Analysis of Regional Difference of Agricultural Land Productivity in Heilongjiang Province

The sustenance of humanity is contingent upon the production of food.The foundation of this production is agriculture,which in turn is dependent upon the cultivation of the land.As a fundamental element of agricultural advancement,the rational development and utilization of land play a pivotal role in the process of rural revitalization.Agricultural land productivity serves as a principal indicator of the efficacy of land utilization and the extent of agricultural advancement.Nevertheless,there is a paucity of research examining the productivity of agricultural land,particularly a lack of specialized research on large agricultural provinces.In light of the aforementioned considerations,this paper presents a comprehensive examination of agricultural land productivity and its regional variations in Heilongjiang Province in 2022,with the aid of pertinent statistical data.The findings of the analysis indicate that among the prefecture-level cities,Daqing and Suihua exhibit the highest levels of agricultural land productivity.Additionally,Zhaodong City,Zhaozhou,Qinggang,Wangkui,and Lanxi counties exhibit high levels of agricultural land productivity within their respective prefecture-level cities.There are notable disparities in agricultural land productivity across various regions,including Yichun,Heihe,Harbin,Daqing,Hegang,and Suihua.In contrast,other regions demonstrate a more balanced spatial distribution.In order to facilitate the prosperous development of the agricultural industry in Heilongjiang Province,it is essential to optimize the spatial planning of the land,to investigate the potential for agricultural development in each region,to establish effective collaboration between resources and industries,and to create a development synergy that will collectively advance rural revitalization.

Centennial Analysis of Human Activity Intensity and Associated Historical Events in Heilongjiang River Sino-Russo Watershed

Human activities in a transborder watershed are complex under the influence of domestic policies,international relations,and global events.Understanding the forces driving human activity change is important for the development of transborder watershed.In this study,we used global historical land cover data,the hemeroby index model,and synthesized major historical events to analyze how human activity intensity changed in the Heilongjiang River(Amur River in Russia)watershed(HLRW).The results showed that there was a strong spatial heterogeneity in the variation of human activity intensity in the HLRW over the past century(1900-2016).On the Chinese side,the human activity intensity change shifted from the plain areas for agricultural reclamation to the mountainous areas for timber extraction.On the Russian side,human activity intensity changes mostly concentrated along the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal-Amur Mainline.Localized variation of human activity intensity tended to respond to regional events while regionalized variation tends to reflect national policy change or broad international events.The similarities and differences between China and Russia in policies and positions in international events resulted in synchronous and asynchronous changes in human activity intensity.Meanwhile,policy shifts were often confined by the natural features of the watershed.These results reveal the historical origins and fundamental connotations of watershed development and contribute to formulating regional management policies that coordinate population,eco-nomic,social,and environmental activities.

Landscape of Northern Land, Beautiful Heilongjiang

Heilongjiang is a paradise of ice and snow in winter,with the Ice and Snow World,Saint Sophia Cathedral,the Central Avenue,Snow Town,the Aurora...thousands of wonders waiting to greet every visitor.The iceand snow here are extremely romantic,with rich cultural diversityand warmhearted and hospitable people.From December 21 to 27,2023,"Nihao!China"2024 Chinalce&SnowTourism OverseasPromotionSeason demonstrated"Heilongjiang Overseas Promotion Week".

Spatial-temporal Variation Characteristics of Water Quality in the Lower Reaches of the Nenjiang River

As an important river in the western part of Jilin Province,the lower reach of the Nenjiang River is an important wetland water source conservation area in Jilin Province.Within the watershed,it governs the Momoge Wetland,the Xianghai Wetland,and the Danjiang Wetland in Jilin Province.The main problem in the lower reaches of the Nenjiang River is the uneven distribution of water resources in time and space,and the intensification of land salinization.Zhenlai County and Da an City in the Nenjiang River Basin have sufficient surface water resources,with surface water as the drinking water source.Baicheng City and Tongyu County have scarce surface water resources,and both use groundwater as their domestic water source.The main polluted section in the basin is the Xianghai Reservoir,and the annual water quality evaluation is Class V.However,the water quality of the Tao er River,the main stream of the Nenjiang River,is significantly better than that of the Xianghai Reservoir.In order to better study the water environmental pollution situation in the Nenjiang River basin,monitoring data from five sections of non seasonal rivers in the basin from 2012 to 2021 were selected for studying water quality.This in-depth exploration of the water pollution status and river water quality change trends in the Nenjiang River basin is of great significance for future rural development,agricultural pattern transformation,and the promotion of water ecological civilization construction.

Relationship between spatio-temporal evolution of soil pH and geological environment/surface cover in the eastern Nenjiang River Basin of Northeast China during the past 30 years

To illuminate the spatio-temporal variation characteristics and geochemical driving mechanism of soil pH in the Nenjiang River Basin,the National Multi-objective Regional Geochemical Survey data of topsoil,the Second National Soil Survey data and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)were analyzed.The areas of neutral and alkaline soil decreased by 21100 km^(2)and 30500 km^(2),respectively,while that of strongly alkaline,extremely alkaline,and strongly acidic soil increased by 19600 km^(2),18200 km^(2),and 15500 km^(2),respectively,during the past 30 years.NDVI decreased with the increase of soil pH when soil pH>8.0,and it was reversed when soil pH<5.0.There were significant differences in soil pH with various surface cover types,which showed an ascending order:Arbor<reed<maize<rice<high and medium-covered meadow<low-covered meadow<Puccinellia.The weathering products of minerals rich in K_(2)O,Na_(2)O,CaO,and MgO entered into the low plain and were enriched in different parts by water transportation and lake deposition,while Fe and Al remained in the low hilly areas,which was the geochemical driving mechanism.The results of this study will provide scientific basis for making scientific and rational decisions on soil acidification and salinization.

Local singularity and S–A methods for analyzing ore-producing anomalies in the Jianbiannongchang area of Heilongjiang,China

The Heilongjiang Jianbiannongchang area is located at the confluence of the Great and Lesser Xing’an Ranges.This area has a complex magmatic and tectonic evolutionary history that has resulted in a complex and diverse geological background for mineralization.In this study,isometric logarithmic ratio(ILR)transformations of Au,Cu,Pb,Zn,and Sb contents were performed in the1:50,000 soil geochemical data of the Jianbiannongchang area.Robust principal component analysis(RPCA)was conducted based on ILR transformation.The local singularity and spectrum-area(S-A)methods were used to extract information on mineralogic anomalies.The results showed that:(1)the transformed data eliminated the influence of the original data closure effect,and the PC1and PC2 information obtained by applying RPCA reflected ore-producing element anomalies dominated by Au and Cu.(2)The local singularity method can enhance the information of the local strong and weak slow anomalies.After performing local singularity analysis on PC1 and PC2,the obtained local anomalies reflected the local singularity spatial anomaly patterns related to Cu and Au mineralization in this area,which is an effective method for trapping ore-producing anomalies.(3)Furthermore,the composite anomaly decomposition of PC1 and PC2 was performed using the S-A method,and the screened anomalous and background fields reflect the ore-producing anomalies related to Cu and Au mineralization.This information is in agreement with known Cu and Au mineralization.(4)The geochemical anomalies with mineralization potential were obtained outside the known mineralization sites by integrating the information of oreproducing anomalies extracted by the local singularity and S-A methods,providing the theoretical basis and exploration direction for future exploration in the study area.

Genetic Diversity of Ustilaginoidea virens in Heilongjiang Province

In recent years, the occurrence of rice false smut has become increasingly serious and the area of damage has expanded year by year, so the false smut has become one of the diseases which have seriously affected rice yield and quality in Heilongjiang Province. However, the genetic diversity research on false smut in Heilongjiang Province was relatively weak. In the current investigation, seven polymorphic SSR markers were taken to analyze the genetic diversity among 89 strains of the pathogens of rice false smut collected from five main rice growing areas in Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that the amplified bands of each pair of primers were between 2 and 7. A total of 43 bands were obtained, and each primer was expanded for 4.8 bands. The genetic similarity coefficient(GSC) between strains by using SSR molecular marker analysis showed that the GSC of the strain of Ustilaginoidea virens was 0.613-0.955, with an average of 0.741. According to the results cluster analysis, when the genetic distance was 0.73, 89 strains were divided into three groups, and five strains of rice smut strains were distributed in three populations, and strains in Harbin City were mainly distributed in group Ⅲ. In Mudanjiang City, the strains were mainly distributed in groups Ⅰ and Ⅲ, and the strains in Suihua City were mainly distributed in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ, and the strains in Jiamusi City were evenly distributed in groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, and the strains in Qiqihar City were mainly distributed in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ. The results showed that the genetic background of Ustilaginoidea virens in Heilongjiang Province was relatively low in complexity, and the overall inheritance of the strain was relatively stable.

Geology and mineralization of the Duobaoshan supergiant porphyry Cu-Au-Mo-Ag deposit(2.36 Mt)in Heilongjiang Province,China:A review

The reserves of the Duobaoshan porphyry Cu-Au-Mo-Ag deposit(also referred to as the Duobaoshan porphyry Cu deposit)ranks first among the copper deposits in China and 33rd among the porphyry copper deposits in the world.It has proven resources of copper(Cu),molybdenum(Mo),gold(Au),and silver(Ag)of 2.28×10^(6)t,80×10^(3)t,73 t,and 1046 t,respectively.The major characteristics of the Duobaoshan porphyry Cu deposit are as follows.It is located in a zone sandwiched by the Siberian,North China,and paleo-Pacific plates in an island arc tectonic setting and was formed by the Paleozoic mineralization and the Mesozoic mineralization induced by superposition and transformation.The metallogenic porphyries are the Middle Hercynian granodiorite porphyries.The alterations of surrounding rocks are distributed in a ring form.With silicified porphyries at the center,the alteration zones of K-feldspar,biotite,sericite,and propylite occur from inside to outside.This deposit is composed of 215 ore bodies(including 14 major ore bodies)in four mineralized zones.Ore body No.X in the No.3 mineralized zone has the largest resource reserves,accounting for more than 78%of the total reserves of the deposit.Major ore components include Cu,Mo,Au,Ag,Se,and Ga,which have an average content of 0.46%,0.015%,0.16 g/t,1.22 g/t,0.0003%,and 0.001%-0.003%,respectively.The ore minerals of this deposit primarily include pyrite,chalcopyrite,bornite,and molybdenite,followed by magnetite,hematite,rutile,gelenite,and sphalerite.The ore-forming fluids of this deposit were magmatic water in the early metallogenic stage and then the mixture of meteoric water and magmatic water at the late metallogenic stage.The ore-forming fluids experienced three stages.The ore-forming fluids of stageⅠhad a hydrochemical type of H_(2)O-CO_(2)-Na Cl,an ore-forming temperature of 375-650℃,and ore-forming pressure of 110-160 MPa.The ore-forming fluids of stageⅡhad a hydrochemical type of H_(2)O-CO_(2)-Na Cl,an ore-forming temperature of 310-350℃,and ore-forming pressure of 58-80 MPa.The ore-forming fluids of stageⅢhad a hydrochemical type of Na Cl-H_(2)O,an ore-forming temperature of 210-290℃,and ore-forming pressure of 5-12 MPa.The CuAu-Mo-Ag mineralization mainly occurred at stagesⅠandⅡ,with the ore-forming materials having a mixed crust-mantle source.The Duobaoshan porphyry Cu deposit was formed in the initial subduction environment of the Paleo-Asian Ocean Plate during the Early Ordovician.Then,due to the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and the subduction and compression of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean,a composite orogenic metallogenic model of the deposit was formed.In other words,it is a porphyry-epithermal copper-gold polymetallic mineralization system of composite orogeny consisting of Paleozoic island arcs and Mesozoic orogeny and extension.

Exploring the first occurrence of Scincomorpha lizard from Nenjiang Formation(lower Campanian)of Jilin,Northeast China:a follow-up study

In a region where lizard fossils are rare,this study explores a groundbreaking discovery of squamate lizard materials from the upper part of Nenjiang Formation(early Campanian)in Jilin Province,Northeast China.Despite the fragmentary nature of the dentaries,they exhibit distinct tooth morphological characteristics of squamate lizards,suggesting insectivorous and omnivorous diets for these small reptiles.This finding not only represents a significant addition to the squamate lizard fossil records from the Late Cre-taceous in Northeast China but also contributes to our understanding of the paleogeographic distribution of squamate lizards.Furthermore,it sheds new light on the terrestrial vertebrate fauna of the Cretaceous Songliao Basin.

Division of forest fuel type areas of Heilongjiang Province by using GIS

Eight factors, including forest coverage, fuel load, species composition, elevation, monthly mean temperature, monthly mean relative humidity, monthly mean wind velocity, and monthly mean precipitation of fire season, were considered and the methods of weight, the cumulative probability, ARC/INFO technique, and raster-to-vector conversion were adopted in division of forest fuel type area. Firstly, the electronic maps of forest distribution and administrative divisions were built, then overlaid and transformed to the real-world coordinates. Finally, the forest fuel type areas of Heilongjiang Province including 81 counties were divided into five grades, accounting for 16%, 17%, 17%, 11%, and 38% respectively. The grade Ⅰ fuel type areas with highest fire danger rating mainly distributed on Daxinganling Mountains, Xiaoxinganling Mountains, and Zhangguangcailing Mountains, the grade Ⅴ fuel type areas mainly centralized on Songnen Plain, Sanjiang Plain, and other Plains, and other forest fuel type areas (grades Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ) were situated between plains and mountainous areas.

Development Mode for the Characteristic Urbanization of Rural Areas in Heilongjiang Province

By analyzing the urbanization of rural areas in Heilongjiang Province,the authors pointed out the existing problems:insufficient motive power of its subjects,low construction level,less prominent functional features of townlets,low scale merits,low efficiency of resource distribution and so on.According to the classification of its townlets,the following 4 modes were given for the rural urbanization of Heilongjiang:A.Motivated by Ecological Construction.It is to solve population problems through ecological migrants,enhance infrastructure construction of townlets,strengthen their capacity of concentrating and absorbing resources;B.Motivated by featured agriculture.It is to develop featured industries on the basis of featured resources with market as the orientation,create a favorable exterior development environment for featured agriculture with the help of government;C.Based on Competitive Tourist Products.It is to coordinate the development of tourism and townlets through scientific planning,design competitive tourism projects and build famous tourism towns;D.Driven by Trade and Processing Industry.It is to promote the capacity of these towns in developing foreign trade,improve policy environment and trade facilities.All these 4 modes are proposed on the basis of actual conditions to give more choices for the characteristic urbanization of its rural areas.

Characteristic Change of Several Forest Landscapes Between 1896 and 1986 in Heilongjiang Province

Five forest landscapes in the maps of forest distribution in Heilongjiang Province in 1896 and 1986 were digitized and analyzed through GIS software. The results show that during the 90 years the total patch areas for Picea and Abies forest, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litvin forest and Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. forest had decreased about 87%, 40% and 84%, respectively. However, the total patch areas for broad leaved forest at the north of 51°N area had increased about 500%. The north frontier of broad leaved forest had moved towards northwest about 290 km. The fractal dimensions of Picea and Abies forest and mixed coniferous and broad leaved forest in 1986 were less than theirs in 1896, respectively. However, the fractal dimension of Pinus synvestris forest, Pinus koraiensis and broad leaved forest were more than theirs in 1896, respectively. Picea and Abies forest, Pinus synvestris forest, Pinus koraiensis and broad leaved forest became more fragmented. The transition percentages of Pinus sylvestris forest, Picea and Abies forest, Pinus koraiensis forest to themselves were less than the percentages to the mixed coniferous and broad leaved forest, respectively.

Dynamic of forest landscape in Heilongjiang Province for one century

With the help of GIS tool of ARC/INFO, ARCVIEW and FRAGSTATS, the map of forest resource distribution of Heilongjiang Province was analyzed in 1896, 1949 and 1981. Using total area, mean patch size, patch density, coefficient of patch size variation, mean patch fractal dimension and mean shape index, we studied the change of forest landscape pattern and the change of each patch types in this region. As a result, the total area of forest landscape and mean patch size decreased sharply, the quantity and density of patches increased, the juxtaposition of patches weakened, the shape of patch tended to become regular, and the border of patch simplified. All these showed that the forest landscape of this area tended to fragment gradually, and the fragment of Korean pine forest is the severest. The diversity of whole forest landscape and the evenness of landscape types distribution reduced gradually. Human impact, instead of climate change and forest community succession, is the most important reason for such dramatic changes.

Landscape pattern and diversity of natural secondary forests in the eastern mountainous region, northeast China:A case study of Mao'ershan region in Heilongjiang Province

Mao抏rshan region is a representative natural secondary forested region in the eastern mountainous region, north-east of China. Under the support of ARC/INFO, the landscape pattern and landscape diversity of Maoerhshan region were studied by combining the forest type map (1:10000), which was drawn from the aerial photographs (1999), field investigation and land utilization map (1:10000). The selected indices included patch number, patch size, patch density index, richness index, dominance index, evenness index and diversity index. The results showed that the landscape dominant forest type in Mao抏rshan region was softwood broad-leaved forest. In all landscape types, the average patch area of natural secondary for-ests was bigger than that of artificial forest. The patch density index of each landscape formed in artificial forest was higher than that of natural secondary forest. The landscape diversity index and landscape evenness index of natural forest were highest, the landscape heterogeneity was also, but the landscape dominance was lower. In natural forest, the control effects of landscape elements on landscape-structure, function and its change were weakened. The artificial forest was on the contrary.

Variation Characteristics of Water Budget Condition of Heilongjiang Province in Recent 50 Years

Based on the 1961-2010 weather data from 65 meteorological stations in Heilongjiang Province, using the statistic software and GIS, the change characteristics of water budget, including the precipitation, reference evapotranspiration and water budget in the whole year and the temperature-defined growing season, were analyzed. The results indicated that the both the precipitation during the whole year and that of during the temperature-defined growing season from 1961 to 2010 all decreased, while the annual reference evapotranspiration decreased, but the reference evapotranspiration during the temperature-defined growing season presented an increasing trend. The water resources were generally characterized by water deficit, especially in the beginning of 21 st .

Taxomomic review of Cleridae(Coleoptera) in Heilongjiang Province with one new record species from China

Seven species of family Cleridae are reported from Heilongjiang Province in the present paper, including one species, Orthrius striatulus （Motschlsky）, which is firstly recorded from China. Distributional data and adult photos for all the species and brief diagnosis for new record species are also provided.

Chronology and Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks in the Cretaceous Suifenhe Formation in Eastern Heilongjiang,China

Zircon U-Pb ages and geochemical data of volcanic rocks in the Suifenhe Formation in eastern Heilongjiang Province are reported, and their petrogenesis is discussed in this paper. The Suifenhe Formation mainly consists of basalt, andesite, and dacite. Zircon from andesite and dacite are euhedral in shape and show typical oscillatory zoning with high Th/U ratios （0.18-0.57）, implying its magmatic origin. Zircon U-Pb dating results by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer （LA-ICP-MS） indicate that the ^206Pb/^238U ages of zircons from andesite range within 105- 106 Ma, yielding a weighted mean age of 105.5±0.8 Ma （n=14）, and that ^206pb/^238U ages of zircons from dacite are between 90-96 Ma, yielding a weighted mean age of 93.2±1.3 Ma （n =13）. The volcanic rocks from the Snifenhe Formation are subalkaline series and show a calc-alkaline evolutionary trend with SiO2 content of 47.69%-65.47%, MgO contents of 1.42%-6.80% （Mg^#= 45-53）, and Na2O/K2O ratios of 1.83-3.63. They are characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements （LILE） and lightrare-earth elements （LREE）, depletion in heavy rare earth elements （HREE） and high field strength elements （HFSE） （e.g., Nb, Ta, Ti）, and low initial ^87Sr/^86Sr ratios （0.7041-0.7057） and positive εNd（t） ValUes （0.39-4.08）, implying that they could be derived from a depleted magma source. Taken together, these results suggest that the primary magma of the volcanic rocks might originate from partial melting of the mantle wedge metasomatized by fluids derived from subducted slab under a tectonic setting of active continental margin.

Using MaxEnt Model to Guide Marsh Conservation in the Nenjiang River Basin, Northeast China

Incorporating private and working lands into protected area networks could mitigate the isolation state of protected areas(PAs) and improve the efficiency of conservation.But how to select patches of land for conservation is still a troublesome issue.In this study, the MaxEnt model and irreplaceability index were applied to guide marsh conservation in the Nenjiang River Basin, Northeast China.According to the high accuracy of the MaxEnt model predictions(i.e., the average AUC value = 0.933), the Wuyuer River and Zhalong marshes in the downstream reaches of Wuyuer River are the optimal habitat for the Red-crowned crane and migratory waterfowls.There are 22 marsh patches selected by the patch irreplaceability index for conservation, of which 12 patches had been included in the current network of protected areas.The other 10 patches of marsh(amounting to 1096 km^2) far from human disturbances with high NDVI(up to 0.8) and close distance to water(less than 100 m), which are excluded from the existing network of PAs, should be implemented conservation easement programs to improve the protection efficiency of conservation.Specifically, the marshes at Taha, Tangchi, and Lamadian should be given priority for conservation and restoration to reintroduce migratory waterfowls, as this would lessen the current isolation state of the Zhalong National Nature Reserve.

Late Cretaceous Aquatic Angiosperms from Jiayin,Heilongjiang,Northeast China

Three taxa of Late Cretaceous aquatic angiosperms, Queruexia angulata （Lesq.） Krysht., Cobbania corrugata （Lesq.） Stockey et al. and Nelumbites cf. extenuinervis Upchurch et al. from Jiayin of Heilongjiang, NE China, are described in detail. Among them, Cobbania and Nelumbites from the Upper Cretaceous in China are reported for the first time. The aquatic angiosperm assemblage of Queruexia-Cobbania-Nelumbites appears to imply a seasonal, warm and moist environment in the Jiayin area during the Santonian-Campanian time.

Analysis of PM2.5 concentrations in Heilongjiang Province associated with forest cover and other factors

Atmospheric particulate matter(PM2.5) seriously influences air quality. It is considered one of the main environmental triggers for lung and heart diseases. Air pollutants can be adsorbed by forest. In this study we investigated the effect of forest cover on urban PM2.5 concentrations in 12 cities in Heilongjiang Province,China. The forest cover in each city was constant throughout the study period. The average daily concentration of PM2.5 in 12 cities was below 75 lg/m^3 during the non-heating period but exceeded this level during heating period. Furthermore, there were more moderate pollution days in six cities. This indicated that forests had the ability to reduce the concentration of PM2.5 but the main cause of air pollution was excessive human interference and artificial heating in winter. We classified the 12 cities according to the average PM2.5 concentrations. The relationship between PM2.5 concentrations and forest cover was obtained by integrating forest cover, land area,heated areas and number of vehicles in cities. Finally,considering the complexity of PM2.5 formation and based on the theory of random forestry, we selected six cities and analyzed their meteorological and air pollutant data. The main factors affecting PM2.5 concentrations were PM10,NO_2, CO and SO_2 in air pollutants while meteorological factors were secondary.