New trends in diagnosis and management of gallbladder carcinoma

Gallbladder(GB)carcinoma,although relatively rare,is the most common biliary tree cholangiocarcinoma with aggressiveness and poor prognosis.It is closely associated with cholelithiasis and long-standing large(>3 cm)gallstones in up to 90%of cases.The other main predisposing factors for GB carcinoma include molecular factors such as mutated genes,GB wall calcification(porcelain)or mainly mucosal microcalcifications,and GB polyps≥1 cm in size.Diagnosis is made by ultrasound,computed tomography(CT),and,more precisely,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Preoperative staging is of great importance in decisionmaking regarding therapeutic management.Preoperative staging is based on MRI findings,the leading technique for liver metastasis imaging,enhanced three-phase CT angiography,or magnetic resonance angiography for major vessel assessment.It is also necessary to use positron emission tomography(PET)-CT or ^(18)F-FDG PET-MRI to more accurately detect metastases and any other occult deposits with active metabolic uptake.Staging laparoscopy may detect dissemination not otherwise found in 20%-28.6%of cases.Multimodality treatment is needed,including surgical resection,targeted therapy by biological agents according to molecular testing gene mapping,chemotherapy,radiation therapy,and immunotherapy.It is of great importance to understand the updated guidelines and current treatment options.The extent of surgical intervention depends on the disease stage,ranging from simple cholecystectomy(T1a)to extended resections and including extended cholecystectomy(T1b),with wide lymph node resection in every case or IV-V segmentectomy(T2),hepatic trisegmentectomy or major hepatectomy accompanied by hepaticojejunostomy Roux-Y,and adjacent organ resection if necessary(T3).Laparoscopic or robotic surgery shows fewer postoperative complications and equivalent oncological outcomes when compared to open surgery,but much attention must be paid to avoiding injuries.In addition to surgery,novel targeted treatment along with immunotherapy and recent improvements in radiotherapy and chemotherapy(neoadjuvant-adjuvant capecitabine,cisplatin,gemcitabine)have yielded promising results even in inoperable cases calling for palliation(T4).Thus,individualized treatment must be applied.

Current considerations on intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct and pancreatic duct

Pancreatobiliary intraductal papillary neoplasms(IPNs)represent precursors of pancreatic cancer or bile duct cholangiocarcinoma that can be detected and treated.Despite advances in diagnostic methods,identifying these premalignant lesions is still challenging for treatment providers.Modern imaging,biomarkers and molecular tests for genomic alterations can be used for diagnosis and follow-up.Surgical intervention in combination with new chemotherapeutic agents is considered the optimal treatment for malignant cases.The balance between the risk of malignancy and any risk of resection guides management policy;therefore,treatment should be individualized based on a meticulous preoperative assessment of high-risk stigmata.IPN of the bile duct is more aggressive;thus,early diagnosis and surgery are crucial.The conservative management of low-risk pancreatic branch-duct lesions is safe and effective.

TM9SF1 promotes bladder cancer cell growth and infiltration

BACKGROUND Bladder cancer(BC)is the most common urological tumor.It has a high recur-rence rate,displays tutor heterogeneity,and resists chemotherapy.Furthermore,the long-term survival rate of BC patients has remained unchanged for decades,which seriously affects the quality of patient survival.To improve the survival rate and prognosis of BC patients,it is necessary to explore the molecular mechanisms of BC development and progression and identify targets for treatment and intervention.Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 1(TM9SF1),also known as MP70 and HMP70,is a member of a family of nine transmembrane superfamily proteins,which was first identified in 1997.TM9SF1 can be expressed in BC,but its biological function and mechanism in BC are not clear.AIM To investigate the biological function and mechanism of TM9SF1 in BC.Overexpression of TM9SF1 increased the in vitro proliferation,migration,and invasion of BC cells by promoting the entry of BC cells into the G2/M phase.Silencing of TM9SF1 inhibited in vitro proliferation,migration,and invasion of BC cells and blocked BC cells in the G1 phase.CONCLUSION TM9SF1 may be an oncogene in BC.

Transurethral resection of bladder tumor: A systematic review of simulator-based training courses and curricula

Objective:Transurethral resection of bladder tumor is one of the most common everyday urological procedures.This kind of surgery demands a set of skills that need training and experience.In this review,we aimed to investigate the current literature to find out if simulators,phantoms,and other training models could be used as a tool for teaching urologists.Methods:A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and the recommendations of the European Association of Urology guidelines for conducting systematic reviews.Fifteen out of 932 studies met our inclusion criteria and are presented in the current review.Results:The UroTrainer(Karl Storz GmbH,Tuttlingen,Germany),a virtual reality training simulator,achieved positive feedback and an excellent face and construct validity by the participants.The inspection of bladder mucosa,blood loss,tumor resection,and procedural time was improved after the training,especially for inexperienced urologists and medical students.The construct validity of UroSim®(VirtaMed,Zurich,Switzerland)was established.SIMBLA simulator(Samed GmbH,Dresden,Germany)was found to be a realistic and useful tool by experts and urologists with intermediate experience.The test objective competency model based on SIMBLA simulator could be used for evaluating urologists.The porcine model of the Asian Urological Surgery Training and Education Group also received positive feedback by the participants that tried it.The Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning Initiative Project had an extraordinary face and content validity,and 60%of participants would like to use the simulators in the future.The 5-day multimodal training curriculum“Boot Camp”in the United Kingdom achieved an increase of the level of confidence of the participants that lasted months after the project.Conclusion:Simulators and courses or curricula based on a simulator training could be a valuable learning tool for any surgeon,and there is no doubt that they should be a part of every urologist's technical education.

Metabolomics for the diagnosis of bladder cancer: A systematic review

Objective: Metabolomics has been extensively utilized in bladder cancer (BCa) research, employing mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare various variables (tissues, serum, blood, and urine). This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for early BCa diagnosis.Methods: A search strategy was designed to identify clinical trials, descriptive and analytical observational studies from databases such as Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences. Inclusion criteria comprised studies involving BCa tissue, serum, blood, or urine profiling using widely adopted metabolomics techniques like mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Primary outcomes included description of metabolites and metabolomics profiling in BCa patients and the association of metabolites and metabolomics profiling with BCa diagnosis compared to control patients. The risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy.Results: The search strategy yielded 2832 studies, of which 30 case-control studies were included. Urine was predominantly used as the primary sample for metabolite identification. Risk of bias was often unclear inpatient selection, blinding of the index test, and reference standard assessment, but no applicability concerns were observed. Metabolites and metabolomics profiles associated with BCa diagnosis were identified in glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, lipids, and aldehydes metabolism.Conclusion: The identified metabolites in urine included citric acid, valine, tryptophan, taurine, aspartic acid, uridine, ribose, phosphocholine, and carnitine. Tissue samples exhibited elevated levels of lactic acid, amino acids, and lipids. Consistent findings across tissue, urine, and serum samples revealed downregulation of citric acid and upregulation of lactic acid, valine, tryptophan, taurine, glutamine, aspartic acid, uridine, ribose, and phosphocholine.

Does local vaginal estrogen after tension-free transobturator vaginal tape reduce overactive bladder symptoms in postmenopausal women? A prospective randomized, controlled study

Objective:We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of topical estrogen after transvaginal tension-free vaginal tape-obturator(TVT-O)in the treatment of de novo overactive bladder symptoms that appear after surgery.Methods:This is a prospective randomized controlled study performed in the Urology and Gynecology Departments,Kasr Al Ainy Hospital,Cairo University,Cairo,Egypt.Two hundred and ten postmenopausal females presenting during the period between January 2017 and November 2020 with stress urinary incontinence were included in the study.Patients were divided into two groups,105 patients in Group A(treatment group)and 105 patients in Group B(control group).Patients in Group A underwent transvaginal TVT-O followed by local vaginal estrogen treatment for 6 months,while patients in Group B underwent transvaginal TVT-O only.The study included any postmenopausal female with urodynamic stress urinary incontinence.All patients had to fulfill a 3-day bladder diary,overactive bladder symptoms score,urine analysis,urodynamic study,and post-voiding residual urine measurement by abdominal ultrasound preoperatively and at 3-month and 6-month follow-ups.Results:At 6-month follow-up,daytime frequency was reduced to 8%in Group A(increased to 21%in Group B)with a statistically significant difference between both groups(p=0.009).At 6-month follow-up,nocturia was 8%in Group A(11%in Group B)with no statistically significant difference between both groups(p=0.469).There was a statistically significant difference between both groups as regards to urinary urgency at 6-month follow-up(p=0.024).There was a statistically significant difference in postoperative wound healing events as regards to cure,hyperemia,gapping,and wound infection 1 week after intervention between both groups(p=0.008).No local or systemic side-effects were reported from local estrogen use.Conclusion:Local vaginal estrogen treatment given to postmenopausal patients after midurethral sling procedures can reduce the symptoms of daytime frequency and urinary urgency.Long-term follow-up is needed.

Current and Potential Roles of Ferroptosis in Bladder Cancer

Ferroptosis,a type of regulated cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation,is mainly initiated by extramitochondrial lipid peroxidation due to the accumulation of iron-dependent reactive oxygen species.Ferroptosis is a prevalent and primitive form of cell death.Numerous cellular metabolic processes regulate ferroptosis,including redox homeostasis,iron regulation,mitochondrial activity,amino acid metabolism,lipid metabolism,and various disease-related signaling pathways.Ferroptosis plays a pivotal role in cancer therapy,particularly in the eradication of aggressive malignancies resistant to conventional treatments.Multiple studies have explored the connection between ferroptosis and bladder cancer,focusing on its incidence and treatment outcomes.Several biomolecules and tumor-associated signaling pathways,such as p53,heat shock protein 1,nuclear receptor coactivator 4,RAS-RAF-MEK,phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin,and the Hippo-tafazzin signaling system,exert a moderating influence on ferroptosis in bladder cancer.Ferroptosis inducers,including erastin,artemisinin,conjugated polymer nanoparticles,and quinazolinyl-arylurea derivatives,hold promise for enhancing the effectiveness of conventional anticancer medications in bladder cancer treatment.Combining conventional therapeutic drugs and treatment methods related to ferroptosis offers a promising approach for the treatment of bladder cancer.In this review,we analyze the research on ferroptosis to augment the efficacy of bladder cancer treatment.

A Prognostic Biomarker for Bladder Cancer Correlated with Immune Infiltration Is PAEP

Background: A major cause of cancer death worldwide is bladder cancer, which is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary tract. PAEP is a member of the kernel lipocalin superfamily whose members share relatively low sequence similarity but have highly conserved exon/intron structure and three-dimensional protein folding. Most lipocalins are clustered on the long arm of chromosome 9. The purpose of this study was to clarify the correlation between PAEP expression level and bladder cancer. Methods: In the TCGA database, we obtained clinical and RNA sequencing data of 431 BLCA patients, including 412 BLCA tissues and 19 normal bladder tissues in the study. Analyses of bioinformatics were conducted in this study to determine the role of PAEP in bladder cancer. A quantitative real-time PCR method was used to quantitate the gene expression profile. Additionally, the effect of PAEP on tumor immune infiltration and prognosis was analyzed. Results: PAEP was a poor prognostic biomarker of bladder cancer because it was significantly upregulated. bladder cancer patients with higher PAEP expression had poor outcomes. An AUC of 0.780 was calculated from the area under the ROC curve. PAEP was associated with T stage, pathologic stage, Histologic grade and Subtype of bladder cancer patients, and served as an independent predictor of overall survival in bladder cancer patients. Functional enrichment analysis revealed PAEP was obviously enriched in pathways connected with carcinogenesis and immunosuppression. The expression of PAEP was significantly associated with tumor immune cells and immune checkpoints according to ssGSEA and Spearman correlation analysis. Conclusions: In this study, we screened and detected a mRNA, PAEP is a prognostic and immune-related biomarker in BLCA, which may contribute to the early diagnosis and treatment of BLCA.

Epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the bladder and concomitant urothelial carcinoma: A case report

BACKGROUND Epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor(EMPNST)of the bladder is a rare entity with devastating features.These tumors are thought to originate from malignant transformation of pre-existing schwannomas of pelvic autonomic nerve plexuses,and unlike the conventional malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor(MPNST),are not associated with neurofibromatosis.The tumor has dis-tinctive morphological,immunohistochemical and molecular features.Addi-tionally,it tends to be more aggressive and have a higher mortality.This is the first case that presents with a synchronous urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and the epithelioid variant of MPNST in the literature.It’s also the second re-ported case of EMPNST originating from the bladder wall.CASE SUMMARY In this case report,we present the detailed clinical course of a 71-year-old patient with EMPNST of the bladder alongside a literature review.CONCLUSION During the management of EMPNST cases,offering aggressive treatment moda-lities to the patient,such as radical cystectomy,is appropriate for the best chance to contain the disease,regardless of the tumor stage and the extent of local disease at initial diagnosis.

Inhibition of proliferation,migration,and invasiveness of bladder cancer cells through SAPCD2 knockdown

Introduction:Bladder cancer(BC)has a high incidence and mortality rate worldwide.Suppressor anaphasepromoting complex domain containing 2(SAPCDC2)is over-expressed in a variety of tumors.Objectives:This study investigated the effects of SAPCD2 knockdown on BC cells.Methods:T24 and UMUC3 cell models and the xenografted BC tumor model with SAPCD2 knockdown were established to observe the malignant phenotype of BC cells by cell counting kit-8 assay,colony formation test,wound healing,and Transwell assay,mRNA and proteins expressions were measured with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,western blotting,and tissue immunohistochemistry.Lithium chloride agonist on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was used to clarify the molecular mechanism of SAPCD2 knockdown.Results:SAPCD2 expression was significantly higher in BC cell lines than in SVHUC-1 cells.SAPCD2 knockdown inhibited viability and cloning,hindered the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle in UMUC3 and T24 cells,and decreased the migration and invasiveness of BC cells.SAPCD2 knockdown inhibited expression levels of cyclin D1,cyclin B1,N-cadherin,vimentin,Snail,β-catenin,c-Myc,and cyclin-dependent kinase 4,while the P21 and E-cadherin were raised by SAPCD2 knockdown.Furthermore,lithium chloride reversed the effects of SAPCD2 knockdown on the expression levels of the above proteins in UMUC3 and T24 cells.In vivo,SAPCD2 knockdown inhibited the volume,weight,and expression of Ki-67 andβ-catenin in tumors and increased the E-cadherin expression.Conclusion:SAPCD2 knockdown inhibits the malignant phenotype of BC via a pathway involvingβ-catenin.

Prognostic characterization of copper death-related immune checkpoint genes and analysis of immunologic and pharmacologic therapy in bladder cancer

Objective:Copper death-induced tumor cell death and immune checkpoint blockade therapy are highly selective.Combining their advantages and understanding their characteristics in bladder cancer is very important for the development of new targeted therapy.The identification of bladder cancer by screening the characteristic genes of copper death-related immune checkpoints provide a theoretical basis for the selection of adjuvant treatment options and the application of new targets.Methods:The expression samples of normal bladder tissue and bladder cancer were obtained from TCGA and GEO databases,and 13 cop-per death genes and 79 immune checkpoint genes were extracted from previous studies.The mRNA expression of prognostic genes was verified by qPCR.The copper death-related immune checkpoint genes were screened by correlation analysis to construct a prognostic model,and the differences in the efficacy of immunotherapy and chemotherapy between the high-risk group and the low-risk group were evaluated.Results:A prognostic model consisting of BTNL9,CD160,TNFRSF14 and TNFRSF18 was constructed.Its reliable predictive ability was proved in both databases,and qPCR showed that the expression levels of the four genes were significantly different between the normal group and the cancer cell group.The effect of immunotherapy in the lowrisk group was better than that in the high-risk group.Patients in the high-risk group had better chemotherapy efficacy.Conclusion:The copper death-related immune checkpoint gene model can accurately predict the prognosis of patients.Drug and immune analysis provide a basis for clinical treatment,and the discovery of potential targets provides a new solution for clinical decision-making.

Laparoscopic management of remnant gall bladder with stones: Lessons from a tertiary care centre's experience

Objective:Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is currently the gold standard for treating symptomatic gallstone disease.Despite its success,approximately 10%of patients may experience persistent biliary symptoms,leading to the post-cholecystectomy syndrome.A remnant gallbladder with cystic duct or bile duct stones is one of the causes of this syndrome.The objective of this study was to shed light on the clinical manifestations,evaluation,therapeutic strategies,and outcomes associated with laparoscopic management of symptomatic remnant gallbladders.Methods:This was a retrospective study,conducted over a five-year period(January 2017 to December 2022)at Apollo Hospitals in South India.All patients who underwent laparoscopic completion cholecystectomy for a remnant gall bladder were included.The following data were collected:patient demographics,symptoms,preoperative investigations,intraoperative details and post operative outcomes.Results:In total,36 patients were included and analysed.The majority of patients were male(25,69.4%),with a mean age of 50.7±12.1 years.The most common presentation was pain in the upper abdomen or right upper quadrant region(24,66.7%).The laparoscopic approach was attempted in all patients,with a success rate of 94.4%.Two patients required conversion to open surgery.Cholecystoenteric fistula to the colon was observed in one patient.Choledocholithiasis was observed in 7 patients(19.4%),and stone clearance was successfully achieved using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in all patients preoperatively.Conclusion:Incomplete gall bladder removal either intentionally or unintentionally leaves a remnant gall bladder that is at risk for stone formation and infection.Patients who have this clinical entity with symptoms require a redo or complete cholecystectomy,a complex procedure associated with certain risks.This study highlights the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic completion cholecystectomy for the management of remnant gallbladder with cystic duct or bile duct stones.

Endoscopic ultrasonography-related diagnostic accuracy and clinical significance on small rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms

This research aimed to examine the diagnostic accuracy and clinical significance of endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)in the context of small rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms(NENs).A total of 108 patients with rectal subepithelial lesions(SELs)with a diameter of<20 mm were included in the analysis.The diagnosis and depth assessment of EUS was compared to the histology findings.The prevalence of NENs in rectal SELs was 78.7%(85/108).The sensitivity of EUS in detecting rectal NENs was 98.9%(84/85),while the specificity was 52.2%(12/23).Overall,the diagnostic accuracy of EUS in identifying rectal NENs was 88.9%(96/108).The overall accuracy rate for EUS in assessing the depth of invasion in rectal NENs was 92.9%(78/84).Therefore,EUS demonstrates reasonable diagnostic accuracy in detecting small rectal NENs,with good sensitivity but inferior specificity.EUS may also assist physicians in assessing the depth of invasion in small rectal NENs before endoscopic excision.

Three cancers in the renal pelvis,bladder,and colon:A case report

BACKGROUND Multiple primary cancers are rare occurrences that can involve either metachronous or synchronous development.It is particularly rare for an individual to have more than two primary cancers.In this report,we present a case study of an elderly man who was diagnosed with three heterochronous cancers in the renal pelvis,bladder,and colon.CASE SUMMARY On December 30,2014,a 51-year-old Chinese man was admitted to our hospital with complaints of intermittent painless gross hematuria for the preceding week.A computed tomography(CT)scan revealed wall thickening in the left ureter’s upper segment,while a CT urography revealed a left renal pelvis tumor.A successful laparoscopic radical resection of the left renal pelvis tumor was subsequently performed at Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital in January 2015.The pathological findings after the surgery revealed a low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis.The final pathological tumor stage was pT1N0M0.After surgery,this patient received 6 cycles of intravenous chemotherapy with gemcitabine and carboplatin,as well as bladder infusion therapy with gemcitabine.On December 18,2017,the patient was admitted once again to our hospital with a one-day history of painless gross hematuria.A CT scan showed the presence of a space-occupying lesion on the posterior wall of bladder.Cystoscopic examination revealed multiple tumors in the bladder and right cutaneous ureterostomy was performed under general anesthesia on December 29,2017.The postoperative pathological findings disclosed multifocal papillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder(maximum size 3.7 cm×2.6 cm).The bladder cancer was considered a metastasis of the renal pelvis cancer after surgery.The pathological tumor stage was pT1N0M1.The patient refused chemotherapy after surgery.After another six years,the patient returned on February 28,2023,complaining of periumbilical pain that had lasted six days.This time,a CT scan of the abdomen showed a tumor in the ascending colon,but a subsequent colonoscopy examination indicated a tumor in the descending colon.On March 12,2023,a subtotal colectomy and an ileosigmoidal anastomosis were carried out under general anesthesia.Postoperative pathological findings revealed that all three tumors were adenocarcinomas.The final pathological tumor stage was pT3N0M0.The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery and was discharged without complications.CONCLUSION The case of this elderly man presents a rare occurrence of metachronous primary cancers in the renal pelvis and colon.Bladder cancer is considered a metastasis of renal pelvis cancer after surgery.Optimal treatment can be implemented by evaluating the patient’s histological features,clinical history,and tumor distribution correctly.

Effects of OGFOD1 in bladder cancer progression and its prognostic significance:Insights from bioinformatics analysis

Background:Previous studies have established the role of 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase domain–containing protein 1(OGFOD1)in oncogenesis.The objective of this investigation was to discern the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of OGFOD1 within the context of bladder cancer(BLCA)using bioinformatics methodologies.Methods:We collected RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and verified it using the GSE13507 dataset.Immunohistochemical analysis was based on data from the human protein atlas,and the protein-protein interaction network was constructed using the STRING database.Bioinformatics analysis was performed using the R application,analyzing the correlation between clinical characteristics and OGFOD1 expression,exploring the potential mechanisms of OGFOD1 in BLCA through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis,and evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic value of OGFOD1 expression in BLCA through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis,Kaplan-Meier analysis,and multivariate Cox analysis.Furthermore,a BLCA prognostic nomogram was constructed.Results:We report higher expression levels of OGFOD1 in BLCA specimens compared with those in noncancerous tissues;this can be used to predict the outcome of the disease.Further,results suggest that OGFOD1 is implicated in the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling cascade,potentially interacting with other genes linked to expression in promoting the onset and progression of BLCA.Conclusions:OGFOD1 is a promising candidate as a prognostic indicator in BLCA.

Landscape of urine biomarkers for bladder cancer:molecular function,cell-of-origin,and bibliometric trend

Background:The effective management of bladder cancer(BCa)depends on the early diagnosis and surveillance.Previous studies have explored numerous urinary molecules as potential biomarkers of BCa.However,the molecular functions and cell-of-origin profiles of these biomarkers are yet to be elucidated.In this study,we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the landscape of urinary biomarker genes for BCa.Methods:We conducted an exhaustive literature search in PubMed,through which 555 biomarker genes were identified.We then analyzed the BCa single-cell atlas to infer the cellular origin of these BCa urine biomarker genes and performed functional enrichment analysis to gain insights into the functional molecular implications of these biomarkers.Results:These genes are involved in tumor proliferation,angiogenesis,cellmigration,and cell death and are predominantly expressed in epithelial and stromal cells.Interestingly,our analysis ofmultiomics tumor data revealed a discordance between tissue and urine in terms of differential methylation and RNA expression,suggesting that biomarker discovery for liquid biopsies should ideally begin with the analysis of bodily fluids rather than relying interest and that test strategies incorporating multiple molecular markers represent an ongoing trend.Conclusions:Collectively,our study has built a landscape of BCa urine biomarker genes,uncovered molecular insights into these biomarkers,and revealed the bibliometric trends in this field,which will contribute to the discovery of novel biomarkers in the future.

Status quo and factors of depression and anxiety in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer after plasma electrocision

BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is a type of cancer with a high incidence in men.Plasma electrosurgery(PES)is often used in the treatment of bladder cancer.Postoperative complications often cause depression and anxiety in patients after surgery.AIM To investigate the current state of depression and anxiety after PES in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and analyze the factors affecting them.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted to compare the baseline data of patients by collecting their medical history and grouping them according to their mental status into negative and normal groups.Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors affecting the occurrence of anxiety and depression after surgery in patients with bladder cancer.RESULTS Comparative analyses of baseline differences showed that the patients in the negative and normal groups differed in terms of their first surgery,economic status,educational level,and marital status.A logistic regression analysis showed that it affected the occurrence of anxiety in patients with bladder cancer,and the results showed that whether the risk factors were whether or not it was the first surgery,monthly income between 3000 and 3000-6000,secondary or junior high school education level,single,divorced,and widowed statuses.CONCLUSION The risk factors affecting the onset of anxiety and depression in bladder cancer patients after PES are the number of surgeries,economic status,level of education,and marital status.This study provides a reference for the clinical treatment and prognosis of bladder cancer patients in the future.

Using laparoscope to remove an ectopic intrauterine device in the anterior wall of urinary bladder:A case report

BACKGROUND An intrauterine device(IUD)is a contraceptive device placed in the uterine cavity and is a common contraceptive method for Chinese women.However,an IUD may cause complications due to placement time,intrauterine pressure and other factors.Ectopic IUDs are among the most serious complications.Ectopic IUDs are common in the myometrium and periuterine organs,and there are few reports of ectopic IUDs in the urinary bladder,especially in the anterior wall.CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old woman was hospitalized due to a urinary bladder foreign body found via abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography(CT)examination.The patient had a 2-year history of recurrent abdominal distension and lower abdominal pain,accompanied by frequent urination,urgency,dysuria and other discomfort.Ultrasound examination revealed foreign bodies in the bladder cavity,with calculus on the surface of the foreign bodies.CT revealed a circular foreign body on the anterior wall of the urinary bladder,suggesting the possibility of an ectopic IUD.After laparoscopic exploration,an annular IUD was found in the anterior wall of urinary bladder,and an oval calculus with a diameter of approximately 2 cm was attached to the surface of the bladder cavity.The IUD and calculus were successfully and completely removed.The patient recovered well after surgery.CONCLUSION Abdominal ultrasound and CT are effective methods for detecting ectopic IUDs.The IUD is located in the urinary bladder and requires early surgical treatment.The choice of surgical method is determined by comprehensively considering the depth of the IUD in the bladder muscle layer,the situation of complicated calculus,the situation of intravesical inflammation and medical technology and equipment.

Clinical implications of single cell sequencing for bladder cancer

Bladder cancer(BC)is the 10th most common cancer worldwide,with about 0.5 million reported new cases and about 0.2 million deaths per year.In this scoping review,we summarize the current evidence regarding the clinical implications of single-cell sequencing for bladder cancer based on PRISMA guidelines.We searched PubMed,CENTRAL,Embase,and supplemented with manual searches through the Scopus,and Web of Science for published studies until February 2023.We included original studies that used at least one single-cell technology to study bladder cancer.Forty-one publications were included in the review.Twenty-nine studies showed that this technology can identify cell subtypes in the tumor microenvironment that may predict prognosis or response to immune checkpoint inhibition therapy.Two studies were able to diagnose BC by identifying neoplastic cells through single-cell sequencing urine samples.The remaining studies were mainly a preclinical exploration of tumor microenvironment at single cell level.Single-cell sequencing technology can discriminate heterogeneity in bladder tumor cells and determine the key molecular properties that can lead to the discovery of novel perspectives on cancer management.This nascent tool can advance the early diagnosis,prognosis judgment,and targeted therapy of bladder cancer.

Trends and hotspots in gastrointestinal neoplasms risk assessment: A bibliometric analysis from 1984 to 2022

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal neoplasm(GN)significantly impact the global cancer burden and mortality,necessitating early detection and treatment.Understanding the evolution and current state of research in this field is vital.AIM To conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of publications from 1984 to 2022 to elucidate the trends and hotspots in the GN risk assessment research,focusing on key contributors,institutions,and thematic evolution.METHODS This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of data from the Web of Science Core Collection database using the"bibliometrix"R package,VOSviewer,and CiteSpace.The analysis focused on the distribution of publications,contributions by institutions and countries,and trends in keywords.The methods included data synthesis,network analysis,and visualization of international collaboration networks.RESULTS This analysis of 1371 articles on GN risk assessment revealed a notable evolution in terms of research focus and collaboration.It highlights the United States'critical role in advancing this field,with significant contributions from institutions such as Brigham and Women's Hospital and the National Cancer Institute.The last five years,substantial advancements have been made,representing nearly 45%of the examined literature.Publication rates have dramatically increased,from 20 articles in 2002 to 112 in 2022,reflecting intensified research efforts.This study underscores a growing trend toward interdisciplinary and international collaboration,with the Journal of Clinical Oncology standing out as a key publication outlet.This shift toward more comprehensive and collaborative research methods marks a significant step in addressing GN risks.CONCLUSION This study underscores advancements in GN risk assessment through genetic analyses and machine learning and reveals significant geographical disparities in research emphasis.This calls for enhanced global collaboration and integration of artificial intelligence to improve cancer prevention and treatment accuracy,ultimately enhancing worldwide patient care.