Association between Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Composition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Objective The objective of this study is to determine whether coronary atherosclerotic plaque composition is associated with cardiovascular disease(CVD) risk in Chinese adults. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis in 549 subjects without previous diagnosis or clinical symptoms of CVD in a community cohort of middle-aged Chinese adults. The participants underwent coronary computed tomography(CT) angiography for the evaluation of the presence and composition of coronary plaques. CVD risk was evaluated by the Framingham risk score(FRS) and the 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD) risk score. Results Among the 549 participants, 267(48.6%) had no coronary plaques, 201(36.6%) had noncalcified coronary plaques, and 81(14.8%) had calcified or mixed coronary plaques. The measures of CVD risk including FRS and ASCVD risk score and the likelihood of having elevated FRS significantly increased across the groups of participants without coronary plaques, with noncalcified coronary plaques, and with calcified or mixed coronary plaques. However, only calcified or mixed coronary plaques were significantly associated with an elevated ASCVD risk score [odds ratio(OR) 2.41; 95% confidence interval(CI) 1.09-5.32] compared with no coronary plaques, whereas no significant association was found for noncalcified coronary plaques and elevated ASCVD risk score(OR 1.25; 95% CI 0.71-2.21) after multivariable adjustment. Conclusion Calcified or mixed coronary plaques might be more associated with an elevated likelihood of having CVD than noncalcified coronary plaques.

Protein Content and Amino Acid Composition in Grains of Wheat-Related Species

The protein content and amino acid composition for 17 wheat-related species （WRS） and three common wheats （control） were determined and analyzed, and the essential amino acids （EAAs） in WRS were evaluated according to FAO/WHO amino acid recommendations. The results showed that the mean protein content for WRS was 16.67%, which was 23.21% higher than that for the control. The mean contents （g 100 g^-1 protein） of most amino acids for WRS were lysine 2.74%, threonine 2.83%, phenylalanine 4.17%, isoleucine 3.42%, valine 3.90%, histidine 2.81%, glutamic acid 29.96%, proline 9.12%, glycine 3.59%, alanine 3.37%, and cysteine 1.57%, which were higher than those for the control. The contents of the other 6 amino acids for WRS were lower than those for the control. The materials （Triticum monococcum L., Triticum carthlicum Nevski, and Triticum turgidum L.） contained relatively high concentration of the most deficient EAAs （lysine, threonine, and methionine）. Comparing with FAO/WHO amino acid recommendations, the amino acid scores （AAS） of lysine （49.8%）, threonine （70.7%）, and sulfur-containing amino acids （74.8%） were the lowest, which were considered as the main limiting amino acids in WRS. It was observed that the materials with Triticum urartu Turn. （AA） and Aegilops speltoides Tausch. （SS） genomes had relatively high contents of protein and EAA. The contents of protein （16.91%）, phenylalanine （4.78%）, isoleucine （3.53%）, leucine （6.16%）, and valine （4.09%） for the diploid materials were higher than those for the other materials. These results will provide some information for selecting parents in breeding about nutrient quality and utilization of fine gene in wheat.

Relationship of Somatic Cell Count with Milk Yield and Composition in Chinese Holstein Population

The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship of somatic cell count （SCC） with milk yield, fat and protein percentage, fat and protein yield using analysis of variance and correlation analysis in Chinese Holstein population. The 10 524 test-day records of 568 Chinese Holstein Cattle were obtained from 2 commercial herds in Xi＇an region of China during February 2002 to March 2009. Milk yield, fat percentage, fat and protein yield initially increased and then dropped down with parity, whereas protein percentage decreased and SCC increased. Analysis of variance showed highly significant effects of different subclasses SCC on milk yield and composition （P〈 0.01）. Compared with milk yield with SCC ≤ 200 000 cells mL-1, milk yield losses with SCC of 200 000-500 000 cells mL-1, 501000-1 000 000 cells mL-1, ≥ 1 000 000 cells mL-1 were 0.387, 0.961 and 2.351 kg, respectively. The highly significant negative correlation coefficient between somatic cell score （SCS） and milk and protein yield, milk yield and fat and protein percentage, protein percentage and fat yield were -0.084, -0.037, -0.061, -0.168, and -0.088, respectively （P〈 0.01）. The highly significant positive correlation coefficients between SCS and fat yield and fat and protein percentage, milk yield and fat and protein yield, fat percentage and protein percentage and fat yield, protein yield and protein percentage and fat yield were 0.041, 0.177, 0.105, 0.771, 0.865, 0.122, 0.568, 0.318, and 0.695, respectively （P〈 0.01）. There was no significant relationship between fat percentage and protein yield （P 〉 0.05）. The results of the present study first time provide the relevant base-line data for assessing milk production at Xi＇an region of China.

Reflections on the Automated Essay Scoring System of English Writing in Vocational Colleges

English Teaching in higher vocational colleges emphasizes the principle of "practical use and adequate sufficiency". English courses should not only lay a good foundation for language, but also pay more attention to the training of practical language skills, especially the ability to use English to deal with daily and foreign business activities. Higher vocational college students who are relatively weak in their basic English writing are particularly prominent,far from the regulated requirements. Because of the poor basic learning ability of higher vocational college students, it is very important for teachers to supervise and get feedback. But the ratio of students to English teachers in some higher vocational colleges has reached 130 : 1, so it is becoming more and more important for teachers to adopt computer aided correction composition system.

Can composite performance measures predict survival of patients with colorectal cancer?

AIM: To assess the relationship between long-term colorectal patient survival and methods of calculating composite performance scores.

Factors associated with trabecular bone score in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes and normal bone mineral density

BACKGROUND Osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes(T2D)have been recognized as a widespread comorbidity leading to excess mortality and an enormous healthcare burden.In T2D,bone mineral density(BMD)may underestimate the risk of low-energy fractures as bone quality is reduced.It was hypothesized that a decrease in the trabecular bone score(TBS),a parameter assessing bone microarchitecture,may be an early marker of impaired bone health in women with T2D.AIM To identify clinical and body composition parameters that affect TBS in postmenopausal women with T2D and normal BMD.METHODS A non-interventional cross-sectional comparative study was conducted.Potentially eligible subjects were screened at tertiary referral center.Postmenopausal women with T2D,aged 50-75 years,with no established risk factors for secondary osteoporosis,were included.BMD,TBS and body composition parameters were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.In women with normal BMD,a wide range of anthropometric,general and diabetes-related clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated as risk factors for TBS decrease using univariate and multivariate regression analysis and analysis of receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves.RESULTS Three hundred twelve women were initially screened,176 of them met the inclusion criteria and underwent dual X-ray absorptiometry.Those with reduced BMD were subsequently excluded;96 women with normal BMD were included in final analysis.Among them,43 women(44.8%)showed decreased TBS values(≤1.31).Women with TBS≤1.31 were taller and had a lower body mass index(BMI)when compared to those with normal TBS(Р=0.008 and P=0.007 respectively).No significant differences in HbA1c,renal function,calcium,phosphorus,alkaline phosphatase,PTH and 25(ОН)D levels were found.In a model of multivariate linear regression analysis,TBS was positively associated with gynoid fat mass,whereas the height and androgen fat mass were associated negatively(all P<0.001).In a multiple logistic regression,TBS≤1.31 was associated with lower gynoid fat mass(adjusted odd ratio[OR],0.9,95%confidence interval[CI],0.85-0.94,P<0.001),higher android fat mass(adjusted OR,1.13,95%CI,1.03-1.24,P=0.008)and height(adjusted OR,1.13,95%CI,1.05-1.20,P<0.001).In ROC-curve analysis,height≥162.5 cm(P=0.04),body mass index≤33.85 kg/m2(P=0.002),gynoid fat mass≤5.41 kg(P=0.03)and android/gynoid fat mass ratio≥1.145(P<0.001)were identified as the risk factors for TBS reduction.CONCLUSION In postmenopausal women with T2D and normal BMD,greater height and central adiposity are associated with impaired bone microarchitecture.

Conceptual Design of Glass/Renewable Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composite Motorcycle Side Cover

This paper presents the development process relating to the conceptual design of glass/renewable natural fibrereinforced polymer hybrid composite motorcycle side cover.Motorcycle side cover is a component frequently made from plastic or steel that functions on covering the motorcycle parts,components and systems such as frame,battery,electrical systems and mechanical systems.Function Analysis Systems Techniques(FAST)is used to identify the functions of motorcycle side cover.The right-side cover of motorcycle model SYM E-Bonus 110 has been physically studied to identify the competitive benchmarking criteria.The functions and competitive benchmarking criteria are then compiled and integrated with the environmental requirements to identify the Product Design Specifications(PDS).The coir fibre has been selected from six identified dominant renewable natural fibre used for automotive component through integration of Ranking Method and Quality Based Selection(QBS).Then the polypropylene matrix is selected after shortlisting the existing thermoplastic that is used with coir fibre and has high suitability for injection moulding manufacturing.The polypropylene matrix is then evaluated using Weighted Evaluation Matrix(WEM)by comparing to benchmark material which is Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene(ABS).After that,the conceptual design development of glass/renewable coir fibre-reinforced polypropylene motorcycle side cover is carried out using an integrated Theory of Inventive Problem Solving(TRIZ)and Morphological Chart,followed by final conceptual design selection using integration of Pugh Scoring Method and QBS.The conceptual design development intended on improving the biodegradability to reduce pollution to the environment.However,the usage of glass/coir fibre-reinforced polypropylene hybrid composite may increase the weight due to higher density.Four innovative design concepts have been developed and the selected final concept design has the most minimum number of ribs and minimum thickness with the same ratio of glass fibre and natural fibre composition.

RCMNAAPE在旋转机械故障诊断中的应用

针对精细复合多尺度排列熵(RCMPE)无法充分提取旋转机械振动信号中的故障信息,从而导致旋转机械故障识别准确率不稳定这一缺陷,提出了一种基于精细复合多尺度归一化幅值感知排列熵(RCMNAAPE)、拉普拉斯分数(LS)和灰狼算法优化支持向量机(GWO-SVM)的旋转机械故障诊断方法。首先,利用幅值感知排列熵替换了RCMPE中的排列熵,提出了RCMNAAPE,并将其用于提取旋转机械振动信号的故障特征生成特征样本;随后,采用了LS从原始的高维故障特征向量中筛选出较少的能够更准确描述故障状态的特征,构造敏感特征样本;最后,将低维的故障特征向量输入由灰狼算法优化的支持向量机中进行了训练和测试,完成了旋转机械样本的故障识别和分类,利用滚动轴承和齿轮箱故障数据集将RCMNAAPE-LS-GWO-SVM与其他故障诊断方法进行了对比分析,并开展了评估。研究结果表明:基于RCMNAAPE-LS-GWO-SVM的故障诊断方法能够有效识别旋转机械的各类故障,其识别准确率高于其他对比的故障诊断方法,其中滚动轴承故障的识别准确率达到99.33%,齿轮箱故障的识别准确率达到98.67%。虽然,该方法的特征提取效率不佳,平均特征提取时间分别为153.02 s和163.98 s,仅优于精细复合多尺度模糊熵(RCMFE),但其综合性能更加优异。

倾向性评分匹配的兰州市老年住院患者的肌少症危险因素分析

目的基于倾向性评分匹配分析兰州市60周岁及以上老年住院患者的肌少症危险因素,为该类人群肌少症的筛查与预防提供依据。方法选择兰州大学第一医院老年病科二病区60周岁及以上的住院患者,经肌少症筛查,按是否合并高血压、冠心病、脑梗死、糖尿病,通过1∶1倾向性评分匹配(PSM),分为肌少症组与非肌少症组。匹配后对两组人口基线资料(年龄、性别)、身体成分(体质指数、身高、体重、去脂体重、腰臀比、体脂百分比等)、生化指标进行单因素分析比较,利用多因素Logistic回归分析法分析兰州老年岁住院患者肌少症发生的危险因素。结果接受肌少症筛查的患者共743例,183例确诊为肌少症,肌少症检出率为25.49%,肌少症组年龄、总四碘甲状腺原氨酸、中性粒细胞百分比、肌酐、高密度胆固醇水平高于非肌少症组(P<0.05),体质指数、体重、去脂体重、腰臀比、基础代谢、体脂百分比、肌肉质量、血红蛋白、淋巴细胞百分比、γ⁃谷氨酰转肽酶、尿酸、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度胆固醇水平明显低于非肌少症组(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄的增长(OR=1.129,P<0.05),高体脂百分比(OR=1.118,P<0.05)增加老年住院患者肌少症发生风险,高BMI(OR=0.225,P<0.05)、高尿酸(OR=0.994,P<0.05)降低老年住院患者肌少症发生风险。结论兰州老年住院患者肌少症检出率较高,高龄、高体脂百分比是肌少症发生的危险因素,高体质指数、高尿酸是肌少症发生的保护因素。

投喂率对凡纳对虾中间培育生长、生理和水环境的影响

中间培育是凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei)养殖的重要阶段,投喂率是影响此阶段养殖成效的重要参数。本研究开展为期30 d的养殖实验,研究3组投喂率(投喂率分别为体重的5%、7.5%、10%,分别命名为T5、T7.5和T10)对凡纳对虾中间培育养殖水质、微生物群落结构、非特异性免疫指标及生长性能的影响。实验期间,水体pH、盐度、温度及溶解氧均保持在适宜对虾生长的范围内。结果显示,随着实验进行,总氨氮(TAN)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)和化学需氧量(COD)浓度出现上升趋势,实验结束时,其浓度随投喂率升高呈现显著差异:T10>T7.5>T5。微生物群落结构分析表明,养殖水体的微生物群落丰富度和多样性随投喂率升高呈下降趋势,不同投喂率的优势门类均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria,50.36%~67.53%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,12.09%~67.53%);在属水平上,对凡纳对虾有害的弧菌(Vibrio)相对丰度在T10组最高(37.33%)、T5组最低(0.13%);对其有益的假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas)相对丰度在T10组最低(0.28%)、T7.5组最高(9.78%)。凡纳对虾肝胰腺的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性在T10组最低、T7.5组最高(P<0.05)。T7.5和T10组对虾的体长和体重均显著大于T5组(P<0.05),但T7.5和T10组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),投喂率与存活率呈负相关,且3组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。利用因子分析对非特异性免疫指标和生长指标进行综合评价,结果表明,T7.5组得分最高,为0.92,凡纳对虾中间培育的投喂率在7.5%左右为宜。

中草药组合物缓解乳腺增生的临床评价

目的:评价中草药组合物对乳腺增生症状的改善作用。方法:通过专家手诊、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)、综合医院焦虑/抑郁情绪测量表(HADS)及彩超等评价122例乳腺增生患者服用中草药组合物前、服用中三个月和停服后一个月乳房疼痛、乳腺肿块及焦虑/抑郁情绪的改善程度。结果:中草药组合物能明显减轻乳房疼痛程度且具有延续性(P<0.05);服用中草药组合物后乳房内肿块的大小、质地、分布范围以及受试者的情绪均有所改善,且与基线相比具有统计学差异(P<0.05);彩超结果表明,中草药组合物对乳腺增生有很好的治疗作用。结论:中草药组合物能有效改善乳腺增生的症状,受试者在停服中草药组合物后能感受到中草药组合物效果的延续,即使略有下降,但也优于未服用中草药组合物时的情况。

烘烤变黄期温湿度对上部烟叶烤后化学成分综合评价的影响

采用二次饱和D-最优回归设计试验,研究云烟87上部叶变黄阶段烘烤环境与烤后烟叶化学成分多项指标综合评分的关系。结果表明,不同因素对化学成分综合得分的影响表现为温度效应>温度、干湿温差交互效应>干湿温差效应;干湿温差恒定条件下,温度效应方程Y_(1)=83.59–0.89X_(1)+6.35X_(1)^(2),即随温度的升高化学成分综合得分呈先降低后增加变化趋势,当温度X_(1)=39.21℃时,综合得分Y_(min)=83.56;温度恒定条件下,干湿温差效应方程Y_(2)=83.59+3.32X_(2)–4.63X_(2)^(2),即随干湿温差的增加化学成分综合得分呈先增加后降低变化趋势,当干湿温差X2=3.72℃时,Y_(max)=84.19;在温度、干湿温差交互效应条件下,上部烟叶变黄阶段以温度36~36.75℃(干湿温差2~4℃)、41.3~42℃(干湿温差3.5~5℃)化学成分综合得分较高。从烟叶化学成分综合得分来看,本研究以干球温度42℃、湿球温度37.0℃、相对湿度69%为烤后上部烟叶质量的最佳温湿度组合。

基于模糊数学评定与响应面法优化杏子与玫瑰花酱复合果丹皮的研制

该研究在果丹皮传统配方工艺的基础上对复合果丹皮的辅料添加量配方进行了优化,以杏子和玫瑰花酱为主要原料,以酸味剂、凝胶剂、防腐剂为辅料,研制一款低糖复合果丹皮。采用单因素试验和Box-Behnken响应面优化法得到杏子与玫瑰花酱复合果丹皮的感官评分和杏子与玫瑰花酱的质量比、柠檬酸添加量、复合胶添加量、苯甲酸钠添加量的模型,经验证,模型合理可靠。通过模型系数显著性检验,得到以感官评分为响应值的主效应关系均为柠檬酸添加量>复合胶添加量>杏子与玫瑰花酱的质量比>苯甲酸钠添加量。得出最佳配方为杏子与玫瑰花酱的质量比2∶1、柠檬酸添加量0.2%、复合胶添加量3%、苯甲酸钠添加量0.04%,此配方下得到的感官评分为90.33分,与模型预测值较一致。结果表明,此数学模型较好地预测了杏子与玫瑰花酱复合果丹皮的配方。

大温差对复合绝缘子硅橡胶老化特性及运行寿命预测研究

藏东南地区环境温差较大,对复合绝缘子的绝缘性能产生负面影响,从而影响西电东送规模持续可靠送出。本文在-20~150℃下对硅橡胶试样开展720 h的高低温循环老化试验,对不同循环次数的硅橡胶进行各项测试用于研究其大温差环境老化性能变化规律。对测试的12个特征量通过Fisher Score进行特征量选择,筛选出4种显著相关性特征量。以运行0~11年复合绝缘子为研究对象,基于相关性特征量对在役复合绝缘子进行性能测试和结果分析,并提出一种改进遗传算法优化BP(back propagation)神经网络的预测算法。该算法一方面改进最优保存策略选择算子,另一方面迭代过程动态调整变异概率和交叉概率。结果表明:4项老化特征量拉伸强度、介质损耗因数tanδ、TGA最终剩余比例和Si-OH透过率下降率具有显著的相关性;相比传统BP神经网络和GA-BP(genetic algorithm-back propagation)神经网络,改进GA-BP神经网络的非线性学习和全局寻优能力更强,网络收敛速度更快;以老化11年的1组试样进行误差检验,改进GA-BP神经网络的检验误差结果为2.33%,5组复合绝缘子的运行寿命预测值与实际年限之间的误差均在5%以内。

施氏鲟鱼皮营养成分的分析及综合评价

对人工养殖的施氏鲟鱼皮进行营养分析,结果表明:施氏鲟鲜鱼皮的粗蛋白含量为38.70%;纯蛋白含量为17.90%;鲜鲟鱼皮中18种氨基酸总含量为33.67%;其中必需氨基酸占总量的20.04%,第一限制氨基酸为色氨酸,氨基酸评分为72.00;水分含量为57.50%;灰分含量为2.54%;粗脂肪含量为5.78%;总糖含量为0.80%;矿物质含量丰富,特别是微量元素锌含量达21.30 mg/kg。

大麻籽粕营养成分研究

为了开发利用大麻籽粕,探讨其作为蛋白质饲料的可能性和可行性,首次按照国标方法对其进行了化学成分和氨基酸成分测定,计算了氨基酸化学分数。结果:大麻籽粕的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分分别为35.2%,0.5%,24.4%和8.7%,富含精氨酸、甘氨酸、丝氨酸和亮氨酸,蛋氨酸含量较低,蛋氨酸、胱氨酸和赖氨酸分别是大麻籽粕的第一、第二和第三限制性氨基酸,表明大麻籽粕可作为蛋白质饲料资源部分替代豆粕,但要在大麻籽的脱壳、提油工艺上注意提高粗脂肪含量、降低粗纤维含量,并注意氨基酸的平衡。

施氏鲟鱼肉营养成分的分析

对人工养殖的施氏鲟鱼鱼肉进行了营养分析,结果表明,施氏鲟鱼肉中粗蛋白含量为19.60%;纯蛋白含量为16.40%;18种氨基酸含量为18.90%,其中必需氨基酸占40.58%,第一限制氨基酸为色氨酸,其氨基酸分为85;施氏鲟鱼肉中水分、灰分的含量分别为74.36%和1.53%;总脂肪含量为4.57%;矿质含量丰富,尤其是硒,其含量为0.20mg/kg。

现代月季品种表型性状分析与评价

【目的】通过分析60个现代月季(Rosa spp.)品种的11个表型性状指标,探明各表型性状在月季品种中的变异规律、遗传多样性特点以及性状间的相互关系,通过主成分分析法筛选最优的评价指标和算法,为月季品种合理聚类提供参考。【方法】以田间栽培的60个现代月季品种的11个表型性状为研究对象,用SPSS19.0和Microsoft Excel 2007软件分析各性状数据在月季品种中的变异指数与Shannon-Wiener遗传多样性指数,并对各性状进行相关性分析及主成分分析,并计算主成分综合得分与各主成分得分,利用得分结果为各月季品种分组。【结果】表型性状统计结果显示,供试月季资源以直立型和扩张型灌木为主,分别占总资源的53%和35%;月季成熟叶片的小叶数以5片为主,占总资源的68%。60个月季品种的平均全叶长11.6 cm,顶小叶宽3.2 cm,节间距长3.6 cm,花朵平均直径7.6 cm,各数量指标的品种间变异系数范围在21%-25%,变异幅度不大。月季花色以纯色为主,占总数的82%,其中紫色、黄色居多;能抽生多花头持续开花的品种占总数的65%,花朵形状以包子型和杯型为主,分别占总资源的33%和32%。月季花朵衰老时的主要方式为花朵落瓣和枝头枯萎,分别占总资源的47%和43%。各指标的遗传多样性系数变化范围在0.62-3.73,其中有8个性状的多样性指数在1以上,最高为全叶长,最低为小叶数。定性性状中花色的遗传多样性系数最高。月季品种的全叶长与顶小叶宽,节间距与全叶长、顶小叶宽成极显著正相关,花头数与节间距成极显著负相关;月季花朵衰老方式与株形显著正相关,花头数与小叶数、花型成显著正相关,与花朵直径显著负相关。主成分分析结果表明,11个表型指标可以简化为4个主成分因子,各主成分因子分别主要代表叶型、花型、花头数、花瓣数及花朵衰老方式等指标变量。此4个主成分方差贡献率达63.28%,其中第一主成分方差贡献率达21.1%。基于主成分综合得分和各主成分得分对60个月季品种进行聚类分组,各品种主成分综合得分范围为-1.878-1.522,根据得分可以将月季品种划分成4个群组,各群组分别由8、36、15、1个品种代表,各群组均体现了月季品种在田间的综合表现。【结论】现代月季花色和叶部性状指标丰富多样,部分花形态指标与叶形态或生长形态显著相关,这些结论有助于推进月季育种和筛选应用。研究中筛选出的4个主成分指标以及品种聚类为保存和应用现有月季资源提供了理论依据。

概化理论在作文评分中的应用研究

概化理论是现代心理测量理论之一。该文简要地介绍了该理论的基本思想，并用此理论对作文评分的误差控制问题进行了应用性探讨。研究中请６位评分员对２０名学生每人三种文体的作文用分项评分法进行评定。然后用ＧＥＮＯＶＡ软件估计了作文评分中的评分员效应和题目效应，并对各种误差构成进行了分析比较。结果表明：在作文评分中，评分员效应最大，题目效应不明显。同时还发现，不同文体对评分误差有重要影响，议论文的评分误差最大。在作文能力的三要素中，以内容的评分误差最大，结构的评分误差最小。最后，本文还对传统评分者一致性系数（Ｗ系数）的不足以及概化理论中系数的优越性进行了讨论。

无望抑郁认知易感操作化方法及其研究述评

合成分数、基于最弱联结假设提出的最大值以及基于解释方式差异性提出的个体内标准差是目前无望抑郁研究中应用较广的认知易感操作化方法。回顾无望抑郁研究所使用的认知易感操作化方法,梳理这些操作化方法对理解无望抑郁症状发展及其治疗的意义,可发现合成分数与最大值反映了无望抑郁认知易感因子之间关系的不同侧面,后续研究可继续对这两种操作化方法进行比较,以个体内标准差计算出的解释弹性可能是无望抑郁理论之外新的易感因素,可为治疗抑郁提供新的视角。