Recent Transition in Transportation Environment in Jakarta Metropolitan Area Over Years

The Jakarta metropolitan area of Indonesia with more than 24 million populations is the capital region of one of the emerging countries.Along with economic development,the number of motorized trips,especially,use of motorcycles has been rapidly increasing.Two surveys that were conducted in 2002 and 2010,Household Travel Survey(HTS)and Commuter Travel Survey(CTS),revealed significant alteration in,for example,transportation pattern,income,mode share,mode choice,and so on in Jakarta metropolitan area.Number of population as well as number of registered vehicle is increasing.Existence of BRT also indicated changes in mode choice before and after the introduction of the BRT system in 2004.The characteristics of these preferences were also identified.

Integration of Transport and Land Use Planning by Transit-Oriented Development for Economic Sustainability of the Standard Gauge Railway Projects in Tanzania

Tanzania is one of the countries in Africa that has engaged in the projects for construction of the electrified Standard Gauge Railway (SGR). However, lack of integration of transportation and land-use planning threatens economic sustainability of the SGR project. This study was carried out for the purpose of finding-out how transportation can be integrated with land-use planning for economic sustainability of the project. The study was carried-out by using qualitative research approach through demonstration as case study. Findings show that construction of the SGR is not integrated with land-use planning around the stations and along the SGR corridor. It is concluded that economic sustainability of the SGR projects can be achieved by integration of transport and land-use planning. As demonstrated, it is recommended to deliberate for integration of transportation and land-use planning in the SGR projects of which the prime land within Transit Stations can be efficiently used by using Transit Oriented Development and secure more land for production activities around the Transit Stations and along the SGR corridor.

Motivation Mechanism of Kucong People in Economic Transition

Based on introduction of economic transition of Kucong people, this paper presents two motivation mechanisms, namely, political pulling and economic promotion. For political pulling, it is required to build grass-roots government service system in Zhemi Town and promote economic transition from external side; strengthen leadership of Party Committee of Zhemi Town in grass-roots government; enhance construction of grass-roots government in Zhemi Town; and regulate relationship between grass-roots government and village committee of Zhemi Town. For economic promotion, it is proposed to set up collective producers' cooperatives and promote economic transition of Kucong people from internal side. By taking pilot of Liuliu xinzhai Village production cooperative as an example, it puts forward that new production working cooperatives should be established to solve Kucong people's problem of not good at working separately. It is proposed to cultivate their agricultural activities through collectivization, promote development of its backward productivity, and strive for permanent residence and sustainable development of agriculture on the basis of economic development, finally to realize social development of Kucong people.

The sustainability and transition of economic growth in China:from a perspective of factor structure

After more than 20 years＇ high speed growth, the sustainable growth of Chinese economy faces serious limitation of resources and factors now and in the future. In order to maintain the economic growth. China has to trans-form the way of economic growth, Based on the analysis on the related theories of economic growth and the structural transformation in factors of production, this paper proposes that the transformation of the economic growth way has to impel the optimization and the promotion of the utilization structure of factors of production. Finall.v, based on the analysis of the necessity to change the pattern of economic growth, this paper proposes＇ the strategic measures to promote the continuous economic growth and the transformation of patterns of economic growth.

Comparative Analysis on Transition Trap and Middle Income Trap in Current ＇ Economic Development

China now is in the vital stage of the economic transition,which is facing the severe challenge of spanning the middle- income trap.Only the clear recognization of current domestic and overseas situations,the vigorous implementation of self- dependent innovation,and the energetic exploitation of international market will contribute to the fundamental industrial restructuring and the early achievement of marching into high- income countries.

Status, Transition, and Impact of the Yoon Suk-yeol Administration’s Trade Policy with China

China is Korea’s main trade partner in East Asia and one of its key economic and trade partners worldwide.The two countries have complementary industrial structure and a long history of trade exchanges.However,against the backdrop of a return to global trade protectionism and the politicization of international affairs with Yoon Suk-yeol coming to power,South Korea has undertaken a strong trade shift toward the United States(US),triggering a change in the pattern of economic cooperation in East Asia and challenging the regional trade structure.A review of the trade policy agenda of the Yoon Suk-yeol administration toward the US and China,along with a comparative review of Korea’s foreign trade stance under Moon Jae-in,allows for an analysis of the turnaround and characteristics of Yoon’s trade policy toward China during his tenure.The implications for global trade governance and regional security are further analyzed with an aim of finding a Nash equilibrium in trade cooperation among East Asian countries.

Patterns, processes, and differentiation mechanisms of China's transition from old to new economic drivers

Transition from old to new economic drivers(TONED) is of great significance for optimizing economic structures. Using a combination of methods including entropy weight technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution, geospatial analysis, and optimal parameter geodetector, this study investigates the patterns and mechanisms of China's TONED in the prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2020. The findings reveal that(1) the TONED exhibited a spatial distribution characterized by higher levels in the east and lower levels in the west, along with a pyramidal hierarchy of levels. The distribution of hot and cold spots roughly followed the Heihe-Yulin line.(2) The informatization levels, openness to the outside world, and urbanization played a dominant role in the TONED. The types of dual-factor interactions exhibited both dual-factor enhancement and non-linear enhancement effects.(3) The eastern and central regions were more likely to promote the TONED through enhanced informatization levels, whereas the western region relied more on increasing openness. This study finds that the TONED results from the combined effects of three geographical natures, each playing a distinct role. The recommendations provided can serve as a reference for China and other developing countries to implement the TONED in the context of deglobalization.

China’s Potential Economic Growths during 2015-2025 under Different Scenarios~

China has entered a crucial period of further growth and restructuring that will last until 2025. Based on a review of the major factors affecting China＇s potential economic growth, this paper has created an integrated economic system model consisting of system dynamics, econometrics, and input-output for the forecast of China＇s economic size and structure by 2025. Analysis shows that prior to 2025, China will be able to maintain a potential annual economic growth rate of 5.7%-7.2%. Faced with an international environment of a possible slowdown of advanced economies and diminishing demographic dividends, China needs to further expedite its urbanization process, enhance R＆D and education spending, increase total factor productivity （TFP）, vigorously develop the tertiary sector, and expand consumption in order to achieve the optimistically estimated growth of 6.6%-7.4% during the period of 2015-2025. Economic growth should be accompanied by the upgrade of industry structure and improvement of investment and consumption structures.

Effect of regional ecological carrying capacity on economic transformation

Combined with the actual situation of the western region city of Zunyi, the three subsystems including social, economic and natural environment evaluation index systems of ECC have been built based on the theory of ecological carrying capacity(ECC). In addition, the factor analysis method has been used and the influence factors on the ECC in the economic transition have been gained. The results show that factors of ECC in the three subsystems have different influence: 1) the natural subsystem, which contains factors on the ECC, has obvious limitation, and it has the greatest influence on industrial waste discharge per capita; 2) the social subsystem has a restriction on the ECC, which affects the traffic environment mostly; 3) the economic subsystem has a certain restriction on ECC, which has a large effect on the consumption level per capita.

The Contribution of Marketization to China＇s Economic Growth

Market-oriented economic transition since 1978 has led to remarkable economic development in China. In this study, we use the National Economic Research Institute （NERI） Index of Marketization and a panel data model to investigate the quantitative contributions of marketization to China＇s total factor productivity （TFP） and economic growth. Our results indicate that marketization contributed 1.45 percentage points on average to China＇s annual economic growth rate during the period from 1997 to 2007 and accounted for 39.2 percent of the increase in TFP. Marketization significantly improved resource allocation. However, economic transition in China has not yet been completed and sustainability of future growth will depend on further market-oriented reforms.

Macroeconomic Regulation Not the Answer to Rocketing Housing Prices

Resident income inequality has widened drastically within a short timeframe in the process of transition. From a static point of view, there is a combination of three factors underpinning the widening of the resident income gap. Such factors include a) the variation in quantity of factors of production accumulated during the planned economy era; b) the difference between localities in respect of starting points at different historical stages along their varying paths of evolution; c) the illegal and abnormal income stemming from institutional loopholes and policy deficiencies. From a dynamic point of view, there are three root causes underlying resident income gap expansion. Firstly, the privileged group has been continuing to benefit from an increasingly large share of institutional transition returns by exerting influence over the path of evolution; secondly, the underprivileged group has lost their ability to capture income on a sustainable basis due to the lack of a mechanism to express their interests; thirdly, public policies are not designed or enforced well enough to regulate income inequality. Given the significant effects of excess income disparity on economic performance and social stability, it is thus imperative to hold the income gap in check in light of the societal reality of the transitional stage.

Resource and Environmental Issues in Transitional China:A Perspective from the Interaction Among Market,Government and Society

Along with the rapid growth of economy in the postreform period after 1979,China has faced severe problems of resource overusing and environmental degradation which would threaten the sustainable development of economy and society.This article explores an effective mechanism of managing resource and environment in China.It examines some major resource and environmental issues,and constructs a framework of institution innovation to cover three sectors(government,market and society) . In addition,the article analyzes their experience and evaluation in resource management and environmental conservation during the transitional period.We argue that the combination of market regulation,government intervention and public participation is an effective way of allocating resource and protecting environment. Some suggestions are put forward to balance the relationship between them,including coordinating role of government and market,building platform for market operation and creating an atmosphere of public participation.

Establishing a Carbon-Neutrality Oriented Economic System through Green, Low-carbon, and Circular Development

Carbon neutrality requires a profound socio-economic revolution.Since the 21;century,China has been promoting social&economic transformation,and put forward a series of strategic directions for development transformation.As China enters the new era of socialism,building a green,low-carbon and circular economic system has become an important direction for future economic development and transformation.This paper analyzes the relationship between the green,low-carbon and circular economic system and carbon neutrality,and points out that green development,low-carbon development and circular development will greatly reduce carbon emissions of economic development and help realize the carbon goal through co-benefit effect,structural adjustment and resource recycling.Finally,the paper puts forward some suggestions for promoting the transformation of the economic system to green,low-carbon and circular development.

Innovation Path for Large Countries:Chinese Experience from Economics Perspective

Over the past four decades, China has achieved prosperity in economics as well as economic development. Without doubt, China's experience offers inspirations to economic theories. In this paper, we attempt to identify the theoretical implications of China's growth journey. By casting light on China's innovation path, this paper presents a coherent theoretical framework of economic principles to answer the following questions: How did China as a large country form its innovation advantages by virtue of its market size? Why did China as a late-moving country choose imitative innovation in catching up with other countries? How did China develop its own innovation advantages during its economic transition? In developing a system of economic discourse for China's innovation path, it is necessary to take stock of China's economic history and international experiences in relation to the wisdom of economic philosophies.

Transition Process in the Western Balkans: How Much Successful Is This Story?

The last enlargement of the European Union put Western Balkans countries into focus of integration, and thus the countries became an area where future integration is expected. Future enlargement of the European Union depends on the success of the previous EU accession, as well as on the achieved results of the transition process in the Western Balkans, since these countries are not on the same level as the developed European countries or new member states. The region contains small countries that are at different stages on their road towards membership. Transition is a comprehensive process of economic and political reforms that creates many shocks in the economy, and when this process occurs in a politically unstable and war environment, as the case being with the Western Balkans, the results may be very unfavorable. Formal agreements improved the relations between these countries and the European Union, thereby had an influence on risk reduction and increased business transparency, resulting in a growing interest of foreign investors for the region. Despite increased investments in the region and rapid economic growth, Western Balkan countries have only 21 (Albania) and 52% (Croatia) of the average European Union Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, indicating the need for faster implementation of reforms and individual involvement of countries into the process of European integration. There is a significant development gap between Western Balkan countries, so observing the region as a whole and applying a singular strategy in the sense of its economic leveling and the process of EU accession would have a negative impact on Croatia, as the most developed country of the region.

Economic Growth alone Cannot Solve Income Gap Widening

Resident income inequality has widened drastically within a short timeframe during the process of transition. From a static point of view, there is a combination of three factors underpinning the widening of the resident income gap. Such factors include a) the variation in quantity of factors of production accumulated during the planned economic regime; b) the difference between localities in respect of starting points at different historical stages along their varying paths of evolution; c) the illegal and abnormal income stemming from institutional loopholes and policy deficiencies. From a dynamic point of view, there are three root causes underlying resident income gap expansion. Firstly, the privileged group has been continuing to benefit from an increasingly large share of institutional transition returns by exerting influence over the path of evolution; secondly, the underprivileged group has lost their ability to capture income on a sustainable basis due to the lack of a mechanism to express their interests; thirdly, public policies are not designed or enforced well enough to regulate income inequality. Given the significant effects of excess income disparity on economic performance and social stability, it is thus imperative to hold the income gap in check in light of the societal reality of the transitional stage.

Structural Deceleration,Financial Expansion and Policy Selection:China's Economic Prospects for 2014

China's economic performance in 2013 has verified that China's economic slowdown is structural rather than cyclical.Current economic growth has been driven primarily by investment in infrastructure and real estate sector.Consumption is sluggish and exports recovery is unsustainable.Financial expansion is a major instrument in offsetting the deceleration of China's economic growth in 2013.But structural root cause of slowdown remains.According to cash flow statement,balance sheet and cross-border capital flow,risks of China's financial system are accumulating under the backdrop of financial expansion.Financial system should play its role of resource allocation and refrain from stimulating demand.Future policy choice will shift from short-term macro policy to institutional reform,including political reform,reform of supply mechanism,balancing between macro-stability policy and structural transition,and reform of financial system.

Topology of economic systems

An economic topology can have many uses to the academician, student and practitioner. Refining a topology of economic systems helps to bring together seemingly disparate characteristics and to point out potential long run trends. The progression of economic systems over time and also brief explanations of each system are given. We argue that most modem economic systems have some remnants of earlier forms, that is, most economies today are some mixture of what might be considered pure systems. Measurable characteristics to identify a particular system are developed that allows progress to or from a particular classification to be charted for individual countries.

育龄收入、子女人力资本与代际经济支持——基于子女“数量—质量替代”视角

中国家庭中子女数量下降伴随着子女人力资本提升,即子女“数量—质量替代”效应,为改善家庭养老经济支持提供了新契机。使用中国家庭追踪调查数据,结合中介效应模型和两阶段最小二乘法,研究以子女“数量—质量替代”为机制,老年父母的育龄收入对子女经济支持数额的影响。研究发现:(1)家庭中子女数量向质量的转换有利于子女经济支持数额的提高;(2)增加父母育龄收入有利于促进子女数量向质量转换,从而提高子女经济支持数额;(3)对于没有参加养老保险、子女数量较少和来自城市的家庭,在子女“数量—质量替代”机制的作用下,育龄收入的增加提高子女经济支持数额的效应更强。因此,畅通并促进子女数量向质量的转换机制是改善家庭养老经济支持水平、缓解社会养老压力的有效途径;更合理的收入分配制度对完善家庭养老功能、促进中国养老事业可持续发展和提升老年人福祉具有重要意义。