Redshift Anomaly on the Solar Disk as Multiple Interactions between Photons and Electrons

This paper analyses the center-to-limb problem of the Sun encountered in the solar lines by using for the first time the New Tired Light theory based on photons of light losing energy due to interaction with electrons. For this scope, a detailed geometrical orbital model on the scale was created in order to trace back all physical characteristics of the Earth orbiting the Sun for three days in the year 1946, when the redshift measurements were taken. This paper suggests that, since the space between the Sun and the Earth consists of a high exponential distribution of electrons, it works out as a medium for the photons of light. Indeed, in the line of sight of a terrestrial observer, the distance between the Sun and the Earth is greater at the limb than in the center, valid for each orbital position. Accordingly, the interactions between photons and electrons cause a slight difference in redshift along the entire solar disk, matching the observational data. An important factor is the definition of objective criteria for the radial velocity component of the solar granules, whose variable values refer, in turn, to existing observational data, crucial for the success of the study. The redshift anomaly on the solar disk has been repeatedly detected in many scientific researches but only a few attempts so far, mostly based on parametrized models, have been done to give a reliable explanation to the measurements.

Redshift Anomaly of the 2292 MHz Radio Signal Emitted by the Pioneer-6 Space Probe as Multiple Interactions with Photo-Ionized Electrons in the Solar Corona

This paper calculates the redshift of the 2292 MHz radio photon emitted by the Pioneer-6 space probe. The signal crossed the solar corona on the days close to the solar occultation between November and December 1968, the only ones for which scientific data are available, until it reached a terrestrial radio receiver. The specific study is based on a calculated orbital model of the Earth and Pioneer-6 system made on a scale of 1:100,000 by a CAD, on the New Tired Light theory adapted to the geometric and physical configuration of the topic and on a computational method. Removing the Doppler shift contributions of proper and rotational motions, due to the set-up of the receiver, and excluding the recombination factor of neutral hydrogen, which is irrelevant for distances within 1 AU, the calculation of the redshift can be traced back to the interactions between the radio signal and the electrons of the solar corona alone. The latter are contained in a Stroemgren sphere and photo-ionized by solar radiation in the UV and X-ray range. Furthermore, in order to have an interactional redshift contribution, the electrons have to satisfy the Wigner-Crystal Precondition for which their unitary potential energy is greater than their kinetic energy. Otherwise, a Thomson scattering process takes place in which the energy of the radio photon remains unchanged. The comparison between the gravitational redshift together with the interactional redshift detected from this study methodology and the total redshift obtained from other scientific studies shows a similarity between the curves, including the observational data, both in terms of values, trend of the graphs and single punctual variations.