Combination of Ecoprofile and Least-cost Model for Eco-network Planning

The protecting requirements and functional connectivity of species in isolated habitat patches are crucial factors of eco-network planning.This study aimed to improve the method of eco-network planning for species conservation.Ecoprofiling was used to group the species by similar behavior types,namely,choice of ecosystem,area requirement,and short distance dispersal abilities.A least-cost model was used to simulate the optimal corridor location to maintain functional connectivity.A combination of ecoprofile and least-cost model was hired to develop an eco-network that promoted species conservation.A case study was also conducted in Beijing,China.In addition to the required ecosystem,habitat area is an important parameter for habitat extraction.Habitat area can remove noise habitat patches because of lacking area.Short-distance dispersal can be used to identify corridor requirements and avoid unnecessary building requirements.Species with various dispersal abilities exhibit significant differences in terms of corridor length and location requirement.Habitat isolation is the main threat for weakly mobile species,and habitat loss is the major risk of mobile species protection.Different species groups also exhibit distinct landscape pattern demands for an eco-network,and the eco-network planning based on specific species can not protect other species.We proposed that a combination of ecoprofile and least-cost model improved the efficiency of species conservation by eco-network planning.

Guaranteed Cost Controller Design of Networked Control Systems with State Delay

这份报纸为联网的控制系统(NCS ) 的一个类涉及州反馈的保证费用控制器设计与州延期。NCS 的一个新模型在导致网络的延期的考虑下面被提供。为为 NCS 的一个保证费用控制器的存在的一个 suffcient 条件被一套线性矩阵不平等(LMI ) 介绍。一个方法，它能转变对非凸凸，被使用。因此，一个数字算法被建议获得更低的界限。通过一个例子的理论分析显示出方法的有效性。

A modification of local path marginal cost on the dynamic traffic network

Path marginal cost （PMC） is the change in totaltravel cost for flow on the network that arises when timedependentpath flow changes by 1 unit. Because it is hardto obtain the marginal cost on all the links, the local PMC,considering marginal cost of partial links, is normallycalculated to approximate the global PMC. When analyzingthe marginal cost at a congested diverge intersection, ajump-point phenomenon may occur. It manifests as alikelihood that a vehicle may unsteadily lift up （down） inthe cumulative flow curve of the downstream links. Previously,the jump-point caused delay was ignored whencalculating the local PMC. This article proposes an analyticalmethod to solve this delay which can contribute toobtaining a more accurate local PMC. Next to that, we usea simple case to calculate the previously local PMC and themodified one. The test shows a large gap between them,which means that this delay should not be omitted in thelocal PMC calculation.

Development and Field Evaluation of a Low-Cost Wireless Sensor Network System for Hydrological Monitoring of a Small Agricultural Watershed

Hydrological monitoring and real-time access to data are valuable for hydrological research and water resources management. In the recent decades, rapid developments in digital technology, micro-electromechanical systems, low power micro-sensing technologies and improved industrial manufacturing processes have resulted in retrieving real-time data through Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) systems. In this study, a remotely operated low-cost and robust WSN system was developed to monitor and collect real-time hydrologic data from a small agricultural watershed in harsh weather conditions and upland rolling topography of Southern Ontario, Canada. The WSN system was assembled using off-the-shelf hardware components, and an open source operating system was used to minimize the cost. The developed system was rigorously tested in the laboratory and the field and found to be accurate and reliable for monitoring climatic and hydrologic parameters. The soil moisture and runoff data for 7 springs, 19 summer, and 19 fall season rainfall events over the period of more than two years were successfully collected in a small experimental agricultural watershed situated near Elora, Ontario, Canada. The developed WSN system can be readily extended for the purpose of most hydrological monitoring applications, although it was explicitly tailored for a project focused on mapping the Variable Source Areas (VSAs) in a small agricultural watershed.

Effects of aggregating forests, establishing forest road networks, and mechanization on operational efficiency and costs in a mountainous region in Japan

We investigated forest road networks and forestry operations before and after mechanization on aggregated forestry operation sites. We developed equations to estimate densities of road networks with average slope angles, operational efficiency of bunching operations with road network density, and average forwarding distances with operation site areas. Subsequently, we analyzed the effects of aggregating forests, establishing forest road networks, and mechanization on operational efficiency and costs. Six ha proved to be an appropriate operation site area with minimum operation expenses. The operation site areas of the forest owners＇ cooperative in this region aggregated approximately 6 ha and the cooperative conducted forestry operations on aggregated sites. Therefore, 6 ha would be an appropriate operation site area in this region. Regarding road network density, higher-density road networks increased operational expenses due to the higher direct operational expenses of strip road establishment. Therefore, road network density should be reduced to approximately 200 m.

Balanced Min Cost Flow on Skew Symmetric Networks with Convex Costs

We consider the solution of matching problems with a convex cost function via a network flow algorithm. We review the general mapping between matching problems and flow problems on skew symmetric networks and revisit several results on optimality of network flows. We use these results to derive a balanced capacity scaling algorithm for matching problems with a linear cost function. The latter is later generalized to a balanced capacity scaling algorithm also for a convex cost function. We prove the correctness and discuss the complexity of our solution.

Comparison of School Building Construction Costs Estimation Methods Using Regression Analysis, Neural Network, and Support Vector Machine

Accurate cost estimation at the early stage of a construction project is key factor in a project’s success. But it is difficult to quickly and accurately estimate construction costs at the planning stage, when drawings, documentation and the like are still incomplete. As such, various techniques have been applied to accurately estimate construction costs at an early stage, when project information is limited. While the various techniques have their pros and cons, there has been little effort made to determine the best technique in terms of cost estimating performance. The objective of this research is to compare the accuracy of three estimating techniques (regression analysis (RA), neural network (NN), and support vector machine techniques (SVM)) by performing estimations of construction costs. By comparing the accuracy of these techniques using historical cost data, it was found that NN model showed more accurate estimation results than the RA and SVM models. Consequently, it is determined that NN model is most suitable for estimating the cost of school building projects.

Design and Implementation of a Novel HomePlug-Based Solution for Low Cost and High Performance Smart Home Networking

As the smart home is the end-point power consumer, it is the major part to be controlled in a smart micro grid. There are so many challenges for implementing a smart home system in which the most important ones are the cost and simplicity of the implementation method. It is clear that the major share of the total cost is referred to the internal controlling system network; although there are too many methods proposed but still there is not any satisfying method at the consumers＇ point of view. In this paper, a novel solution for this demand is proposed, which not only minimizes the implementation cost, but also provides a high level of reliability and simplicity of operation; feasibility, extendibility, and flexibility are other leading properties of the design.

Cost management based security framework in mobile ad hoc networks

Security issues are always difficult to deal with in mobile ad hoc networks. People seldom studied the costs of those security schemes respectively and for some security methods designed and adopted beforehand, their effects are often investigated one by one. In fact, when facing certain attacks, different methods would respond individually and result in waste of resources. Making use of the cost management idea, we analyze the costs of security measures in mobile ad hoc networks and introduce a security framework based on security mechanisms cost management. Under the framework, the network system’s own tasks can be finished in time and the whole network’s security costs can be decreased. We discuss the process of security costs computation at each mobile node and in certain nodes groups. To show how to use the proposed security framework in certain applications, we give examples of DoS attacks and costs computation of defense methods. The results showed that more secure environment can be achieved based on the security framework in mobile ad hoc networks.

Resource Allocation Using SPA Based on Different Cost Functions in Elastic Optical Networks

Routing, modulation and spectrum allocation in elastic optical networks is a problem aiming at increasing the capacity of the network. Many algorithms such as shortest path algorithm can be used as the routing section of this problem. The efficiency of these algorithms is partly based on how the cost of each link is defined. In this study, we considered several basic metrics in cost of network links and compared their effects on the network capacity. In particular, the static costs and the dynamic costs were evaluated and compared. For dynamic scenarios, compared to static scenarios, at least one additional factor, the usage of the links, was added. We further considered a new factor that is based on probability of accommodating the signal at a given time in any given link. The results show that, among them, the shortest path algorithm provides the least blocking probability when the cost is a combination of link length and the abovementioned possibility/usage of the link.

Product Assembly Cost Estimation Based on Artificial Neural Networks

This paper proposes a method for assembly cost estimation in actual manufacture during the design phase using artificial neural networks(ANN). It can support the designers in cost effectiveness, then help to control the total cost. The method was used in the assembly cost estimation of the crucial parts of some railway stock products. As a comparison, we use the linear regression (LR) model in the same field. The result shows that ANN model performs better than the LR model in assembly cost estimation.

先进制造技术对播种机零部件生产的经济模型分析

首先,介绍了先进制造技术理论知识,分析了播种机整体结构及生产工艺;然后,阐述了BP神经网络分析播种机零部件生产的经济模型的依据,并搭建和实现了BP神经网络成本估算模型;最后,进行了生产验证。验证结果表明:基于BP神经网络对播种机零部件估算比较准确,采用先进制造技术生产的自动排种部件成本较普通制造设计下降12%,证实了系统的正确性和可靠性。

基于动态电价机制的配网运营商与用户储能商双层协调多目标优化策略

为在电力市场和调度运用中发挥用户侧分布式储能的价值,充分利用电价的优化调节能力,提出考虑负荷需求响应的多目标双层动态电价模型。其中,上层以区域配网代理运营商运营成本和平均负荷波动率最小为目标,下层考虑储能商负荷需求响应,以各储能商运营成本最小为目标。此外,采用改进优劣解距离法对模型求得的Pareto最优解集进行多属性决策,以避免传统优劣解距离法中人为赋权的主观性。最后,决策出最优的内部电价、充放电计划和负荷安排。算例表明,该策略可以降低储能商的运行成本,提高区域配网运营商的收益与区域供电可靠性,同时有利于平滑负荷曲线。

多站融合的微能源系统站 网协同布局

为了促进资源的共享,提高能源利用率,建立了双层站网优化布局模型,对多站融合的微能源系统的融合站数量、位置、设备容量配置,以及管线分布进行了协同规划。上层模型采用最小生成树和谱聚类求解,解决了融合站数量、位置和管线分布问题;下层模型采用提出的改进的粒子群优化算法,解决了设备容量配置问题。通过对规划区域进行算例仿真,得出了系统站网协同布局的优化结果,验证了所提模型和算法的可行性与合理性。

基于ECSDNN的航空安全事件风险等级预测

航空安全事件风险等级预测是主动风险管理的重要手段。考虑海量航空安全事件数据呈现的高维复杂、类不平衡等特性,提出一种基于集成代价敏感深度神经网络(ECSDNN)的航空安全事件风险等级预测方法。采用分类型属性嵌入特征编码和数值型属性拼接的方法实现航空安全事件数据的特征表示;综合考虑错分比例和固定代价设计代价敏感矩阵和代价敏感损失函数,构建基于代价敏感深度神经网络(CSDNN)的基分类器模型;采用硬投票方法,集成多个参数不同、性能各异的基分类器,构建航空安全事件风险等级预测模型。在航空安全事件报告系统(ASRS)数据集上的实验结果表明:相比基准算法,所提ECSDNN模型的预测准确率提升了4.51%;相比单个CSDNN基分类器,所提ECSDNN模型的预测准确率提升了3.17%。验证了基于ECSDNN的航空安全事件风险等级预测方法的有效性。

超网络体系作战下的打击目标优选模型

针对当前进行海上作战体系目标优选分析与决策时对打击代价考虑不足的问题,提出综合考虑目标节点重要度和打击费效度的网络节点分析模型。利用超网络构建海上作战体系网络模型,通过度和介数等指标评估网络中节点的重要度;利用打击费效比为指标评估网络中节点的打击代价,进而将目标分析与选择问题转化为多目标优化问题,建立寻优模型,并通过人工鱼群算法进行寻优求解。最后对模型进行案例仿真应用,通过专家Delphi法评估检验,结果表明所建立的模型方法可行,对水面舰队体系的目标分析与选择具有借鉴作用。

商会关系、声誉机制与代理成本

以中国证券市场2004—2021年A股上市公司为研究对象,研究企业家(董事长或总经理)商会关系资本与企业代理成本之间的关系,并进一步考察企业家个人声誉机制对上述关系的潜在影响。研究结果表明:企业家商会关系能够降低企业代理成本,且企业家商会任职层级越高、任职种类越多,抑制作用越显著;当企业家拥有人大代表或政协委员的政治身份以及兼任其他上市公司董事的社会身份等个人声誉时,商会关系对企业代理成本的抑制作用较弱;渠道检验发现,激励机制和监督机制是企业家商会关系作用于企业代理成本的重要渠道;进一步分析发现,企业家行业协会关系、国家及省级商会关系对代理成本的抑制作用更加明显,在非国有企业中企业家商会关系对代理成本的抑制作用更加明显。研究结论丰富和拓展了关系社会资本的微观经济后果及作用机制,为深入理解商会关系文化对微观企业决策行为的作用机制提供了初步的理论分析框架和经验证据。

设计流速对管道灌溉系统年费用的影响

管道输水灌溉作为智慧农业的重要组成部分,高昂的建设和运行费用限制了其推广。在水头损失、灌溉时长和管径选择的约束下,建立了灌溉年费用优化模型,在2.0~5.0 m/s的流速区间内,以步长0.1 m/s进行年费用优化,探究设计流速对灌溉年费用的影响。另外,针对传统遗传算法收敛不稳定的情况,对算法进行了结构调整,舍弃交叉算子的同时设计了双重选择算子和并行变异算子,提高了算法的鲁棒性。结果表明,在2.0~2.7 m/s的设计流速区间内,灌溉年费用随着设计流速的增加而逐渐降低,灌溉费用节约率可达7.2%;而当流速大于2.7 m/s时,进一步提高流速约束对灌溉年费用并没有实质性影响。上述结论为设计流速的选择提供了理论参考,对降低灌溉费用具有积极效果。