Solar energy conversion on g-C3N4 photocatalyst:Light harvesting,charge separation,and surface kinetics

Photocatalysis. which utilizes solar energy to trigger chemical reactions, is one of the most desirable solar-energy-conversion approaches. Graphitic carbon nitride （g-C3N4）. as an attractive metal-free photocatalyst, has drawn worldwide research interest in the area of solar energy conversion due to its easy synthesis, earth-abundant nature, physicochemical stability and visible-light-responsive properties. Over the past ten years, g-C3N4 based photocatalysts have experienced intensive exploration, and great progress has been achieved. However, the solar conversion efficiency is still far from industrial applications due to the wide bandgap, severe charge recombination, and lack of surface active sites. Many strategies have been proposed to enhance the light absorption, reduce the recombination of charge carriers and accelerate the surface kinetics. This work makes a crucial review about the main contributions of various strategies to the light harvesting, charge separation and surface kinetics of g-C3N4 photocatalyst. Furthermore, the evaluation measurements for the enhanced light harvesting, reduced charge recombination and accelerated surface kinetics will be discussed. In addition, this review proposes future trends to enhance the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 photocatalyst for the solar energy conversion.

Conversion of Kinetic Energy from Synoptic Scale Disturbance to Low-Frequency Fluctuation over the Yangtze River Valley in the Summers of 1997 and 1999

In order to investigate the conversion of kinetic energy from a synoptic scale disturbance （SSD; period≤seven days） to a low-frequency fluctuation （LFF; period〉seven days）, the budget equation of the LFF kinetic energy is derived. The energy conversion is then calculated and analyzed for the summers of 1997 and 1999. The results show that the energy conversion from the SSD to the LFF is obviously enhanced in the middle and lower troposphere during the heavy rainfall, suggesting this to be one of mechanisms inducing the heavy rainfall, although the local LFF kinetic energy may not be enhanced.

Impact of Two-Way FDI on the Industrial Structure in Shandong Province Under the Background of “New and Old Kinetic Energy Conversion”

This paper uses the panel data of 17 cities in Shandong Province from 2003 to 2018 to construct a panel model to empirically study the impact of foreign direct investment(FDI)on the industrial structure.The results show that two-way investment,financial industry development,and policy variables have significant roles in promoting the advancement of the industrial structure in the province.In the future implementation of the“Going Global”strategy in Shandong Province,the cooperation between two-way investment and the financial industry should be strengthened,the level of regional financial development should be improved,and the impact of two-way investment on the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure should be reinforced.

Kinetic simulation of hydrocarbon generation and its application to in-situ conversion of shale oil

The kinetic parameters of hydrocarbon generation are determined through experimental simulation and mathematical calculation using four typical samples selected from the Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation in the northwest of Songliao Basin,Chang 7 Member of Triassic Yanchang Formation in the southwest of Ordos Basin,Paleogene in the southwest of Qaidam Basin,and Lucaogou Formation of Jimusar Sag in the east of Junggar Basin.The results show that activation energy of hydrocarbon generation of organic matter is closely related to maturity and mainly ranges between 197 kJ/mol and 227 kJ/mol.On this basis,the temperature required for organic matter in shale to convert into oil was calculated.The ideal heating temperature is between 270℃and 300℃,and the conversation rate can reach 90%after 50-300 days of heating at constant temperature.When the temperature rises at a constant rate,the temperature corresponding to the major hydrocarbon generation period ranges from 225 to 350℃at the temperature rise rate of 1-150℃/month.In order to obtain higher economic benefits,it is suggested to adopt higher temperature rise rate(60-150℃/month).The more reliable kinetic parameters obtained can provide a basis for designing more reasonable scheme of in-situ heating conversion.

Interannual variations in energy conversion and interaction between the mesoscale eddy field and mean flow in the Kuroshio south of Japan

Using 19-year satellite altimetric data, variations in the eddy kinetic energy, energy exchanges and interaction between the eddy fi eld and mean fl ow are discussed for the Kuroshio south of Japan. In the seasonal cycle, the eddy kinetic energy level is a minimum in December/January and a maximum in April/May. In addition to seasonal variations, the eddy kinetic energy undergoes interannual changes. The energy transfers mainly from the mean fl ow to the eddy fi eld in the Kuroshio south of Japan, and dominant energy exchanges mainly occur along the Kuroshio path south of Japan in each year from 1993 to 2011. In addition, there is often barotropic instability south of Honshu. Regarding interactions between the eddy fi eld and mean fl ow, cyclonic and anticyclonic accelerations are also found along the Kuroshio path and they fl ank each other. There is cyclonic acceleration always imposed on southeast of Kyushu, and anticyclonic acceleration dominates south of Honshu from 2001 to mid-2005. Reynolds stress is used to explain the dynamic process of energy exchange. Furthermore, lag-correlation and linear regression analysis show that variability of the energy conversion rate and Reynolds stress involve responses to eddy acceleration at two time scales. The enhanced eddy acceleration induces large Reynolds stress, and enhanced Reynolds stress or barotropic instability further enforces energy transfer from the mean fl ow to the eddy fi eld.

Mass-to-Energy Conversion, the Astrophysical Mechanism

A new interpretation of the relativistic equation relating total-, momentum-, and mass-energies is presented. With the aid of the familiar energy-relationship triangle, old and new interpretations are compared. And the key difference is emphasized—apparent relativity versus intrinsic relativity. Mass-to-energy conversion is then brought about by adopting a three-part strategy: 1) Make the motion relative to the universal space medium. This allows the introduction of the concept of intrinsic energy (total, kinetic, and mass energies) as counterpart to the apparent version. 2) Recognize that a particle’s mass property diminishes with increase in speed. This means introducing the concept of intrinsic mass (which varies with intrinsic speed). 3) Impose a change in the particle’s gravitational environment. Instead of applying an electromagnetic accelerating force or energy in order to alter the particle’s total energy, there will simply be an environmental change. Thus, it is shown how to use relativity equations and relativistic motion—in a way that exploits the distinction between apparent and innate levels of reality—to explain the mass-to-energy-conversion mechanism. Moreover, the mechanism explains the 100-percent conversion of mass to energy;which, in turn, leads to an explanation of the mechanism driving astrophysical jets.

Kinetic and Available Potential Energy Transport during the Stratospheric Sudden Warming in January 2009

The local features of transient kinetic energy and available potential energy were investigated using ECMWF （European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts） Interim Reanalysis data for the stratospheric sudden warming （SSW） event of January 2009. The Western Europe high plays important roles in the propagation of the energy from North America to Eurasian. When the Western Europe high appeared and shifted eastward, energy conversions increased and energy propagated from North America to Eurasian as a form of interaction energy flow. The baroclinic conversion between transient-eddy kinetic energy （Ke） and transient-eddy available potential energy （Ae） and the horizontal advection of geopotential height were approximately one order of magnitude less than Ke and Ae generation terms. So, these terms were less important to this SSW event.

STUDY ON KINETIC ENERGY BUDGET OF A TYPHOON——THE CONVERSION BETWEEN KINETIC ENERGIES OF DIVERGENT WINDS AND NON-DIVERGENT WINDS

This paper is the Part Ⅱ of studying the budget of kinetic energy of the typhoon No. 7507, with the emphasis on the conversion between the kinetic energy of the divergent winds and that of the non-divergent winds, and its relationship to the heating field. The main findings have been brought out as follows.

工业机器人应用对我国经济增长动能转换的影响研究

依据2006—2019年中国285个地级及以上城市面板数据,运用双向固定效应模型,考量工业机器人应用对经济增长动能转换的影响及其内在机制。结果显示:工业机器人应用对经济增长动能转换促进作用显著,且在非资源型城市、东部地区、普通城市、处于工业化后期及后工业化阶段的城市中促进作用更显著;产业结构调整是工业机器人应用促进经济增长动能转换的重要影响机制。鉴于此,应强化空间引导和分区施策,拓展机器人应用广度和深度,以充分利用技术红利培育壮大发展经济新动能。

培育新质生产力,推动新时代东北全面振兴

培育与发展新质生产力是新时代东北全面振兴的战略选择,对于重塑东北地区经济格局、构筑核心竞争优势意义重大。本文回溯了新质生产力的理论渊源,概括了新质生产力的现实表征,在此基础上阐释了以新质生产力建设促进新时代东北全面振兴的理论逻辑和所面临的现实挑战,并针对东北特色实践提出了数字经济时代东北地区培育新质生产力、实现东北全面振兴新突破的路径。本文既从理论层面分析了东北地区培育新质生产力的逻辑脉络,也从实践层面提出了东北地区培育新质生产力、推动东北全面振兴的政策建议。

海洋环境规制对海洋经济新旧动能转换影响研究——以中国沿海11省区市为例

环境规制是影响经济新旧动能转化的重要因素。基于中国沿海11个省区市2010-2020年数据,以《全国海洋主体功能区规划》作准自然实验,并用熵值法测度海洋经济新旧动能转换水平,运用双重差分法实证海洋环境规制对海洋经济新旧动能转换的影响。结果表明:(1)海洋环境规制对海洋经济新旧动能转换存在显著促进作用;(2)海洋环境规制对海洋经济新旧动能转换的影响存在持续性与滞后性;(3)海洋环境规制对海洋经济新旧动能转换影响存在空间异质性,北部与南部海洋经济圈环境规制与海洋经济新旧动能转换间不存在显著影响,但东部海洋经济圈环境规制显著促进了海洋经济新旧动能转换;(4)海洋科技创新在海洋环境规制促进海洋经济新旧动能转换过程中起到中介作用。

基于数据挖掘的新旧动能转换成效监测体系研究

采用目前方法构建新旧动能转换成效监测体系时,没有对监测数据进行去噪处理,导致方法的监测精度和敏感度较低。为此,提出基于数据挖掘的新旧动能转换成效监测体系研究方法。首先确定构建新旧动能转换成效监测体系的具体步骤,其次在双树复小波原理的基础上对监测数据进行去噪处理,利用数据挖掘方法构建新旧动能转换成效监测指标体系,并对监测指标进行标准化处理,最后结合熵权法和非线性加权模型完成新旧动能转换成效的监测。实验结果表明所提方法的监测精度和敏感度较高。

新旧动能转换进程中企业创新发展的收入分配效应

实现新旧动能转换,推动企业创新发展是推动高质量发展的必然要求,其是否也是实现平衡增长、助力共同富裕的重要途径?本文构建了新旧动能转换进程中的企业创新发展指数,采用2015—2022年中国A股上市公司数据,实证检验了企业创新发展的收入分配效应。研究发现,企业创新发展显著提升了企业劳动收入份额,但对劳动收入差距的影响呈现先扩大后缩小的倒U型趋势。进一步分析表明,企业创新发展对行业内企业间劳动收入差距的影响也呈现先扩大后缩小的倒U型趋势。异质性分析表明,企业创新发展显著提升了民营企业、小规模企业和技术密集型企业的劳动收入份额。机制分析表明,企业创新发展通过改变创新发展行为、提高人力资本水平、提升企业生产效率和增强市场竞争程度四个机制提高了劳动收入份额,并对劳动收入差距产生倒U型影响。本文的研究结论对于实现全体人民共同富裕具有重要意义。

松软煤层用泡沫发生器结构优化及发泡效果模拟

【目的】空气螺杆钻进技术用于松软煤层瓦斯抽采孔钻进,存在粉尘污染严重、钻头寿命低、钻孔净化困难等问题。采用空气螺杆泡沫钻进技术是解决问题的有效途径,拥有良好发泡性能的泡沫发生器是实现泡沫钻进技术的关键之一,但目前大多泡沫发生器无法满足要求。【方法】针对此问题,基于螺旋式泡沫发生器,增设空气动能转化装置,设计了一款小尺寸泡沫发生器。采用数值仿真分析方法,对空气动能转化装置结构设计的合理性和涡轮搅拌段搅拌叶片的安装角度进行了评价和优化。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)空气动能转化装置能有效驱动泡沫发生器的主轴转动,在0.8 MPa空气压力条件下,叶片平均转速可达621.61 r/min。(2)完成动能转化后,气体可以继续进入泡沫发生器内部,与泡沫基液进行气液混合,达到设计目的。(3)通过混合相的迹线分布、流体域湍流分布、气相分布以及气泡粒径分布等情况对比分析,安装角度为30°的搅拌叶片,其搅拌效率和气液混合效果好。研究成果为空气螺杆泡沫钻进工艺在松软煤层瓦斯抽采孔的成功应用奠定了基础。

烟台葡萄酒产业创新升级路径研究

2013年以来,我国葡萄酒产销量连续下滑,葡萄酒产业一直处于调整与变革态势。烟台葡萄酒产业发展取得了一定的成效,在国内一度呈现引领发展的态势,但是近年来受国内外市场环境变化影响和传统经济发展方式制约,烟台葡萄酒产业面临严峻挑战,提质增效任务艰巨,亟须转型升级、创新发展。在此背景下,深入剖析烟台葡萄酒产业存在的问题,探究烟台葡萄酒全产业链综合施策路径,通过深化体制机制改革、优化提升产业布局、提高创新要素配置、打造高端沟通平台、聚焦文化引领建设等举措,实现推动葡萄酒全产业链创新升级。这对于加速推进烟台葡萄酒产业向价值链高端跃升,引导产城融合、链式发展,提高烟台葡萄酒产业发展新优势明确了方向和重点。

基于新旧动能转换的电厂热控装置可靠性研究

针对新旧动能转换背景下电厂热控装置可靠性影响因素,如设备老化、运行工况波动、控制系统故障等,从材料升级、结构优化、运行工况智能控制、故障诊断等方面提出一系列可靠性提升措施。通过搭建仿真实验平台,对比分析采用新型高温合金、智能控制算法等措施前后热控装置的性能表现。结果表明,热控装置的可靠性水平得到显著提高,在负荷波动工况下仍能保持高精度控制和长周期稳定运行。

ON DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF ENERGY FIELDS OF EXPLOSIVE ENHANCEMENT OF TYPHOON OFFSHORE

The energetics process of offehore typhoon in three kinds of explosive enhancement (TEE) are ana lyzed using ECMWF data. The results are as follows: (a) During the explosive development process，the enhancement of the rotational kinetic enersy (K) is mainly in the lower troposphere while that ofthe potential energy (PE) is in the upper troposphere. The magnitude of rotational kinetic energy islargely bigger than that of divergent enersy (KX). (b) The environmental energy advected into the typhoon was about 30% of the internal increment of typhoon energy. The magnitude of energy was an order larger than increment of typhoon energy. (c) Among those three kinds of explosively developed typhoon, the enersy transformation mechanisms are different. (d) The influence of environment fields onabrupt intensification of typhoons couldn’t be overestimated.

Application and Popularization of Energy Formula

In physics, there are two main energy formulas. One is kinetic energy formula and the another is Einstein equation. But kinetic energy formula can only calculate low speed motion. Einstein equation can only calculate light speed motion. The two formulas are not unified. We hope to get a unified formula. But it didn’t work. According to the principle of Lorentz contraction, we generalize the contraction of length to the contraction of mass, and obtain a unified energy formula. This is the generalized Einstein equation and the new Einstein kinetic energy formula.

新旧动能转换的时空演变与区域差异:基于长三角与粤港澳大湾区城市群的比较

在长三角一体化和粤港澳大湾区建设上升为国家战略的背景下,以城市群为视角,对比分析这两大区域城市群新旧动能转换水平、时空演变规律与区域差异,为其加快新旧动能转换步伐和释放先行示范效应提供参考。从需求侧、供给侧和结构转换侧3个动能维度构建评价指标体系,运用组合赋权法测算2012—2019年两大城市群36个城市新旧动能转换水平,并利用自然断点法、核密度法等探究两大城市群新旧动能转换时空演变规律与区域差异。结果显示:(1)长三角与大湾区城市群新旧动能转换分别呈现出类“N”型和类“U”型波动增长趋势,不充分性特征明显;(2)长三角城市群新旧动能转换表现出“西北低,东南高”的空间分布、“多极化”的空间格局以及“沙漏型”的空间层级特点,而粤港澳城市群新旧动能转换表现出“由东向西递减”的空间分布、“单极化”的空间格局以及“倒金字塔型”的空间层级特点;(3)两大城市群核密度曲线延展性均由右拖尾转变为收敛趋势,表明两大城市群区域中心城市新旧动能转换的中心极化现象得到逐年改善,中心城市对周边城市的虹吸效应减弱。由此提出长三角与粤港澳大湾区应始终把将科技创新作为新动能培育的核心任务推动城市群创新动能稳固增长,长三角全面建立一体化发展的体制机制,大湾区牢牢把握扩大内需的战略基点构建“双循环”新发展格局。

海南旅游业高质量发展动能转换效应评价研究

动能驱动对旅游业高质量发展起到至关重要的作用,在新旧动能转化的背景下,准确区分不同动能要素的影响度差异对有效制定相关政策意义重大。梳理海南旅游业发展的动能要素演变后,基于经济增长理论,构建多动能要素对旅游总收入影响的模型,并运用多元线性回归分析发现,物资投入、劳动力规模对旅游业发展的影响偏弱,而技术进步的影响程度最大,技术进步每产生1%的变化单位,旅游业产出能带来0.792%的增加值,并验证了恩格尔系数对旅游发展的负向作用。故此,需要进一步强化技术进步及创新在旅游业的应用,提高产业的全要素生产率,并加强对从业人员的培养、深化市场的开放发展,促进海南旅游业高质量发展。