Bipolaris oryzae is the causal agent of brown spot disease in rice and produces the dark pigment melanin. We isolated and characterized T4HR1 gene encoding 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (1,3,6,8-THN) reductase, whic...Bipolaris oryzae is the causal agent of brown spot disease in rice and produces the dark pigment melanin. We isolated and characterized T4HR1 gene encoding 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (1,3,6,8-THN) reductase, which converted 1,3,6,8-THN to scytalone in the melanin biosynthesis from B. oryzae. A sequence analysis showed that the T4HR1 gene encoded a putative protein of 268 amino acids showing 50% - 99% sequence identity to other fungal 1,3,6,8-THN reductases. Targeted disruption of the T4HR1 gene showed a different phenotype of mycelial color due to an accumulation of shunt products compared to those of wild-type on PDA plates using tricyclazole as a melanin biosynthesis inhibitor. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression of T4HR1 transcripts was enhanced by near-ultraviolet (NUV) irradiation and regulated by transcriptional factor BMR1, similar to three other melanin biosynthesis genes (polyketide synthase gene [PKS1], scytalone dehydratase gene [SCD1], and 1,3,8-THN reductase gene [THR1]) in the melanin biosynthesis of B. oryzae. These results suggested that common transcriptional mechanisms could regulate the enhanced gene expression of these melanin biosynthesis genes by NUV irradiation in B. oryzae.展开更多
Bipolaris oryzae is the causal agent of brown leaf spot disease in rice, and its asexual spore (conidium) formation is known to be induced by near-ultraviolet (NUV) irradiation. In order to reveal the photomorphogenic...Bipolaris oryzae is the causal agent of brown leaf spot disease in rice, and its asexual spore (conidium) formation is known to be induced by near-ultraviolet (NUV) irradiation. In order to reveal the photomorphogenic response and to identify new genes upregulated by NUV irradiation, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was carried out in B. oryzae. To confirm the differential gene expression in NUV-irradiated mycelia, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed among 301 genes arbitrarily chosen from 1170 cDNA clones. The expression of 46 genes (named NUV01 to NUV46) was found to be significantly enhanced (>4-fold) by NUV irradiation. Sequence analysis revealed that 23 out of the 46 sequences (50%) showed significant matches to known fungal genes. The 46 genes were categorized as either BLR1-dependent or BLR1-independent expression groups using the BLR1-deficient mutant, which presumably lacks the blue/UVA-absorbing photoreceptor. This finding demonstrates that NUV irradiation can induce gene regulation, and that this response may be mediated by both a blue/UVA-absorbing photoreceptor and an as-yet-unidentified photoreceptor in B. oryzae.展开更多
High-reflectivity Al-based n-electrode is used to enhance the luminescence properties of InGaN-based 395nm flip-chip near-ultraviolet （UV） light-emitting diodes. The Al-only metal layer could form the Ohmic contact ...High-reflectivity Al-based n-electrode is used to enhance the luminescence properties of InGaN-based 395nm flip-chip near-ultraviolet （UV） light-emitting diodes. The Al-only metal layer could form the Ohmic contact on the plasma etched n-GaN by means of chemical pre-treatment, with the lowest specific contact resistance of 2.211 × 10^-5 Ω. cm2. The AI n-electrodes enhance light output power of the 395 nm flip-chip near-UV light-emitting diodes by more than 33% compared with the Ti/AI n-electrodes. Meanwhile, the electrical characteristics of these chips with two types of n-electrodes do not show any significant discrepancy. The near-field light distribution measurement of packaged chips confirms that the enhanced luminescence is ascribed to the high refleetivity of the Al electrodes in the UV region. After the accelerated aging test for over 1000 h, the luminous degradation of the packaged chips with Al n-electrodes is less than 3%, which proves the reliability of these chips with the Al-based electrodes. Our approach shows a simplified design and fabrication of high-refleetivity n-electrode for flip-chip near-UV light emitting diodes.展开更多
Despite the widespread prevalence of daily sunscreen usage, solar-induced skin damage continues to occur. We have previously reported that solar visible light and near-infrared, in addition to ultraviolet radiation, p...Despite the widespread prevalence of daily sunscreen usage, solar-induced skin damage continues to occur. We have previously reported that solar visible light and near-infrared, in addition to ultraviolet radiation, perform as aging factors and induce deleterious effects such as photoaging, vasodilation, muscle thinning, skin ptosis, photoimmunosupression and photocarcinogenesis. Despite this, most commonly used sunscreens only block ultraviolet radiation. To evaluate the complete solar-spectrum blocking ability of sunscreens produced by internationally well-known companies, a double-beam spectrophotometer was used to optically measure the transmission spectra. The spectrophotometer utilizes a unique, single monochromatic design covering a wavelength range of 240 to 2600 nm. Sunscreens (thickness, 0.1 mm, SPF50+, PA+++ or ++++) from internationally well-known companies blocked 78.8% - 99.9% of ultraviolet, 33.4% - 99.6% of visible light, and 27.0% - 76.4% of near-infrared. It can be concluded that while most commercially available sunscreens filter ultraviolet radiation, they are not effective at blocking visible light and near-infrared radiation. The results of this study imply that sunscreens that provide comprehensive photoprotection from ultraviolet through to near-infrared should be considered to prevent skin photodamage.展开更多
Solar-induced skin damage continues to pose a problem to human health worldwide, despite the widespread recommendation and use of sunscreens. We have previously reported that solar visible light and near-infrared also...Solar-induced skin damage continues to pose a problem to human health worldwide, despite the widespread recommendation and use of sunscreens. We have previously reported that solar visible light and near-infrared also contribute to skin damage and photoageing. Most commonly recommended sunscreens are only effective throughout the UV spectrum, offering no protection from visible light and near-infrared. To evaluate the enhanced solar-spectrum blocking ability of iron oxides, a double-beam spectrophotometer was used to optically measure the transmission spectra. The spectrophotometer deploys a unique, single monochromatic design to detect wavelength penetration in the range of 240 to 2600 nm. The sample without iron oxide (control) blocked over 80% of ultraviolet-C and ultraviolet-B but did not block ultraviolet-A, visible light, or near-infrared wavelengths. The samples with yellow, and red iron oxide blocked over 90% ultraviolet, but did not block visible light and near-infrared effectively. The sample with black iron oxide blocked visible light, and near-infrared effectively compared with other samples with yellow, blue, and red iron oxide. The sample with red and black iron oxides, and the sample with yellow, blue, red, and black iron oxides blocked ultraviolet through to near-infrared. It can be concluded that dark colored iron oxide combinations are effective at blocking from ultraviolet through to visible light and near-infrared radiation. The results of this study may also suggest that biological colour of human skin and subcutaneous tissues are conserved for comprehensive photoprotection.展开更多
Despite the widespread recommendation and use of sunscreens and ultraviolet blocking materials, solar-induced skin damage and photoageing continues to pose a problem to human health worldwide. We have previously repor...Despite the widespread recommendation and use of sunscreens and ultraviolet blocking materials, solar-induced skin damage and photoageing continues to pose a problem to human health worldwide. We have previously reported that solar visible light and near-infrared also contribute to skin damage and photo ageing. Most commonly recommended sunscreens are only effective throughout the UV spectrum, offering no protection from visible light and near-infrared. A possible solution could be to augment sunscreens with metal oxides which block visible light and near-infrared radiation. To evaluate the enhanced solar-spectrum blocking ability of novel low viscosity sunscreen containing zinc and iron oxides, a double-beam spectrophotometer was used to optically measure the transmission spectra. The spectrophotometer deploys a unique, single monochromatic design to detect wavelength penetration in the range of 240 to 2600 nm. The Sunscreen base without zinc oxide and iron oxides (control) blocked over 80% of ultraviolet-C and ultraviolet-B but did not block ultraviolet-A, visible light, or near-infrared. The novel low viscosity zinc oxide sample blocked almost over 90% ultraviolet, but did not block visible light and near-infrared sufficiently. However, the samples with the novel low viscosity zinc oxide, iron oxides and erioglaucine blocked almost over 90% of ultraviolet, visible light and near-infrared. It can be concluded that this novel combination of low viscosity zinc oxide, iron oxides and erioglaucine is effective at blocking ultraviolet, visible light and near-infrared radiation. The results of this study imply that sunscreens that provide comprehensive photoprotection from ultraviolet through to near-infrared should be adopted to prevent skin photodamage.展开更多
文摘Bipolaris oryzae is the causal agent of brown spot disease in rice and produces the dark pigment melanin. We isolated and characterized T4HR1 gene encoding 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (1,3,6,8-THN) reductase, which converted 1,3,6,8-THN to scytalone in the melanin biosynthesis from B. oryzae. A sequence analysis showed that the T4HR1 gene encoded a putative protein of 268 amino acids showing 50% - 99% sequence identity to other fungal 1,3,6,8-THN reductases. Targeted disruption of the T4HR1 gene showed a different phenotype of mycelial color due to an accumulation of shunt products compared to those of wild-type on PDA plates using tricyclazole as a melanin biosynthesis inhibitor. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression of T4HR1 transcripts was enhanced by near-ultraviolet (NUV) irradiation and regulated by transcriptional factor BMR1, similar to three other melanin biosynthesis genes (polyketide synthase gene [PKS1], scytalone dehydratase gene [SCD1], and 1,3,8-THN reductase gene [THR1]) in the melanin biosynthesis of B. oryzae. These results suggested that common transcriptional mechanisms could regulate the enhanced gene expression of these melanin biosynthesis genes by NUV irradiation in B. oryzae.
文摘Bipolaris oryzae is the causal agent of brown leaf spot disease in rice, and its asexual spore (conidium) formation is known to be induced by near-ultraviolet (NUV) irradiation. In order to reveal the photomorphogenic response and to identify new genes upregulated by NUV irradiation, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was carried out in B. oryzae. To confirm the differential gene expression in NUV-irradiated mycelia, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed among 301 genes arbitrarily chosen from 1170 cDNA clones. The expression of 46 genes (named NUV01 to NUV46) was found to be significantly enhanced (>4-fold) by NUV irradiation. Sequence analysis revealed that 23 out of the 46 sequences (50%) showed significant matches to known fungal genes. The 46 genes were categorized as either BLR1-dependent or BLR1-independent expression groups using the BLR1-deficient mutant, which presumably lacks the blue/UVA-absorbing photoreceptor. This finding demonstrates that NUV irradiation can induce gene regulation, and that this response may be mediated by both a blue/UVA-absorbing photoreceptor and an as-yet-unidentified photoreceptor in B. oryzae.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos 2016YFB0400901 and2016YFB0400804the Key Laboratory of Infrared Imaging Materials and Detectors of Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant NoⅡMDKFJJ-15-07+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61675079,11574166 and 61377034the China Postdoctoral Foundation under Grant No 2016M602287
文摘High-reflectivity Al-based n-electrode is used to enhance the luminescence properties of InGaN-based 395nm flip-chip near-ultraviolet （UV） light-emitting diodes. The Al-only metal layer could form the Ohmic contact on the plasma etched n-GaN by means of chemical pre-treatment, with the lowest specific contact resistance of 2.211 × 10^-5 Ω. cm2. The AI n-electrodes enhance light output power of the 395 nm flip-chip near-UV light-emitting diodes by more than 33% compared with the Ti/AI n-electrodes. Meanwhile, the electrical characteristics of these chips with two types of n-electrodes do not show any significant discrepancy. The near-field light distribution measurement of packaged chips confirms that the enhanced luminescence is ascribed to the high refleetivity of the Al electrodes in the UV region. After the accelerated aging test for over 1000 h, the luminous degradation of the packaged chips with Al n-electrodes is less than 3%, which proves the reliability of these chips with the Al-based electrodes. Our approach shows a simplified design and fabrication of high-refleetivity n-electrode for flip-chip near-UV light emitting diodes.
文摘Despite the widespread prevalence of daily sunscreen usage, solar-induced skin damage continues to occur. We have previously reported that solar visible light and near-infrared, in addition to ultraviolet radiation, perform as aging factors and induce deleterious effects such as photoaging, vasodilation, muscle thinning, skin ptosis, photoimmunosupression and photocarcinogenesis. Despite this, most commonly used sunscreens only block ultraviolet radiation. To evaluate the complete solar-spectrum blocking ability of sunscreens produced by internationally well-known companies, a double-beam spectrophotometer was used to optically measure the transmission spectra. The spectrophotometer utilizes a unique, single monochromatic design covering a wavelength range of 240 to 2600 nm. Sunscreens (thickness, 0.1 mm, SPF50+, PA+++ or ++++) from internationally well-known companies blocked 78.8% - 99.9% of ultraviolet, 33.4% - 99.6% of visible light, and 27.0% - 76.4% of near-infrared. It can be concluded that while most commercially available sunscreens filter ultraviolet radiation, they are not effective at blocking visible light and near-infrared radiation. The results of this study imply that sunscreens that provide comprehensive photoprotection from ultraviolet through to near-infrared should be considered to prevent skin photodamage.
文摘Solar-induced skin damage continues to pose a problem to human health worldwide, despite the widespread recommendation and use of sunscreens. We have previously reported that solar visible light and near-infrared also contribute to skin damage and photoageing. Most commonly recommended sunscreens are only effective throughout the UV spectrum, offering no protection from visible light and near-infrared. To evaluate the enhanced solar-spectrum blocking ability of iron oxides, a double-beam spectrophotometer was used to optically measure the transmission spectra. The spectrophotometer deploys a unique, single monochromatic design to detect wavelength penetration in the range of 240 to 2600 nm. The sample without iron oxide (control) blocked over 80% of ultraviolet-C and ultraviolet-B but did not block ultraviolet-A, visible light, or near-infrared wavelengths. The samples with yellow, and red iron oxide blocked over 90% ultraviolet, but did not block visible light and near-infrared effectively. The sample with black iron oxide blocked visible light, and near-infrared effectively compared with other samples with yellow, blue, and red iron oxide. The sample with red and black iron oxides, and the sample with yellow, blue, red, and black iron oxides blocked ultraviolet through to near-infrared. It can be concluded that dark colored iron oxide combinations are effective at blocking from ultraviolet through to visible light and near-infrared radiation. The results of this study may also suggest that biological colour of human skin and subcutaneous tissues are conserved for comprehensive photoprotection.
文摘Despite the widespread recommendation and use of sunscreens and ultraviolet blocking materials, solar-induced skin damage and photoageing continues to pose a problem to human health worldwide. We have previously reported that solar visible light and near-infrared also contribute to skin damage and photo ageing. Most commonly recommended sunscreens are only effective throughout the UV spectrum, offering no protection from visible light and near-infrared. A possible solution could be to augment sunscreens with metal oxides which block visible light and near-infrared radiation. To evaluate the enhanced solar-spectrum blocking ability of novel low viscosity sunscreen containing zinc and iron oxides, a double-beam spectrophotometer was used to optically measure the transmission spectra. The spectrophotometer deploys a unique, single monochromatic design to detect wavelength penetration in the range of 240 to 2600 nm. The Sunscreen base without zinc oxide and iron oxides (control) blocked over 80% of ultraviolet-C and ultraviolet-B but did not block ultraviolet-A, visible light, or near-infrared. The novel low viscosity zinc oxide sample blocked almost over 90% ultraviolet, but did not block visible light and near-infrared sufficiently. However, the samples with the novel low viscosity zinc oxide, iron oxides and erioglaucine blocked almost over 90% of ultraviolet, visible light and near-infrared. It can be concluded that this novel combination of low viscosity zinc oxide, iron oxides and erioglaucine is effective at blocking ultraviolet, visible light and near-infrared radiation. The results of this study imply that sunscreens that provide comprehensive photoprotection from ultraviolet through to near-infrared should be adopted to prevent skin photodamage.
