The aim was to study the main industry effect the double of the per capi- ta net income of farmers economic. The relation between six industry net income per capita income of farmers including grain, animal husbandry,...The aim was to study the main industry effect the double of the per capi- ta net income of farmers economic. The relation between six industry net income per capita income of farmers including grain, animal husbandry, flue-cured tobacco, walnut, long-term labor expot, seasonal labor export and the net income of farmers per capita in the Wazitian Village of Baoshan, Yunnan was studied by means of the effect main industry doubled net income of farmers per capita economic and the grey correlation analysis. The correlation degree of six industry and the net income of farmers per capita economic was long-term labor export〉seasonal labor export〉 walnut〉grain〉animal husbandry〉flue-cured tobacco. The pillar industry affecting the net income of farmers per capita economic was long-term labor export, seasonal la- bor export and walnut. The study provided the scionce theoretical basis and method of support for net income per capita economic multiplier of farmers in Baoshan, Yunnan province and even a similar low latitude mountain plateau.展开更多
Using the rural survey data preserved by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences' (CASS) Institute of Economics, this paper analyzes changes in the level and structure of per capita net income in the eleven villages...Using the rural survey data preserved by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences' (CASS) Institute of Economics, this paper analyzes changes in the level and structure of per capita net income in the eleven villages of Baoding Prefecture, Hebei province, over the 1930-1997periods. According to the surveys, per capita net income level of the villages maintained consistent growth, as indicated by survey data on the years of 1930, 1936, 1957, 1986 and 1997, except for 1946 which saw decline, and enjoyed rapid growth particularly in the years of reform and opening-up after 1986. The changes reflect the national trendsustained decline of the proportion of net income from household operations versus eontinuous growth of the proportion wages income takes of the whole income.展开更多
Most agricultural soils in sub-Saharan Africa are degraded,compromising the grain yield of rice and farmers return on investment.A 3-year field study was undertaken to explore the effect of the application of compost ...Most agricultural soils in sub-Saharan Africa are degraded,compromising the grain yield of rice and farmers return on investment.A 3-year field study was undertaken to explore the effect of the application of compost or inorganic NPK fertilizer applied alone or in combination with biochar on soil quality,grain yield of rice and net income.The five treatments were laid out using a randomized complete block design with four replications.The treatments were applied to supply approximately 75 kg N ha–1.The best fertilizer input was compost+biochar which resulted in the greatest improvement in soil physico-chemical properties by reducing bulk density and increasing porosity and moisture retention,organic matter content,percent nitrogen,available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity.Apart from treatment with inorganic fertilizer alone,treated soils showed a decrease in pH.Bacterial and fungal counts and basal respiration decreased in soils in the following order:compost+biochar>compost only>inorganic NPK fertilizer+biochar>inorganic NPK fertilizer>control.The increase in pooled grain yield and net income in response to treatment followed the order:compost+biochar>NPK+biochar>NPK>compost>control.The findings suggest that the use of compost or NPK alone might improve soil quality and increase grain yield and net income,but it is greatly recommended to co-apply these fertilisers with biochar.展开更多
Income inequality among farmers living in different regions was an important form of territorial inequalities. Studying the territorial inequality of the net income per peasant was an emphasis of this paper, and Shand...Income inequality among farmers living in different regions was an important form of territorial inequalities. Studying the territorial inequality of the net income per peasant was an emphasis of this paper, and Shandong Province was pointed as the case study region. By the help of logistic regression, it could be found that the special distribution of the net income per peasant in Shandong Province was affected by three factors: distance to No.308 National Highway, distance to the coastline in the east of Shandong Province, and urbanization rates. Based on the decomposition of Gini index, the net income per peasant was divided into four parts, and it was found that the income from family business and salary were the two major sources of income. As to the mechanism for income inequality, it was proved that urbanization was still the key factor. In order to reduce income inequality, the local governments should promote urbanization through improving road networks, such as building highways, which could connect rural areas with the major nodes such as big cities and the port cities in the east.展开更多
Through an in-depth analysis of the per capita net income of rural residents in Nyingchi City,it was known that the per capita net income of rural residents in Nyingchi City was increasing at high speed in recent 10 y...Through an in-depth analysis of the per capita net income of rural residents in Nyingchi City,it was known that the per capita net income of rural residents in Nyingchi City was increasing at high speed in recent 10 years. However,the wage income,household operating income,and agricultural income gap constitute the major factors influencing the gap of the per capita net income of rural residents in Nyingchi City. Finally,it came up with recommendations including promoting the reasonable flow of labor to the secondary and tertiary industries,increasing the wage income and transfer income of rural residents,accelerating the construction of small towns in rural areas,promoting the development of rural cooperatives,implementing the strategy of " benefiting farmers and strengthening tourism",promoting integration of agriculture and eco-tourism,promoting the development of modern agriculture,and expanding diversified production income of farmers.展开更多
The accounting information should help investors and creditors evaluate the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of firms' future cash receipts and disbursements. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) contend...The accounting information should help investors and creditors evaluate the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of firms' future cash receipts and disbursements. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) contends that accrual-based historical earnings are superior to cash flows in predicting future cash flows. But, Bowen, Burgstahler, and Daley (1986) showed that traditional measures of cash flows (net income (NI) plus depreciation and working capital from operations) appear to be better predictors of future cash flows than accrual accounting earnings. Since then, many researchers have articulated the importance of accounting data, especially cash flows and NI, in the predictive and forecasting processes. In this study, we empirically re-examined the ability of cash flows from operating activities (CFO) and accrual-based NI in predicting firms' bankruptcy. In the past, the results of this type of research were mixed. Differently from previous research, we focus on the timing of predictive ability, i.e., which indicator, cash flows or NI, is faster in predicting a firm's bankruptcy. We also investigate the timing of auditors' issuance of a going-concern opinion. The preliminary results show that the accrual-based NI is more accurate and faster than either CFO or audit opinion in predicting firms' failures. On average, NI signals a firm's bankruptcy 2.41 years before the bankruptcy filing, while CFO signals 1.48 years before filing. Auditors issued a going-concern opinion, another signal for firms' failure, to only 16 out of 41 bankrupt firms one year before bankruptcy, and no auditor issued the going-concern opinion two years before bankruptcy.展开更多
In this paper, we analyze the relation between farmers′ schooling and their net income and yield per capita by systemic and scientific method, concluding that improving farmers′ educational level may increase their ...In this paper, we analyze the relation between farmers′ schooling and their net income and yield per capita by systemic and scientific method, concluding that improving farmers′ educational level may increase their net income.展开更多
The panel dataset which covered the socio-economic data of 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous region) in China from 2000-2007 was used to do empirical analysis on the effect of abolishing agricultural taxes...The panel dataset which covered the socio-economic data of 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous region) in China from 2000-2007 was used to do empirical analysis on the effect of abolishing agricultural taxes on farmers' income by referring to the fixed effect estimation method. It found that the abolition of agricultural taxes increased farmer's net income per capita by 2%. Combining with the results of empirical analysis, related policy suggestions were put forward to increase farmers' income.展开更多
Nowadays, increasing farmers' income is not only related to the development of rural economy, the improvement of farmers' lives and countryside stability but also related to the overall situation of economy and soci...Nowadays, increasing farmers' income is not only related to the development of rural economy, the improvement of farmers' lives and countryside stability but also related to the overall situation of economy and social development. Heilongjiang is a big agricultural province, however, the increase of farmers' per capital net income is rather slow in the last few years. On the basis of Lewis dual economic structure theory and our province's actual situation, the paper proposed the concrete countermeasures to increase farmers' income, so as to promote the development of economy.展开更多
Taking Jiangsu Province for example and using the relevant data in Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook and Statistical Communique of Jiangsu Province on National Economic and Social Development during 2002-2009,the thesis se...Taking Jiangsu Province for example and using the relevant data in Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook and Statistical Communique of Jiangsu Province on National Economic and Social Development during 2002-2009,the thesis selects eight indexes including per capita net income of farmers,the fixed asset investment level in rural areas,average educational level,agricultural scientific and technological level,urbanization level,industrialization level,average consumption level per rural residents and per capita GDP and adopts the theory of grey correlation to analyze the factors influencing the peasants' net income.As shown in the result,the effect on the peasants' net income gives the following subsequence from great to little:average consumption level per capita of rural residents,urbanization level,average educational level,industrialization level,per capita GDP,number of scientific and technical personnel and fixed asset investment level in rural areas,that is,r06>r04>r02>r05>r07>r03>r01.Then combining with the practical conditions,the thesis makes a detailed analysis of each factor influencing the peasant's income growth and proposes corresponding measures in order to improve the peasants' income.展开更多
Based on the research on the rural living standard in China in terms of annual net income per capita, we de-fine six types of village-level economy, i.e. "to be extremely poor", "to make a basic living&...Based on the research on the rural living standard in China in terms of annual net income per capita, we de-fine six types of village-level economy, i.e. "to be extremely poor", "to make a basic living", "to dress warmly and eat one's fill", "to try to enrich (to disengage poverty)", "to be well-off" and "to be affluent". The data of average annual net income of all the 292 villages between 1990 and 2004 in rural Gongyi City, Henan Province were collected, veri-fied and classified. By using standard deviation, coefficient of variation and regression analysis, it is found that the Gongyi's rural economy has boosted up remarkably from the relative-poverty and absolute-poverty stages in 1990 to the well-off in 2004. However, the absolute differences between villages present a trend of enlargement, while the rela-tive differences fluctuating. On the other hand, spatial analysis of village-level economy shows that most villages with relatively high economic development level were located along national expressway and most villages with abso-lute-poverty lay in remote mountainous areas in 1990. Since the 1990s, the rapid urbanization and industrialization have had strongly positive effects on rural economic growth. Initial economic foundation, natural resources and tradi-tional techniques also contribute to village economy. From the perspective of geography, villages with location advan-tages, such as near urban center or industrial parks, have more chances for their economic development and the "core-periphery" economic structure has been presented in the process of rural development.展开更多
This paper reveals that agricultural growth trend in China is strongly correlated with the growth of off-farm industries-the curve of net income from off-farm industries reflects the general characteristics of net inc...This paper reveals that agricultural growth trend in China is strongly correlated with the growth of off-farm industries-the curve of net income from off-farm industries reflects the general characteristics of net income of households. That means the increase of net income of farm households is chiefly from off-farm industries,more than from agriculture. The authors therefore conclude that the "poverty" in mountain areas or the gap between mountain areas and plain areas lies in the underdevelopment of off-farm industries in mountain areas. Finally,the authors make suggestions of strategic adjustment of economic structure: 1) present situation of mountain areas in China should be fully considered; 2) a full industrial system is not our desire; 3) advantageous industries should be promoted to create famous products; 4) industrialization and urbanization in mountain areas should be promoted and so on.展开更多
This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effect that participation in an agricultural cooperative has on the transaction costs and net income of apple- growing farmers in Shandong province. Compared with indep...This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effect that participation in an agricultural cooperative has on the transaction costs and net income of apple- growing farmers in Shandong province. Compared with independent farming, agricultural cooperatives reduce transaction costs by 48 yuan/mu and increase farmers' net income by 321 yuan/mu. Other factors found to influence transaction costs and farmers'net income were farmer's gender, educational attainment, farm size, the availability of market information, distance to market, and level of government support. Independent farmers" most common explanations for not participating in agricultural cooperatives were that doing so would not reduce transaction costs significantly and that the cooperatives would impede the autonomy of their decision-making.展开更多
基金Supported by Yunnan Modern Agricultural Maize Industry Technology System Construction Program[(2009)53]Yunnan Modern Agricultural Maize Industry Technology System Construction Program[(2009)171]~~
文摘The aim was to study the main industry effect the double of the per capi- ta net income of farmers economic. The relation between six industry net income per capita income of farmers including grain, animal husbandry, flue-cured tobacco, walnut, long-term labor expot, seasonal labor export and the net income of farmers per capita in the Wazitian Village of Baoshan, Yunnan was studied by means of the effect main industry doubled net income of farmers per capita economic and the grey correlation analysis. The correlation degree of six industry and the net income of farmers per capita economic was long-term labor export〉seasonal labor export〉 walnut〉grain〉animal husbandry〉flue-cured tobacco. The pillar industry affecting the net income of farmers per capita economic was long-term labor export, seasonal la- bor export and walnut. The study provided the scionce theoretical basis and method of support for net income per capita economic multiplier of farmers in Baoshan, Yunnan province and even a similar low latitude mountain plateau.
基金For the purposes of this study, the eleven villages of Baoding refer to: Liluohou, Hejiaqiao, Dongguzhuang, Nandeng, Caijiaying, Xuezhuang, Gushang, Xiezhuang, Mengzhuang, Dazhuze, Dayang. However, the data in the 1986 survey only covers six villages. This study was sponsored by National Social Science Foundation (10 CJL008) and the innovation project of CASS's Institute of Economics, "Rural household economic transition of Wuxi and Baoding during the process of a hundred years of industrialization and urbanization." The authors appreciate support from various scholars.
文摘Using the rural survey data preserved by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences' (CASS) Institute of Economics, this paper analyzes changes in the level and structure of per capita net income in the eleven villages of Baoding Prefecture, Hebei province, over the 1930-1997periods. According to the surveys, per capita net income level of the villages maintained consistent growth, as indicated by survey data on the years of 1930, 1936, 1957, 1986 and 1997, except for 1946 which saw decline, and enjoyed rapid growth particularly in the years of reform and opening-up after 1986. The changes reflect the national trendsustained decline of the proportion of net income from household operations versus eontinuous growth of the proportion wages income takes of the whole income.
文摘Most agricultural soils in sub-Saharan Africa are degraded,compromising the grain yield of rice and farmers return on investment.A 3-year field study was undertaken to explore the effect of the application of compost or inorganic NPK fertilizer applied alone or in combination with biochar on soil quality,grain yield of rice and net income.The five treatments were laid out using a randomized complete block design with four replications.The treatments were applied to supply approximately 75 kg N ha–1.The best fertilizer input was compost+biochar which resulted in the greatest improvement in soil physico-chemical properties by reducing bulk density and increasing porosity and moisture retention,organic matter content,percent nitrogen,available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity.Apart from treatment with inorganic fertilizer alone,treated soils showed a decrease in pH.Bacterial and fungal counts and basal respiration decreased in soils in the following order:compost+biochar>compost only>inorganic NPK fertilizer+biochar>inorganic NPK fertilizer>control.The increase in pooled grain yield and net income in response to treatment followed the order:compost+biochar>NPK+biochar>NPK>compost>control.The findings suggest that the use of compost or NPK alone might improve soil quality and increase grain yield and net income,but it is greatly recommended to co-apply these fertilisers with biochar.
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-EW-304)National Natural Science Foundation of China(40635029,40871257)
文摘Income inequality among farmers living in different regions was an important form of territorial inequalities. Studying the territorial inequality of the net income per peasant was an emphasis of this paper, and Shandong Province was pointed as the case study region. By the help of logistic regression, it could be found that the special distribution of the net income per peasant in Shandong Province was affected by three factors: distance to No.308 National Highway, distance to the coastline in the east of Shandong Province, and urbanization rates. Based on the decomposition of Gini index, the net income per peasant was divided into four parts, and it was found that the income from family business and salary were the two major sources of income. As to the mechanism for income inequality, it was proved that urbanization was still the key factor. In order to reduce income inequality, the local governments should promote urbanization through improving road networks, such as building highways, which could connect rural areas with the major nodes such as big cities and the port cities in the east.
文摘Through an in-depth analysis of the per capita net income of rural residents in Nyingchi City,it was known that the per capita net income of rural residents in Nyingchi City was increasing at high speed in recent 10 years. However,the wage income,household operating income,and agricultural income gap constitute the major factors influencing the gap of the per capita net income of rural residents in Nyingchi City. Finally,it came up with recommendations including promoting the reasonable flow of labor to the secondary and tertiary industries,increasing the wage income and transfer income of rural residents,accelerating the construction of small towns in rural areas,promoting the development of rural cooperatives,implementing the strategy of " benefiting farmers and strengthening tourism",promoting integration of agriculture and eco-tourism,promoting the development of modern agriculture,and expanding diversified production income of farmers.
文摘The accounting information should help investors and creditors evaluate the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of firms' future cash receipts and disbursements. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) contends that accrual-based historical earnings are superior to cash flows in predicting future cash flows. But, Bowen, Burgstahler, and Daley (1986) showed that traditional measures of cash flows (net income (NI) plus depreciation and working capital from operations) appear to be better predictors of future cash flows than accrual accounting earnings. Since then, many researchers have articulated the importance of accounting data, especially cash flows and NI, in the predictive and forecasting processes. In this study, we empirically re-examined the ability of cash flows from operating activities (CFO) and accrual-based NI in predicting firms' bankruptcy. In the past, the results of this type of research were mixed. Differently from previous research, we focus on the timing of predictive ability, i.e., which indicator, cash flows or NI, is faster in predicting a firm's bankruptcy. We also investigate the timing of auditors' issuance of a going-concern opinion. The preliminary results show that the accrual-based NI is more accurate and faster than either CFO or audit opinion in predicting firms' failures. On average, NI signals a firm's bankruptcy 2.41 years before the bankruptcy filing, while CFO signals 1.48 years before filing. Auditors issued a going-concern opinion, another signal for firms' failure, to only 16 out of 41 bankrupt firms one year before bankruptcy, and no auditor issued the going-concern opinion two years before bankruptcy.
文摘In this paper, we analyze the relation between farmers′ schooling and their net income and yield per capita by systemic and scientific method, concluding that improving farmers′ educational level may increase their net income.
文摘The panel dataset which covered the socio-economic data of 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous region) in China from 2000-2007 was used to do empirical analysis on the effect of abolishing agricultural taxes on farmers' income by referring to the fixed effect estimation method. It found that the abolition of agricultural taxes increased farmer's net income per capita by 2%. Combining with the results of empirical analysis, related policy suggestions were put forward to increase farmers' income.
文摘Nowadays, increasing farmers' income is not only related to the development of rural economy, the improvement of farmers' lives and countryside stability but also related to the overall situation of economy and social development. Heilongjiang is a big agricultural province, however, the increase of farmers' per capital net income is rather slow in the last few years. On the basis of Lewis dual economic structure theory and our province's actual situation, the paper proposed the concrete countermeasures to increase farmers' income, so as to promote the development of economy.
文摘Taking Jiangsu Province for example and using the relevant data in Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook and Statistical Communique of Jiangsu Province on National Economic and Social Development during 2002-2009,the thesis selects eight indexes including per capita net income of farmers,the fixed asset investment level in rural areas,average educational level,agricultural scientific and technological level,urbanization level,industrialization level,average consumption level per rural residents and per capita GDP and adopts the theory of grey correlation to analyze the factors influencing the peasants' net income.As shown in the result,the effect on the peasants' net income gives the following subsequence from great to little:average consumption level per capita of rural residents,urbanization level,average educational level,industrialization level,per capita GDP,number of scientific and technical personnel and fixed asset investment level in rural areas,that is,r06>r04>r02>r05>r07>r03>r01.Then combining with the practical conditions,the thesis makes a detailed analysis of each factor influencing the peasant's income growth and proposes corresponding measures in order to improve the peasants' income.
基金Under the auspices of Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40535025)Project of Phi-losophy & Social Science of Henan Province (No. 2006CJJ022)
文摘Based on the research on the rural living standard in China in terms of annual net income per capita, we de-fine six types of village-level economy, i.e. "to be extremely poor", "to make a basic living", "to dress warmly and eat one's fill", "to try to enrich (to disengage poverty)", "to be well-off" and "to be affluent". The data of average annual net income of all the 292 villages between 1990 and 2004 in rural Gongyi City, Henan Province were collected, veri-fied and classified. By using standard deviation, coefficient of variation and regression analysis, it is found that the Gongyi's rural economy has boosted up remarkably from the relative-poverty and absolute-poverty stages in 1990 to the well-off in 2004. However, the absolute differences between villages present a trend of enlargement, while the rela-tive differences fluctuating. On the other hand, spatial analysis of village-level economy shows that most villages with relatively high economic development level were located along national expressway and most villages with abso-lute-poverty lay in remote mountainous areas in 1990. Since the 1990s, the rapid urbanization and industrialization have had strongly positive effects on rural economic growth. Initial economic foundation, natural resources and tradi-tional techniques also contribute to village economy. From the perspective of geography, villages with location advan-tages, such as near urban center or industrial parks, have more chances for their economic development and the "core-periphery" economic structure has been presented in the process of rural development.
文摘This paper reveals that agricultural growth trend in China is strongly correlated with the growth of off-farm industries-the curve of net income from off-farm industries reflects the general characteristics of net income of households. That means the increase of net income of farm households is chiefly from off-farm industries,more than from agriculture. The authors therefore conclude that the "poverty" in mountain areas or the gap between mountain areas and plain areas lies in the underdevelopment of off-farm industries in mountain areas. Finally,the authors make suggestions of strategic adjustment of economic structure: 1) present situation of mountain areas in China should be fully considered; 2) a full industrial system is not our desire; 3) advantageous industries should be promoted to create famous products; 4) industrialization and urbanization in mountain areas should be promoted and so on.
文摘This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effect that participation in an agricultural cooperative has on the transaction costs and net income of apple- growing farmers in Shandong province. Compared with independent farming, agricultural cooperatives reduce transaction costs by 48 yuan/mu and increase farmers' net income by 321 yuan/mu. Other factors found to influence transaction costs and farmers'net income were farmer's gender, educational attainment, farm size, the availability of market information, distance to market, and level of government support. Independent farmers" most common explanations for not participating in agricultural cooperatives were that doing so would not reduce transaction costs significantly and that the cooperatives would impede the autonomy of their decision-making.