THE NEWMAN-PENROSE FORMALISM OF THE COUPLED SU(5)EINSTEIN-YANG-MILLS HIGGS FIELD EQUATIONS

The Newman--Penrose formalism for the coupled SU(5) Einstein--Yang--Mills--Higgs (E-Y-M--H)field equations is given by means of the null tetrad method, and an exact solutionof Reissner--Nordstrom type is obtained for the field equations by using this formalism.

MF2-DMTD: A Formalism and Game-Based Reasoning Framework for Optimized Drone-Type Moving Target Defense

Moving-target-defense(MTD)fundamentally avoids an illegal initial compromise by asymmetrically increasing the uncertainty as the attack surface of the observable defender changes depending on spatial-temporal mutations.However,the existing naive MTD studies were conducted focusing only on wired network mutations.And these cases have also been no formal research on wireless aircraft domains with attributes that are extremely unfavorable to embedded system operations,such as hostility,mobility,and dependency.Therefore,to solve these conceptual limitations,this study proposes normalized drone-type MTD that maximizes defender superiority by mutating the unique fingerprints of wireless drones and that optimizes the period-based mutation principle to adaptively secure the sustainability of drone operations.In addition,this study also specifies MF2-DMTD(model-checkingbased formal framework for drone-type MTD),a formal framework that adopts model-checking and zero-sum game,for attack-defense simulation and performance evaluation of drone-type MTD.Subsequently,by applying the proposed models,the optimization of deceptive defense performance of drone-type MTD for each mutation period also additionally achieves through mixed-integer quadratic constrained programming(MIQCP)and multiobjective optimization-based Pareto frontier.As a result,the optimal mutation cycles in drone-type MTD were derived as(65,120,85)for each control-mobility,telecommunication,and payload component configured inside the drone.And the optimal MTD cycles for each swarming cluster,ground control station(GCS),and zone service provider(ZSP)deployed outside the drone were also additionally calculated as(70,60,85),respectively.To the best of these authors’knowledge,this study is the first to calculate the deceptive efficiency and functional continuity of the MTD against drones and to normalize the trade-off according to a sensitivity analysis with the optimum.

Effects of formal credit on pastoral household expense: Evidence from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China

Formal credit is critical in agricultural production,allowing more expenditure and productive input,thereby improving farmers'welfare.In pastoral China,formal financial institutions are gradually increasing.However,a limited understanding remains of how formal credit affects herders'household expenses.Based on a survey of 544 herders from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China,this study adopted the propensity score matching approach to identify the effect of formal credit on herders'total household expenses,daily expenses,and productive expenses.The results found that average age,grassland mortgage,and other variables significantly affected herders'participation in formal credit.Formal credit could significantly improve household expenses,especially productive expenses.A heterogeneity analysis showed that formal credit had a greater impact on the household total expense for those at higher levels of wealth;however,it significantly affected the productive expense of herders at lower wealth levels.Moreover,the mediating effect indicated that formal credit could affect herders'household income,thus influencing their household expenses.Finally,this study suggests that policies should improve herders'accessibility to formal credit.

A Formal Model for Analyzing Fair Exchange Protocols Based on Event Logic

Fair exchange protocols play a critical role in enabling two distrustful entities to conduct electronic data exchanges in a fair and secure manner.These protocols are widely used in electronic payment systems and electronic contract signing,ensuring the reliability and security of network transactions.In order to address the limitations of current research methods and enhance the analytical capabilities for fair exchange protocols,this paper proposes a formal model for analyzing such protocols.The proposed model begins with a thorough analysis of fair exchange protocols,followed by the formal definition of fairness.This definition accurately captures the inherent requirements of fair exchange protocols.Building upon event logic,the model incorporates the time factor into predicates and introduces knowledge set axioms.This enhancement empowers the improved logic to effectively describe the state and knowledge of protocol participants at different time points,facilitating reasoning about their acquired knowledge.To maximize the intruder’s capabilities,channel errors are translated into the behaviors of the intruder.The participants are further categorized into honest participants and malicious participants,enabling a comprehensive evaluation of the intruder’s potential impact.By employing a typical fair exchange protocol as an illustrative example,this paper demonstrates the detailed steps of utilizing the proposed model for protocol analysis.The entire process of protocol execution under attack scenarios is presented,shedding light on the underlying reasons for the attacks and proposing corresponding countermeasures.The developedmodel enhances the ability to reason about and evaluate the security properties of fair exchange protocols,thereby contributing to the advancement of secure network transactions.

A Natural Language Generation Algorithm for Greek by Using Hole Semantics and a Systemic Grammatical Formalism

This work is about the progress of previous related work based on an experiment to improve the intelligence of robotic systems,with the aim of achieving more linguistic communication capabilities between humans and robots.In this paper,the authors attempt an algorithmic approach to natural language generation through hole semantics and by applying the OMAS-III computational model as a grammatical formalism.In the original work,a technical language is used,while in the later works,this has been replaced by a limited Greek natural language dictionary.This particular effort was made to give the evolving system the ability to ask questions,as well as the authors developed an initial dialogue system using these techniques.The results show that the use of these techniques the authors apply can give us a more sophisticated dialogue system in the future.

有挠时空引力场的Newman-Penrose方程

考虑具有局部 L orentz度规 gμν和非对称联络Гμνλ 的四维微分流形 U4 ,给出 U4 时空的标架分量和旋系数 ,引入新的 Ricci张量和曲率张量的无迹部分的标架分量 ,导出挠率的 Bianchi恒等式。将旋系数表述的 Newm an- Penrose方程推广到包含任何非对称联络的时空 ,得到 U4 空间的 Newman- Penrose方程。所得到的方程较之无挠时空的方程更长且方程数更多 ,由于联络的非对称性 ,这是必然的 ,方程的复杂性也是不可避免的。但认为在时空有挠的 U4 空间求解引力场问题 ,这一方程组将是相对便利的形式。

A Definition Formalism of Machining Features for DFM

Benefiting from advances in feature technology for design and manufacture can not be expected before a formal methodology is established. This paper makes attempt to establish a definition formalism of machining features in design for manufacturability from two aspects: formal definition and manufacturability analysis. Some definitions for machining feature based upon the selection and sequencing of material removal operations for component in accordance with the design geometry are presented and a framework of feature based design for manufacturability is outlined correspondingly. The proposed scheme contributes to several aspects of feature based CAD/CAM integration, especially to encourage potentially a more generic approach to the automation of design.

Aesthetism, Russian Formalism, and Their Comparison

In our class,we have already learned some articles of Aesthetism.The famous aesthetes,such as Walter Pater,Oscar Wilde,Benedetto Croce,all give us huge impressions.And Russian Formalism is also very important school of thoughts.As they all study art,literature and form,I would like to know the relationship between them.In this paper,first I will show some of my own understandings on Both Aesthetism and Russian Formalism.Then I will compare them to find similarities and differences.At last,I will say something about my preference.

“形式主义”不完全等于“formalism”——基于CCL和COCA语料库的对比分析

"形式主义"一词在国内的大众媒体中频频出现,是中国政治文献常用的术语之一。国内的权威词典大多将其翻译成formalism。文章基于CCL语料库和COCA语料库,从词频、搭配和语义韵三个角度进行了对比分析,发现"形式主义"一词在不同领域中含义大相径庭,特别是在中国政治领域中,该词更是含义特殊。笔者建议中国政治文献中的"形式主义"应翻译成formism,以便与其他语境下该词被翻译成formalism相区分。

A note on the mass of Kerr-AdS black holes in the off-shell generalized ADT formalism

In this note, the off-shell generalized Abbott-Deser-Tekin （ADT） formalism is applied to explore the mass of Kerr- anti-de Sitter （Kerr-AdS） black holes in various dimensions within asymptotically rotating frames. The cases in four and five dimensions are explicitly investigated. It is demonstrated that the asymptotically rotating effect may make the charge non-integrable or unphysical when the asymptotic non-rotating timelike Killing vector associated with the charge is allowed to vary and the fluctuation of the metric is determined by the variation of all the mass and rotation parameters. To obtain a physically meaningful mass, it is proposed that one can let the non-rotating timelike Killing vector be fixed or perform calculations in the asymptotically static frame. The results further support that the ADT formalism is background- dependent.

Constructing(2+1)-dimensional N=1 supersymmetric integrable systems from the Hirota formalism in the superspace

The N = 1 supersymmetric extensions of two integrable systems,a special negative Kadomtsev–Petviashvili（NKP）system and a（2＋1）-dimensional modified Korteweg–de Vries（MKd V） system,are constructed from the Hirota formalism in the superspace.The integrability of both systems in the sense of possessing infinitely many generalized symmetries are confirmed by extending the formal series symmetry approach to the supersymmetric framework.It is found that both systems admit a generalization of W∞type algebra and a Kac-Moody–Virasoro type subalgebra.Interestingly,the first one of the positive flow of the supersymmetric NKP system is another N = 1 supersymmetric extension of the（2＋1）-dimensional MKd V system.Based on our work,a hypothesis is put forward on a series of（2＋1）-dimensional supersymmetric integrable systems.It is hoped that our work may develop a straightforward way to obtain supersymmetric integrable systems in high dimensions.

THERMODYNAMIC FORMALISM FOR SUBADDITIVE SEQUENCE OF DISCONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

The topological pressure for subadditive sequence of discontinuous functions is defined on any invariant subset having a nested family of subsets in the compact metric space. Two subadditive variational principles associated with two different relatively weak conditions are developed for the defined topological pressure. As an application, we give an example on systems with nonzero Lyapunov exponents.

Hamiltonian Formalism of mKdV Equation with Non-vanishing Boundary Values

Hamiltonian formalism of the mKdV equation with non-vanishing boundary valueis re-examined by a revised form of the standard procedure. It is known that the previous papers did not give the final results and involved some questionable points [T.C. Au Yeung and P.C.W. Fung, J. Phys. A 21 (1988) 3575]. In this note, simple results are obtained in terms of an affine parameter and a Galileo transformation is introduced to ensure the results compatible with those derived from the inverse scattering transform.

The Multifractal Formalism for Measures, Review and Extension to Mixed Cases

The mulfifractal formalism for single measure is reviewed. Next, a mixed generalized multifractal formalism is introduced which extends the multifractal formalism of a single measure based on generalizations of the Hausdorff and packing measures to a vector of simultaneously many measures. Borel-Cantelli and Large deviations Theorems are extended to higher orders and thus applied for the validity of the new variant of the multifractal formalism for some special cases of multi-doubling type measures.

Investigating the effect of entrance channel mass asymmetry on fusion reactions using the Skyrme energy density formalism

In the present investigations,the fusion crosssections for the formation of 200Pb compound nucleus(CN)using 16O+184 W,30Si+170Er,and 40Ar+160Gd nuclear reactions at energies above the Coulomb barrier were calculated to understand the effect of entrance channel mass asymmetry(α)on the fusion reactions;the Skyrme energy density formalism(SEDF)was used for this calculation.The SEDF uses the Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov(HFB)computational program with Skyrme forces such as SkM*,SLy4,and SLy5 to obtain the nucleus-nucleus potential parameters for the above reactions.Using the SEDF model with SkM*,SLy4,and SLy5 interaction forces,the theoretical fusion cross-sections were determined above the barrier energy and compared with the available experimental fusion cross-sections.The results show a close agreement between the theoretical and experimental values for all selected systems at energies well above the barrier.However,near the barrier energies,the theoretical values were observed to be higher than the experimental values.

FURTHER STUDIES ON STROH-TYPE FORMALISMS FOR ANISOTROPIC PLATES WITH BENDING-EXTENSION COUPLING

Stroh-type formalisms for anisotropic thin plates in literature axe reviewed and discussed, and two kinds of hybrid Stroh-type formalisms axe compared. It is seen that the two Stroh-type formalisms are essentially equivalent. With simple transfer relations, they can be expressed each other. In addition, with properly defined notation systems, the two Stroh-type formalisms can also be written in unified forms, which will be convenient in applications.

GENERALIZED STROH FORMALISM FOR ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY FOR GENERAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

The Stroh formalism is most elegant when the boundary conditions are simple, namely,they are prescribed in terms of traction or displacement.For mixed boundary conditions such as there for a slippery boundary,the concise matrix expressions of the Stroh formalism are destroyed.We present a generalized Stroh formalism which is applicable to a class of general boundary conditions.The general boundary conditions in- clude the simple and slippery boundary conditions as special cases.For Green's functions for the half space, the general solution is applicable to the case when the surface of the half-space is a fixed,a free,a slippery, or other more general boundary.For the Griffith crack in the infinite space,the crack can be a slit-like crack with free surfaces,a rigid line inclusion(which is sometimes called an anticrack),or a rigid line with slippery surface or with other general surface conditions.It is worth mention that the modifications required on the Stroh formalism are minor.The generalized formalism and the final solutions look very similar to those of unmodified version.Yet the results are applicable to a rather wide range of boundary conditions.

Comparison of the Molecular Interaction Volume Model with the Unified Interaction Parameter Formalism in the Fe-Cr-Ni Liquid Alloys at 1873 K

The molecular interaction volume model （MIVM） for a general ternary system was deduced in detail for further clarifying and understanding its general multicomponent expression. Both MIVM and the unified interaction parameter formalism （UIPF） can be used to predict the activities of solutes and solvents in the Fe-Cr-Ni liquid alloys. But the former employs only the infinite dilute activity coefficients, and the later is not applicable without the dilute binary and ternary interaction parameters. MIVM has a certain physical meaning from the viewpoint of statistical thermodynamics, so it is an alternative for the estimation of activity coefficients of the solutes and solvents in a dilute or finite concentration metal solution where the interaction parameters are absent or their accuracies are questionable.

Necessity of Integral Formalism

To describe the physical reality, there are two ways of constructing the dynamical equation of field, differential formalism and integral formalism. The importance of this fact is firstly emphasized by Yang in case of gauge field [Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 （1974） 44fi], where the fact has given rise to a deeper understanding for Aharonov-Bohm phase and magnetic monopole [Phys. Rev. D 12 （1975） 3846]. In this paper we shall point out that such a fact also holds in general wave function of matter, it may give rise to a deeper understanding for Berry phase. Most importantly, we shall prove a point that, for general wave function of matter, in the adiabatic limit, there is an intrinsic difference between its integral formalism and differential formalism. It is neglect of this difference that leads to an inconsistency of quantum adiabatic theorem pointed out by Marzlin and Sanders [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 （2004） 160408]. It has been widely accepted that there is no physical difference of using differential operator or integral operator to construct the dynamical equation of field. Nevertheless, our study shows that the Schroedinger differential equation （i.e., differential formalism for wave function） shall lead to vanishing Berry phase and that the Schroedinger integral equation （i.e., integral formalism for wave function）, in the adiabatic limit, can satisfactorily give the Berry phase. Therefore, we reach a conclusion： There are two ways of describing physical reality, differential formalism and integral formalism; but the integral formalism is a unique way of complete description.

Radiative decay from doubly to singly excited states of He via generalization of Laguerre-type orbitals： A non-orthogonal formalism

By taking full account of the non-orthogonality of the orbitals between the low-lying doubly excited states ^1po and the singly excited states ^1S^e and ^1D^e of He, the corresponding radiative decay rates have been investigated theoretically via analytic generalized Laguerre-type atomic orbitals at a nearly numerical multi-conflguration self-consistent field accuracy in a general non-orthogonal configuration interaction scheme. From these rates, we calculate the VUV photon emission and metastable atom spectra, and both are found to be in good qualitative agreement with recent excellent measurements. We obtain, successfully, the enhancement of the VUV photon spectrum, experimentally observed at the energy of （2s4p-4s2p）/（2p,3d） ^1po as compared with other nearby lying states. The mechanism proposed by Odling-Smee et al is verified, implying that taking appropriate account of the overlap existing between orbitals of the low-lying doubly excited and singly excited states （especially important for the compact orbitals） can reveal basic physical dominant mechanism and is crucial in understanding these spectra.