Evolutionary implications of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus(AIBV)analysis

For developing efficient vaccines, it is essential to identify which amino acid changes are most important to the survival of the virus. We investigate the amino acid substitution features in the Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus （AIBV） antigenic domain of a vaccine serotype （DE072） and a virulent viral strain （GA98） to better understand adaptive evolution of AIBV. In addition, the SARS Coronavirus （SARS-CoV） was also analyzed in the same way. It is interesting to find that extreme comparability exists between AIBV and SARS in amino acid substitution pattern. It suggests that amino acid changes that result in overall shift of residue charge and polarity should be paid special attention to during the development of vaccines.

E Protein Prokaryotic Expression of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus

The small envelope protein （E） gene of avian infectious bronchitis virus （IBV） M41 strain was cloned, and then it was subcloned into prokaryotic expressing vector pGEX-6P-1. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E.coli. BL21 and induced by IPTG. SDS-PAGE result showed that when objective protein fused with GST （about 20 ku）, the relative molecular mass of fusion protein was 38 ku. It indicated that objective protein was about 12.4 ku. The result showed that E protein was expressed successfully, it was useful to the subsequent E protein research.

Isolation and Identification of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus

[ Objective] The aim was to isolate and identify avian infectious bronchitis virus （IBV） from diseased chickens. [ Method] IBVs were iso- lated from the diseased chickens in a chicken farm in Anhui Province with blind passage method to observe virus pathogenicity. Then animal regres- sion test was made to replicate symptoms of bronchial congestion in SPF chickens and S1 gene segments were amplified and isolated, followed by comparison with IBV vaccine strains. [ Result] Detection of Hemagglutinating activity （HA） showed that allantoic fluid had no concerning effect on erythrocyte, suggesting that NDV and AIV were not included in the isolated viruses. However, the erythrocyte could be agglutinated with allantoic fluid treated with 1% of pancreatin, which is in consistent with biological characters of IBV. After SPF chickens were inoculated with the 6^th SPF al- lantoic fluid, bronchial congestion was replicated, proving that the isolated virus was avian IBV, named IBV XZ strain. [ Conclusion] This study pro- vides a theoretical basis for prevention of avian infectious bronchitis.

The Establishment of Fluorescent PCR Detection Method for Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus

[ Objective] The aim was to to establish a kind of peculiar, sensitive and quick fluorescent PCR detection method. [Method] A peculiar, sensitive and quick method of fluorescent PCR detection for avian infectious bronchitis virus was established, the standard curve was built, specific primers, susceptibility and repeatability was detected. [ Result] This method diagnosed avian infectious bronchitis virus peculiarly, sensitively and quickly, simple and easy to use, time short, suitable for clinical testing. [ Conclusion] This research laid the foundation to diagnose avian infectious bronchitis virus.

Cloning and Sequencing of S Gene of Novel Variant of Infectious Bronchitis Virus ZJ971 Isolates in China

A novel proventriculopathogic variant (isolate ZJ971) of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was identified from enlarged proeventriculus of the sick chickens in the study. The S gene cDNA segment with 3.6 kb in length was amplified by RT-PCR with special primers from the ZJ971 viral isolate of (IBV) and cloned into plasmid pBluescript SK( + ). The recombinants containing S gene of IBV-ZJ971 isolate were identified by digestion of restriction enzyme EcoRI, BamHI and PCR amplification. The cloned S gene from isolate IBV-7J971 was composed of 3492 bp in length encoding for a polypeptide of 1080 amino acids. Comparing the nucleotide of S gene of IBV isolate ZJ971 with that of reported IBV strains Beaudette, M41, Ark99 and CuT2, the homology was 97.3%, 97.5%, 88.6% and 85.6%, respectively; and the homology of the deduced amino acids of S protein of IBV isolate ZJ971 was 96%, 96.3%, 86.1% and 83.1% respectively; especially, the mutation of 3241st nucleotide of S gene of IBV isolate ZJ971 from G to T resulted in the translating termination of S protein at 3240th nucleotide site.

Prokaryotic Expression of Infectious Bronchitis Virus S1 Gene and Analysis of Biological Activity of Recombinant Protein

[Objective] To study the prokaryotic expression and antigenicity identification of S1 gene from avian infectious bronchitis virus （IBV）. [Method] The S1 gene was cloned into a pMD18-T vector to yield a recombinant plasmids pMD18-T-IBV-S1. Then S1 gene was inserted into the multiple cloning site of a prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a （ ＋ ）. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coil BL21. The recombinant protein was induced by IPTG and measured by SDS-PAGE and western-blotting. [Result] The S1 gene was successfully expressed in E. coil BL21, the fusion proteins were about 66.0 kDa in a form of inclusion body. Western-blotting test showed that the recombinant proteins could be identified by IBV polyclonal antibody. [ Conclusion] The recombinant proteins of S1 gene have the antigenicity, which lays a good foundation for further research on new generation vaccine of IBV.

Identification of one peptide which inhibited infectivity of avian infectious bronchitis virus in vitro

Purified avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was used to screen a random phage dis-play peptide library. After the fourth panning, 10 positive phages were sequenced and characterized. The phages specifically inhibited IBV infectivity in HeLa cells and blocked IBV haemagglutination. One linear peptide “GSH HRH VHS PFV” from the positive phages with the highest neutralization titer was synthesized and this peptide inhibited IBV infection in HeLa as well. The results may contribute to development of antiviral therapeutics for IBV and studying the determinants for viral and cell interac-tion.

Phylogenetic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolates from Morocco:a retrospective study(1983 to 2014)

Dear Editor,Infectious bronchitis(IB),one of the most common and difficult poultry diseases,is caused by a gammacoronavirus named infectious bronchitis virus(IBV).IBV frequently causes respiratory and/or renal diseases in chickens and egg production losses in hens.IB has

Genome sequencing and characterization analysis of a Beijing isolate of chicken coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus

Avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV) is classified as a member of the genus coronavirus in the family coronaviridae. The enveloped virus has a positive-sense, sin-gle-stranded RNA genome of approximately 28 kilo-bases, which has a 5′ cap structure and 3′ polyadenylation tract. The complete genome sequence of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Beijing isolate, was determined by cloning sequencing and primer walking. The whole genome is 27733 nucleotides in length, has ten open reading frames: 5′-orf1a-orf1ab-s-3a- 3b-e-m- 6a-6b-n-3′. Alignments of the genome sequence of IBV Beijing isolate with those of two AIBV strains and one SARS coronavirus were performed respectively. The genome sequence of IBV Beijing isolate compared with that of the IBV strain LX4 (uncompleted, 19440 bp in size) was 91.2% similarity. However, the full-length genome sequence of IBV Beijing isolate was 85.2% identity to that of IBV Strain Beaudette, and was only 50.8% homology to that of SARS coronavirus. The results showed that the genome of IBV has remarkable variation. And IBV Beijing isolate is not closely related to SARS coronavirus. Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole genome sequence, S protein, M protein and N pro-tein, also showed that AIBV Beijing isolate is lone virus in group Ⅲ and is distant from SARS coronavirus. In conclu-sion, this study will contribute to the studies of diagnosis and diseases control on IBV in China.

抗鸡传染性支气管炎病毒中药的筛选

【目的】对鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(Infectious bronchitis virus,IBV)进行抗病毒中药的筛选,并验证其治疗效果,为临床用药提供一定参考。【方法】采用鸡胚培养法,通过预防和治疗2个角度对24味单一中药、6种市售复方中药进行抗IBV的有效成分或方剂筛选试验,即在SPF鸡胚中先注射中药2 h后再接种病毒和先接种病毒2 h后再注射中药。使用SPSS 20.0软件对鸡胚重量进行方差分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR法辅助判定治疗效果。【结果】对鸡胚净重进行方差分析显示,桔梗组与阳性对照组差异显著(P<0.05),与阴性对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),表明预防和治疗均有效果。实时荧光定量PCR检测鸡胚尿囊液病毒滴度结果显示,桔梗、鱼腥草、宣肺败毒方、绞股蓝、蒲公英、甘草对IBV增殖均有抑制作用,其中桔梗抑制效果最佳。【结论】桔梗对IBV有显著的预防及抑制效果,结果为深入研究桔梗作用机理提供了依据。

黄芩苷体外抗IBV QX株的作用研究

为研究黄芩苷体外抗禽传染性支气管炎病毒(Avian infectious bronchitis virus,IBV)QX株的效果,试验对IBV进行复壮与扩繁,制备原代鸡胚肾(CEK)细胞,并测定IBV对CEK细胞的TCID50和黄芩苷对CEK细胞的最大无毒浓度(MNTC);在MNTC基础上采用CCK法测定不同浓度黄芩苷对IBV的有效抑制率,观察不同浓度黄芩苷对IBV导致的CEK细胞的细胞病变效应(CPE)的抑制情况,并采用qPCR法测定不同浓度黄芩苷对IBV N基因相对表达量的影响。结果表明:成功复壮并扩繁了IBV,其未被其他病毒污染,对CEK细胞的TCID50为1×10^(-4.75)/0.1 mL;黄芩苷对CEK细胞的MNTC为9.75 mg/L;该浓度黄芩苷对IBV的有效抑制率最高,为64.03%,能有效减轻IBV对CEK细胞的CPE;各浓度黄芩苷均可以极显著降低CEK细胞中IBV N基因相对表达量(P<0.01)。说明黄芩苷对CEK细胞的MNTC为9.75 mg/L,该浓度黄芩苷具有较好的体外抗IBV QX株的作用。

三株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒优势流行毒株全基因组分析及其致病性

为调查研究禽传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)的流行及优势毒株致病特性,本研究对实验室分离的IBV毒株进行了遗传演化研究和致病性研究,旨在了解我国当下IBV流行毒株基因型、生物学特性以及为新疫苗的研制提供借鉴参考。首先对56株IBV分离毒株S1全长核苷酸序列进行遗传演化分析,从中挑选了MH20、KC和JS96 3株优势基因型毒株进行全基因组测序分析,然后选取毒力较强的JS96毒株进行了SPF鸡致病性试验。结果表明:遗传演化分析结果显示GI-19是我国主要流行毒株,占比约53.57%,同时变异毒不断涌现,GVI(新基因型)明显的流行增多。3株优势基因型分离毒株的全长基因组与QX-like毒株相似性最高,达到97%以上,但与国内外疫苗株、经典毒株的相似性低,仅为77%左右。抗原表位分析同样表明了分离株与疫苗毒株、经典毒株的B细胞抗原表位数量和序列都存在差异。3株分离毒株均可导致SPF鸡胚矮化和致死,其中JS96对1日龄SPF鸡的致病率高于15日龄SPF鸡,1日龄SPF鸡100%死亡率,15日龄SPF鸡出现生长显著迟缓和个别鸡症状明显,发病鸡剖检均可见“花斑肾”。本研究表明,QX-like基因型IBV毒株是现下IBV的主要流行毒株,对低日龄鸡致病性强,易发生基因重组,与疫苗毒株、经典毒株S蛋白相似性低,适配性较差,急需选择合适疫苗及研发新型疫苗,才能控制当下IBV疫病流行,减少养禽业的损失。

Viperin通过胆固醇影响禽传染性支气管炎病毒复制

Viperin是一种干扰素诱导因子,具有广泛的抗病毒作用。为探究Viperin是否通过胆固醇发挥抗禽传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)的作用,本试验通过消耗或添加细胞膜胆固醇,分析胆固醇对IBV复制的影响;并分别在细胞中过表达和干扰表达Viperin,评估Viperin对细胞胆固醇含量和IBV复制的影响,并分析Viperin、胆固醇含量和IBV复制三者之间的关系。结果显示,在IBV感染后48 h,与IBV感染组相比较,使用5.0和10.0 mmol/L甲基-β-环糊精(MβCD)消耗细胞膜胆固醇后IBV复制被极显著抑制(P<0.001),添加5.0 mg/mL外源性胆固醇后IBV复制被极显著促进(P<0.001),消耗细胞膜胆固醇后再添加外源性胆固醇,IBV复制被抑制后恢复至接近正常水平(P>0.05);在IBV感染后24和48 h,与IBV感染组相比较,过表达Viperin可极显著降低细胞中胆固醇含量(P<0.001),并极显著抑制IBV复制(P<0.001);在IBV感染后6和48 h,与IBV感染组相比较,干扰表达Viperin可显著提高细胞中胆固醇含量(P<0.05或P<0.001);在IBV感染后24 h,与IBV感染组相比较,干扰表达Viperin可极显著促进IBV复制(P<0.001);在IBV感染后48 h,与IBV感染组相比较,过表达Viperin后再添加外源性胆固醇可恢复IBV复制(P>0.05)。结果表明,细胞膜中胆固醇水平与IBV复制密切相关,且Viperin可通过调节细胞胆固醇抑制IBV复制。本试验为寻找IBV新的抗病毒靶点提供理论依据和新思路。

新城疫病毒、禽传染性支气管炎病毒与禽流感病毒三重RT-qPCR鉴别检测方法的建立与应用

新城疫、禽传染性支气管炎与禽流感是可引起禽类呼吸道症状相似的三种急性传染病,且存在混合感染。为建立新城疫病毒、禽传染性支气管炎病毒与禽流感病毒三重RT-qPCR检测方法,该研究对比了GenBank登录的新城疫病毒(NDV)L基因、禽传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)1a基因和禽流感病毒(AIV)NP基因,经分析选取保守序列设计了三套引物与探针,通过优化检测方法的反应体系,成功建立了可同时检测NDV、IBV和AIV的三重RT-qPCR方法,并对其特异性、敏感性和重复性进行了评估。结果表明,该方法能够特异性检测出NDV、IBV和AIV,有较好的特异性;方法对三种病毒的最低检测限均为3.02×10^(2)copies/μL,有较高的敏感性;重复性实验结果显示批内与批间变异系数均不大于1.28%,有良好的重复性。使用本研究建立的方法对102份临床咽拭子进行检测,并与常规RT-PCR进行比较,总符合率为96.6%。本研究建立的三重RT-qPCR检测方法,特异性强,灵敏度高,可用于NDV、IBV、AIV三种病毒的检测。

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒S1基因免疫对鸡的保护作用

将鸡传染性支气管炎病毒肾型 Ｔ 株 Ｓ１ 基因ｃ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 连接于ｐｃ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ３ 的 Ｈｉｎｄ Ｉ Ｉ Ｉ与 Ｂａ ｍ Ｈ Ｉ位点之间构建含有 Ｃ Ｍ Ｖ 启动子及 Ｂ Ｇ Ｈｐｏｌｙ Ａ 信号序列的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒 Ｓ１ 蛋白真核表达质粒。实验证明， Ｓ Ｐ Ｆ 鸡肌注免疫后血清 Ｉｇ Ｇ 抗体逐渐升高，至第３５ 日龄左右达到高峰，攻毒后血清 Ｉｇ Ｇ 抗体先下降而后升高，血清 Ｉｇ Ｇ 抗体升高幅度不及 Ｉ Ｂ 油苗免疫组。质粒 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 免疫鸡攻毒后有４０ ％ 的鸡可耐过强毒的攻击，说明 Ｓ１ 基因在体内获得了表达并使鸡产生了一定的免疫力。

单抗免疫过氧化物酶技术检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒

以抗鸡传染性支气管病毒（ＩＢＶ）核衣壳蛋白（Ｎ）的单抗株６ＤＨ８作为一抗，以辣根过氧化物酶标记的羊抗鼠ＩｇＧ作为二抗，建立了检测石蜡切片中ＩＢＶ抗原的单抗免疫过氧化物酶技术（Ｍｃ－ＩＰ），并对人工攻毒鸡及临床ＩＢＶ感染疑似鸡进行了检测。在ＩＢＶＭ４１株人工攻毒鸡，用该技术于１～１２ｄ从气管、２～７ｄ从肾脏可以检测到ＩＢＶ抗原，阳性染色集中于气管粘膜上皮细胞及肾小管上皮细胞胞浆；临床疑为ＩＢＶ感染的病鸡，以Ｍｃ－ＩＰ技术和单抗免疫荧光试验（Ｍｃ－ＩＦＡ）同时进行检测，结果阳性率分别为９０．３％及８３．９％。

腺胃病变型鸡传染性支气管炎病毒分离株(IBV-D971)对SPF鸡的致病力试验

用腺胃病变型鸡传染性支气管炎病毒分离株 Ｉ Ｂ Ｖ Ｄ９７１ 毒株接种１ 日龄 Ｓ Ｐ Ｆ 鸡， 可引起６０ ％ 死亡。该毒在 Ｓ Ｐ Ｆ 鸡体传２ 代后， 接种１ 日龄 Ｓ Ｐ Ｆ 鸡， 可引起１００ ％ 死亡。对人工感染病例进行了系统的病理学观察， 主要的眼观病理变化为腺胃胃壁增厚、乳头消失或乳头扁平， 乳头顶部凹陷坏死， 肾肿大、尿酸盐沉积。主要的组织学变化为腺胃粘膜上皮坏死脱落、固有层水肿、有炎性细胞浸润、肌层有淋巴细胞浸润、肌细胞坏死、腺小叶腺细胞坏死、核浓缩。小肠粘膜绒毛上皮增生、呈复层结构、固有层水肿、有大量淋巴细胞浸润。肾间质水肿、细尿管和肾小球间质内有淋巴细胞浸润。肝、心等实质细胞变性， 以至局灶性坏死。脾、胸腺及法氏囊的淋巴组织萎缩等， 人工感染鸡病例和自然发病鸡的病理变化基本相同。

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒广西流行株3种主要结构蛋白基因的遗传变异分析

为了解鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)广西流行株的遗传变异情况,应用RT-PCR方法对2004-2007年的7株广西IBV分离株的纤突蛋白S1基因、核(N)蛋白和膜(M)蛋白基因进行扩增、克隆、测序和同源性比较及系统进化分析。结果显示广西IBV分离株S1基因存在广泛的基因点突变,部分毒株出现基因插入和缺失,分离株之间氨基酸同源性为74.2%～98.7%;N基因无插入和缺失,但存在基因点突变,分离株之间氨基酸同源性为91.7%～99.3%;M基因存在点突变和插入现象,分离株之间氨基酸同源性为90.7%～98.2%。以疫苗株H120为参照,广西IBV分离株的S1、N和M基因都出现了变异,其中S1基因变异程度最大。7株广西IBV在S1、N和M基因氨基酸序列系统进化树中分别集中在2、3和3个基因群中,其中4株的S1、N和M基因分型结果不一致。结果表明广西IBV分离株的S1、N和M基因已发生变异,广西IBV存在广泛的基因突变、缺失或插入现象。研究的结果提示流行株的遗传变异可能是目前影响疫苗免疫效果的主要原因。

用气管环培养中和试验对鸡传染性支气管炎病毒进行血清定型

用18～20口龄鸡胚气管环培养物,以纤毛运动及上皮细胞变性脱落作为指示系统,恒量病毒和变量血清作中和试验,对广西分离的、能引起不同程度肾病变的4株 IBV 进行血清定型.终点滴度结果表明,其中 G 与 C 株属 Holte 血清型,而 Z 和 Q 株属Massachusetts 型。

腺胃病变型鸡传染性支气管炎病毒变异株的比较研究

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