selincuo(Selin Co) nature reserves was significant; the effectiveness of protection was relatively sig-nificant in most parts of the Sanjiangyuan and Qiangtang nature reserves,whereas in south-east Manzetang and north Taxkorgan the protection effectiveness was not obvious.(c) The ecological protection effectiveness was significant in nature reserves consisting of alpine meadow,but was weak in nature reserves covered by alpine steppe.This study also shows that the advantage of large sample comparison method in evaluating regional ecology change.Careful design of the samples used,to ensure comparability between the samples,is crucial to the success of this LSCM.

自然资源统一确权登记技术难点探析——以玉龙雪山省级自然保护区为例

以玉龙雪山自然保护区自然资源确权试点为例,阐述了自然资源确权工作流程,分别针对确权工作中的多源异构数据融合、基础数据坐标系统多样、权利归属复杂、保护区内界线冲突等问题提出有效可行的解决方案,最后针对现状的自然资源确权提出切实有效的建议,为后续相关项目的开展提供指导和借鉴。

北京市自然保护地发展历史、存在问题及对策研究

北京市自然保护地体系经过40余年的发展,在整合优化、生态修复、生物多样性保护、科普宣教等方面取得了一定成绩。但也存在着体系机构不完善、专管机构缺失、监测监管软硬件不健全、民众自然保护意识不足等问题。针对上述问题,结合国家及北京市发展方向,本文对未来北京市自然保护地建设提出以下建议:推动国家公园建设,健全自然保护地体系;加快完善设立保护地专管机构,落实“一个保护地、一套机构、一块牌子”的统一管理体系;推进生物多样性保护工作,助力北京市生物多样性之都建设;完善保护地配套体制政策,提升监管能力;建设智慧自然保护地,推动保护地智能化管理;提升公众参与度,充分发挥保护地文化教育与生态服务功能。

中国自然保护区空间分布特征

我国自然保护区经过60余年建设,在维护国家生态安全、保护生物多样性、保存自然遗产和改善生态环境质量等方面发挥着重要作用。研究系统整理了我国现有2672个自然保护区空间分布数据,形成了较为完整的空间信息数据库,从发展历程、保护类型、建设规模等方面进行了特征统计。运用地理集中指数和核密度指数等方法,对全国自然保护区从海陆分布、省级分布、时空分布、集聚分布等不同维度进行了空间分布特征分析。结果表明:(1)我国自然保护区数量和类型丰富,大致经历了“起步-停滞缓慢发展-稳步发展-快速发展-稳固完善”的5个发展阶段,以中小型的森林生态系统、野生动物、内陆湿地和水域生态系统自然保护区为主;(2)空间上为集聚分布,省域分布差异悬殊,沿“胡焕庸线”呈“西少东多、西聚东散”的特点;(3)不同类型和管理级别的自然保护区分布集群态势差异明显,形成了黄山-怀玉山、粤东北丘陵、南岭、武夷山等11个显著聚集区;(4)建设规模和连片聚集效应自西向东呈递减趋势,与我国地形的三级阶梯构造变化趋势存在紧密联系。最后,本文讨论了形成我国现有自然保护区空间格局的主要原因,包括客观自然条件及主观人为等因素,并结合我国自然保护区空间分布和建设发展中存在的问题进行了分析,从建立布局完善和海陆统筹的保护区网络,科学界定保护地类型,逐步优化自然保护区边界及稳步提升科研监测成效等方面提出了发展建议。在我国自然保护地体系由自然保护区向国家公园为主体的全面深化改革阶段,本研究弥补了现有研究成果的局限性和时效性问题,以期为未来自然保护区的空间布局优化及发展提供科学参考。

基于人地耦合的湖南仙岳山省级森林公园分区管理策略

为探索城市近郊保护地综合保护和管理办法,形成科学可持续的管理体系,本文以醴陵市城市近郊的湖南仙岳山省级森林公园为研究对象,基于ASTER GDEM高程数据(N27E113)对保护地进行空间划分,运用ArcGIS中网络分析、服务区构建、空间分析、重要度评价法分析园内道路、周边构筑物所带来的人类活动对保护地各区域的影响及其差异,评估保护地生态功能的服务可达性;基于人地耦合的视角,在50 m×50 m分辨率水平上,将保护地划分为5个功能区域并制定了针对性的管理策略。其中,森林生态系统保育区施行严格封闭管理,森林资源多样性保育区适当进行人为干预保育特色物种,城市森林景观区加强多层、多季相森林景观营造,管理挑战与生境保护区应加强边界管理并划定人为活动影响预警区,有的放矢地开展定期巡视;文化旅游区应适度开发人文、自然景观,促进社区与保护地间的良性循环。本研究在实现城市近郊保护地与城市社区良性互动的基础上,针对仙岳山省级森林公园各区域空间特征、功能及其与城市的关系提出一套科学、可行的管理策略及实现路径,为城市近郊自然保护地的管理工作提供参考。

太宽河野生蕙兰濒危机制分析与保护研究

[目的]为野生蕙兰(Cymbidium faberi Rolfe)种质资源的保护与利用提供科学依据,为太宽河自然保护区管理局野生蕙兰种群繁育和恢复奠定基础。[方法]采用固定样方法,对野生蕙兰的资源进行调查,运用濒危系数分析法,以能够反映蕙兰濒危程度的活株数、自然枯死株数、幼苗数、开花植株数、坐果植株数、动物啃咬株数、人为采挖株数作为评价指标,对野生蕙兰濒危程度进行了定量分析。[结果]各指标濒危系数表现为动物啃咬濒危系数(C动)0.99>坐果濒危系数(C果)0.93>幼苗濒危系数(C苗)0.89>开花濒危系数(C花)0.88>活株濒危系数(C活)0.83>人为采挖濒危系数(C人)0.71>自然枯死濒危系数(C枯)0.53。调查结果显示,综合濒危系数为0.82,依据国际濒危物种等级新标准,处于濒危状态,其中野生动物危害较大和自我更新能力差是导致保护区内野生蕙兰濒危的主要因素,同时与人的因素也密不可分。[结论]建议建立以保护野生蕙兰为主的重点保护区域,积极开展以野生蕙兰种群恢复为主的科学研究;设立野生动物补饲点,减少对野生蕙兰资源的破坏;加大宣传力度,禁止非法采挖、放牧等人为干扰行为。

阿尔金山国家级自然保护区种子植物多样性研究

目的:通过阿尔金山国家级自然保护区种子植物多样性调查,明晰保护区内种子植物多样性现状,揭示自然保护区种子植物多样性自身的演化特征及区系地理成分,为有效保护植被生态屏障、种质资源保护和合理开发利用积累基础数据。方法:采用随机样方调查法对阿尔金山国家级自然保护区种子植物种类和构成以及科、属和种的组成进行了野外调查,统计分析其区系特征及多样性指数。结果:阿尔金山国家级自然保护区共有植物46科、152属、253种,其中种子植物的种类最为丰富。阿尔金山国家级自然保护区种子植物优势科较为明显,其中含10种以上的科有6科、142种,占总数的56%;菊科种类最多(46种占总种数18%)、禾本科次之(28种占总种数11%)、单属种植物(62种占总种数的24.5%),说明单属种或少数种科的占比较大。保护区种子植物分布类型隶属于温带属性;保护区草本物种多样性指数最高,乔木物种多样性指数最低。结论:通过调查初步明晰了阿尔金山国家保护区种子植物资源状况,为阿尔金山国家级自然保护区植物资源的保护和合理开发利用提供了重要基础数据,对推动高原生态文明建设和维护自然环境提供基本资料。

我国中蜂种质资源现状与利用自然保护区开展保护刍议

东方蜜蜂Apis cerana在我国又称中蜂,其作为我国一种重要的本土资源昆虫,对我国的养蜂业及生物多样性具有重要意义。在长期进化适应过程中,中蜂形成了多样的生物学特性,具备丰富的种质资源;但随着西方蜜蜂的引进,以及社会条件、自然环境变化等因素的影响,中蜂面临着蜂群数量急剧下降、分布区域缩小、种质资源退化及丢失等困境。目前,尽管中蜂种质资源的保护工作得到重视,但实际情况却是其分布面积不断缩小,分布区域越来越呈破碎化,中蜂种质资源保护工作仍面临巨大挑战;因此本文综述了我国中蜂种质资源现状,分析了利用自然保护区开展中蜂种质资源保护工作的优势、可行性及注意事项,以期为中蜂种质资源保护提供参考。

江山仙霞岭省级自然保护区鸟类生物多样性及保护策略研究

2019年越冬季和2020年繁殖季期间,利用固定距离抽样法、红外相机监测相结合的方法对江山仙霞岭省级自然保护区鸟类资源进行调查。结果表明:仙霞岭省级自然保护区内有鸟类150种,隶属15目46科。其中,国家一级重点保护鸟类2种,分别为白颈长尾雉和黄腹雉;国家二级重点保护鸟类16种,包括黑冠鹃隼、赤腹鹰、蛇雕等。从区系组成来看,保护区鸟类分布型以东洋界种为主(85种,占比56.67%),居留型以留鸟为主(82种,占比54.67%)。保护区鸟类F指数为21.61,G-F指数为0.91,说明保护区鸟类物种多样性较高且其科、属分布较为合理,但G指数为1.91,说明其属间差异较小,加上保护区范围内人为活动较为频繁,生态系统具有较高的敏感性和脆弱性。通过加大对鸟类保护宣传力度、开展鸟类生活习性研究和严格依法处置捕鸟猎鸟违规违法行为等保护策略,显著提升了鸟类生物多样性。