Three major types of Ordovician intrusive-related gold-copper deposits are recognized in central-west New South Wales, Australia: porphyry, skarn and high sulphidation epithermal deposits. These deposits are mainly di...Three major types of Ordovician intrusive-related gold-copper deposits are recognized in central-west New South Wales, Australia: porphyry, skarn and high sulphidation epithermal deposits. These deposits are mainly distributed within two Ordovician volcano-intrusive belts of the Lachlan Fold Belt: the Orange-Wellington Belt and the Parkes-Narromine Belt. Available isotopic age data suggest that mineralization of the three types of deposits is essentially coeval with the Ordovician intrusive rocks (480-430 Ma).Porphyry gold-copper deposits can be further divided into two groups. The first group is associated with monzonite showing shoshonitic features, represented by Cadia and Goonumbla. The second group is associated with diorite and dacite, including the Copper Hill and Cargo gold-copper deposits. Gold skarn is associated with Late Ordovician (430-439 Ma) monzonitic intrusive complexes in the Junction Reefs area (Sheahan-Grants, Frenchmans, and Cor-nishmens), Endeavour 6, 7 and 44, Big and Little Cadia. The epithermal gold deposits with high sulphidation including Gidginbung (Temora) and Peak Hill mainly occur within Ordovician andesite and volcaniclastic rocks, and are associated with advanced argillic alteration. Available isotopic age data indicate that both alteration and mineralization of the porphyry, skarn and epithermal gold-copper deposits are broadly coeval with the Late Ordovician shoshonitic magmatism, which is thought to result from the melting of sub-continental lithosphere caused by Palaeozoic subduction events.The Ordovician intrusive-related gold-copper deposits are restricted to two longitudinal parallel volcano-intrusive belts, rarely extending outside them. Diagonal intra-belt trends of mineralization are common, particularly at the intersections of longitudinal and transverse (oblique) fault/fracture zones based on the authors' review of available geological data. The locations of these gold-copper deposits are obviously influenced by transverse (oblique) fault/fracture zones that are oriented northwest, eastwest and northeast. The conjunctions of these fault/fractures zones are thought to be zones of structural weakness, and appear to be the favourable locus for the Ordovician intrusive-related gold-copper deposits. Differences in structural patterns, intrusive, wall rock types, and depths of ore formation may contribute to the differences among the deposits.展开更多
The Integrated Marine Observing System [IMOS] is an Australian national program for observing the oceans around Australia. As one of its important nodes, the New South Wales Integrated Marine Observing System （NSW-IM...The Integrated Marine Observing System [IMOS] is an Australian national program for observing the oceans around Australia. As one of its important nodes, the New South Wales Integrated Marine Observing System （NSW-IMOS] aims to provide more accurate descriptions of the East Australian Current [EAC]. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential economic benefits from NSW-IMOS. Six related sectors which can potentially be among its main beneficiaries are considered： beach recreation, commercial fishing, recreational fishing, recreational boating, natural hazard predictions, and oil spill mitigation. The 1% constant percentage increase evaluation method is used to estimate the potential economic benefits to these six beneficiaries. By using this method, our study shows that the total potential economic benefit for these sectors is estimated to be $ 6.07 million per year. We consider that this is indicative but not conclusive in demonstrating some of the potential economic benefits that can be provided from information gathered by NSW-IMOS facilities. We conclude with further evaluative approaches that could be used to provide more accurate estimates of potential economic benefits.展开更多
1 Geology THE Currawang deposit is situated in the Canberra-Goulburn district, near the Woodlawn deposit, and isone of a large number of the massive sulfide deposits of base metal located in the late Silurian volcanic...1 Geology THE Currawang deposit is situated in the Canberra-Goulburn district, near the Woodlawn deposit, and isone of a large number of the massive sulfide deposits of base metal located in the late Silurian volcanics,New South Wales. The Currawang deposit is a vein type deposit in basic volcanics, different from otherdeposits in the Canberra-Goulburn district which are the felsic-volcanics-hosted deposits and belong toVMS. The Currawang deposit as two lenses (the south lens and the north lens) that occurred in the basicvolcanics consisted of pillow basalt, massive basalt, with agglomerate, tuff and dolerite. The constituentsof the basalt are amphibole, chlorite, feldspar, pyroxene, epidote, leucoxene, ilmenite, magnetite,展开更多
Eutrophication and climate change, key environmental concerns, are both linked to the carbon and nitrogen cycles hence the improved understanding of these cycles is essential. Currently, there is no system that simult...Eutrophication and climate change, key environmental concerns, are both linked to the carbon and nitrogen cycles hence the improved understanding of these cycles is essential. Currently, there is no system that simultaneously measures the fluxes of the three key gas phase products of nitrogen and carbon cycling （CO2, CH4 and N2O） in submerged ecosystems with hourly time resolution. A ＂Lake-in-a-box＂ （mesocosm） was developed in the laboratory which allowed the monitoring of key components of the carbon and nitrogen cycles within the air, water and sediments. The approach is automated, simple and time efficient and novel in its ability to examine many different carbon and nitrogen compounds in all three physical component of the ＂lake＂. Dramatic fluctuations in gaseous flux and the concentrations of overlying water and sedimentary carbon and nitrogen compounds were noted over a three week period. These were split into five distinct phases which were linked to changes in sedimentary N and C cycling. The results highlighted the important of links between the two cycles and supported recent studies showing that estuarine sediments can act as both a source and a sink of nitrogen.展开更多
Introduction: The impact of the COVID-19 has resulted in a decrease in presentations in emergency departments (ED). This has been influenced by societal restrictions, lockdowns and access to services. This study aims ...Introduction: The impact of the COVID-19 has resulted in a decrease in presentations in emergency departments (ED). This has been influenced by societal restrictions, lockdowns and access to services. This study aims to observe the patterns in ED presentations for Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital over the course of the initial COVID-19 pandemic wave. Methods: A retrospective review of all presentations to Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital ED was conducted comparing monthly patient encounters from February-August for 2017-2020. Results: The total number of ED presentations was 42,225. There was a statistically significant reduction during 2020 of 9.8% between the study periods (1546 vs 1395, p = 0.014). The period of greatest reduction was seen in March-May, the strictest lockdown period for New South Wales. The admitting disciplines that showed a reduction in this time were colorectal (76.62%, p = 0.046), emergency (25.53%, p = 0.025), endocrine (31.82%, p = 0.026), orthopaedics (33.63%, p = 0.004), and vascular (35.71%, p = 0.017). The disciplines that showed an increase in presentations over the entire studied time were gynaecology (26.54%, p = 0.008), and psychiatry (17.46%, p = 0.011). Conclusion: There were significant reductions in total number of ED presentations. Notably, there were significant reductions across multiple admitting disciplines, as well as in a decrease in presentations for those in younger age groups.展开更多
文摘Three major types of Ordovician intrusive-related gold-copper deposits are recognized in central-west New South Wales, Australia: porphyry, skarn and high sulphidation epithermal deposits. These deposits are mainly distributed within two Ordovician volcano-intrusive belts of the Lachlan Fold Belt: the Orange-Wellington Belt and the Parkes-Narromine Belt. Available isotopic age data suggest that mineralization of the three types of deposits is essentially coeval with the Ordovician intrusive rocks (480-430 Ma).Porphyry gold-copper deposits can be further divided into two groups. The first group is associated with monzonite showing shoshonitic features, represented by Cadia and Goonumbla. The second group is associated with diorite and dacite, including the Copper Hill and Cargo gold-copper deposits. Gold skarn is associated with Late Ordovician (430-439 Ma) monzonitic intrusive complexes in the Junction Reefs area (Sheahan-Grants, Frenchmans, and Cor-nishmens), Endeavour 6, 7 and 44, Big and Little Cadia. The epithermal gold deposits with high sulphidation including Gidginbung (Temora) and Peak Hill mainly occur within Ordovician andesite and volcaniclastic rocks, and are associated with advanced argillic alteration. Available isotopic age data indicate that both alteration and mineralization of the porphyry, skarn and epithermal gold-copper deposits are broadly coeval with the Late Ordovician shoshonitic magmatism, which is thought to result from the melting of sub-continental lithosphere caused by Palaeozoic subduction events.The Ordovician intrusive-related gold-copper deposits are restricted to two longitudinal parallel volcano-intrusive belts, rarely extending outside them. Diagonal intra-belt trends of mineralization are common, particularly at the intersections of longitudinal and transverse (oblique) fault/fracture zones based on the authors' review of available geological data. The locations of these gold-copper deposits are obviously influenced by transverse (oblique) fault/fracture zones that are oriented northwest, eastwest and northeast. The conjunctions of these fault/fractures zones are thought to be zones of structural weakness, and appear to be the favourable locus for the Ordovician intrusive-related gold-copper deposits. Differences in structural patterns, intrusive, wall rock types, and depths of ore formation may contribute to the differences among the deposits.
文摘The Integrated Marine Observing System [IMOS] is an Australian national program for observing the oceans around Australia. As one of its important nodes, the New South Wales Integrated Marine Observing System （NSW-IMOS] aims to provide more accurate descriptions of the East Australian Current [EAC]. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential economic benefits from NSW-IMOS. Six related sectors which can potentially be among its main beneficiaries are considered： beach recreation, commercial fishing, recreational fishing, recreational boating, natural hazard predictions, and oil spill mitigation. The 1% constant percentage increase evaluation method is used to estimate the potential economic benefits to these six beneficiaries. By using this method, our study shows that the total potential economic benefit for these sectors is estimated to be $ 6.07 million per year. We consider that this is indicative but not conclusive in demonstrating some of the potential economic benefits that can be provided from information gathered by NSW-IMOS facilities. We conclude with further evaluative approaches that could be used to provide more accurate estimates of potential economic benefits.
文摘1 Geology THE Currawang deposit is situated in the Canberra-Goulburn district, near the Woodlawn deposit, and isone of a large number of the massive sulfide deposits of base metal located in the late Silurian volcanics,New South Wales. The Currawang deposit is a vein type deposit in basic volcanics, different from otherdeposits in the Canberra-Goulburn district which are the felsic-volcanics-hosted deposits and belong toVMS. The Currawang deposit as two lenses (the south lens and the north lens) that occurred in the basicvolcanics consisted of pillow basalt, massive basalt, with agglomerate, tuff and dolerite. The constituentsof the basalt are amphibole, chlorite, feldspar, pyroxene, epidote, leucoxene, ilmenite, magnetite,
文摘Eutrophication and climate change, key environmental concerns, are both linked to the carbon and nitrogen cycles hence the improved understanding of these cycles is essential. Currently, there is no system that simultaneously measures the fluxes of the three key gas phase products of nitrogen and carbon cycling （CO2, CH4 and N2O） in submerged ecosystems with hourly time resolution. A ＂Lake-in-a-box＂ （mesocosm） was developed in the laboratory which allowed the monitoring of key components of the carbon and nitrogen cycles within the air, water and sediments. The approach is automated, simple and time efficient and novel in its ability to examine many different carbon and nitrogen compounds in all three physical component of the ＂lake＂. Dramatic fluctuations in gaseous flux and the concentrations of overlying water and sedimentary carbon and nitrogen compounds were noted over a three week period. These were split into five distinct phases which were linked to changes in sedimentary N and C cycling. The results highlighted the important of links between the two cycles and supported recent studies showing that estuarine sediments can act as both a source and a sink of nitrogen.
文摘Introduction: The impact of the COVID-19 has resulted in a decrease in presentations in emergency departments (ED). This has been influenced by societal restrictions, lockdowns and access to services. This study aims to observe the patterns in ED presentations for Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital over the course of the initial COVID-19 pandemic wave. Methods: A retrospective review of all presentations to Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital ED was conducted comparing monthly patient encounters from February-August for 2017-2020. Results: The total number of ED presentations was 42,225. There was a statistically significant reduction during 2020 of 9.8% between the study periods (1546 vs 1395, p = 0.014). The period of greatest reduction was seen in March-May, the strictest lockdown period for New South Wales. The admitting disciplines that showed a reduction in this time were colorectal (76.62%, p = 0.046), emergency (25.53%, p = 0.025), endocrine (31.82%, p = 0.026), orthopaedics (33.63%, p = 0.004), and vascular (35.71%, p = 0.017). The disciplines that showed an increase in presentations over the entire studied time were gynaecology (26.54%, p = 0.008), and psychiatry (17.46%, p = 0.011). Conclusion: There were significant reductions in total number of ED presentations. Notably, there were significant reductions across multiple admitting disciplines, as well as in a decrease in presentations for those in younger age groups.
