Modeling and Control of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using Sea-Lion Optimization

This paper develops a parallel hybrid electric vehicle(PHEV)propor-tional integral controller with driving cycle.To improve fuel efficiency and reduce hazardous emissions in hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs)combine an electric motor(EM),a battery and an internal combustion engine(ICE).The electric motor assists the engine when accelerating,driving longer highways or climbing hills.This enables the use of a smaller,more efficient engine.It also makes use of the concept of regenerative braking to maximize energy efficiency.In a Hybrid Electric Vehicle(HEV),energy dissipated while braking is utilized to charge the battery.The proportional integral controller was used in this paper to analyze engine,motor performance and the New European Driving Cycle(NEDC)was used in the vehicle driving test using Matlab/Simulink.The proportional integral controllers were designed to track the desired vehicle speed and manage the vehi-cle’s energyflow.The Sea Lion Optimization(SLnO)methods were created to reduce fuel consumption in a parallel hybrid electric vehicle and the results were obtained for the New European Driving Cycle.

Performance Development Target Setting of Passenger Car Diesel Engine

Setting engine emission targets to meet diesel car requirements is particularly important in engine performance development phase. Many researches are focused on associating vehicle performance with engine targets, but most work is done by testing, which is time and cost consuming, furthermore, the relationship of vehicle and engine will change when either engine or vehicle changes. A GT-Drive model to simulate New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) for passenger car is developed and calibrated by testing data, model precision is controlled within 5%. Time distribution of engine operating conditions when car running NEDC cycle has been analyzed, 10 critical major engine operating points are summarized according to running time proportion. Emission of NOx and smoke control regions containing these 10 points for target engine are set. Vehicle emissions are simulated and evaluated during engine development after engine performance test data are got, and engine combustion system layout and calibration are adjusted until vehicle targets are met. Vehicle is tested in chassis dynamometer finally, the testing results show a good agreement with the simulated results with an error of less than 5%, which proves that the emission value exchange of vehicle and engine is reliable. Performance target decomposition method for passenger car diesel presented can greatly shorten the development cycle and save costs.

Experimental Study on the Combustion and Energy Flows of Vehicle Engine Under NEDC of Cold Start

To enhance the fuel economy of a vehicle powered by a gasoline engine under road conditions,an energy flow test of a vehicle was performed experimentally under the New European Driving Cycle of cold start.The energy distributions and related influencing factors were analyzed using the test data.Results show that the effective power and thermal efficiency are mainly affected by the engine load except in the early stage of the New European Driving Cycle.Because of the retarded CA50 and longer CA10-90,the effective thermal efficiency is lower in the early phase of driving conditions.Initially,the heat transfer loss mainly comprises the loss of the heating,ventilation,and air conditioning system.The radiator then plays the major role,with its percentage affected by the engine load and decreasing under the extra-urban driving cycle.The exhaust gas loss is decided by the temperature and flow rate of the exhaust gas,while its percentage is mainly affected by the temperature of the exhaust gas.In the early phase of driving conditions,the retarded spark advance angle leads to a higher temperature of the exhaust gas and a greater exhaust gas loss.The pumping loss and its percentage are mainly determined by the engine speed under the urban driving cycle,and both decrease under the extra-urban driving cycle except at maximum vehicle speed.